Professional Documents
Culture Documents
November 2007
INDEX
LOGIC GATES
Introduction Examples
UNIVERSAL GATES
NOR GATE
APPLICATION TRUTH TABLE PCB(SCHEMATIC) OUTPUT
NAND GATE
APPLICATION TRUTH TABLE PCB(SCHEMATIC) OUTPUT
EXAMPLES
AND GATE
AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called "true," the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and" operator. The following illustration and table show the circuit symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at right.) The output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "false."
XOR GATE
XOR (exclusive-OR) gate acts in the same way as the logical "either/or." The output is "true" if either, but not both, of the inputs are "true." The output is "false" if both inputs are "false" or if both inputs are "true." Another way of looking at this circuit is to observe that the output is 1 if the inputs are different, but 0 if the inputs are the same.
XNOR GATE
The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if the inputs are the same, and false" if the inputs are different.
Universal gates are the ones which can be used for implementing any gate like AND, OR and NOT, or any combination of these basic gates; NAND and NOR gates are universal gates. But there are some rules that need to be followed when implementing NAND or NOR based gates.
Why are NAND and NOR Gates Called Universal Gates? They are called universal gates because all of the other gates may be constructed using only those two gates. That is important because it's a lot cheaper in practice to make lots of similar things than a bunch of different things (different gates). All other gates/functions can be implemented by NOR or NAND gates. So they are called universal gates. In fact, in chips, entire logic maybe built using only NAND (or NOR) gates.
APPLICATION
REALIZATION OF LOGIC GATES USING NOR GATES
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT=(A+B)
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0
APPLICATION
REALIZATION OF LOGIC GATES USING NAND GATES
Input ((XX)'(YY)')'
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT A INPUT B INPUT C OUTPUT=(ABC)
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0