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Department of Electrical And Electronics Engineering

UNIVERSAL LOGIC GATES PSPICE SIMULATION


Circuits Simulation Lab Mini Project
Amit Kumar Lohiya , Swetank Sourav, K.V.Bharadwaja 3rd Semester Section B Roll # 56 Roll # 49 Roll # 46

November 2007

Universal logic gates

INDEX
LOGIC GATES
Introduction Examples

AND OR XOR NOT XNOR GATE GATE GATE GATE GATE

UNIVERSAL GATES
NOR GATE
APPLICATION TRUTH TABLE PCB(SCHEMATIC) OUTPUT

NAND GATE
APPLICATION TRUTH TABLE PCB(SCHEMATIC) OUTPUT

Universal logic gates


LOGIC GATES
INTRODUCTION:
A logic gate is a combination of different electronic components, which takes one or more logic-level inputs and produces a single logic-level output. Because the output is also a logic-level value, an output of one logic gate can connect to the input of one or more other logic gates. In electronic logic, a logic level is represented by a certain voltage (which depends on the type of electronic logic in use). Logic gates are ruled by two laws .
There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.

EXAMPLES
AND GATE
AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called "true," the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and" operator. The following illustration and table show the circuit symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at right.) The output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "false."

AND gate Input 1 0 0 1 1 Input 2 0 1 0 1 Output 0 0 0 1

Universal logic gates


OR GATE
OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the fashion of the logical inclusive "or." The output is "true" if either or both of the inputs are "true." If both inputs are "false," then the output is "false."

OR gate Input 1 0 0 1 1 Input 2 0 1 0 1 Output 0 1 1 1

XOR GATE
XOR (exclusive-OR) gate acts in the same way as the logical "either/or." The output is "true" if either, but not both, of the inputs are "true." The output is "false" if both inputs are "false" or if both inputs are "true." Another way of looking at this circuit is to observe that the output is 1 if the inputs are different, but 0 if the inputs are the same.

XOR gate Input 1 0 0 1 1 Input 2 0 1 0 1 Output 0 1 1 0

Universal logic gates


NOT GATE
A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it from other types of electronic inverter devices, has only one input. It reverses the logic state.

Inverter or NOT gate Input 1 0 Output 0 1

XNOR GATE
The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if the inputs are the same, and false" if the inputs are different.

XNOR gate Input 1 0 0 1 1 Input 2 0 1 0 1 Output 1 0 0 1

Universal logic gates


UNIVERSAL GATES:

Universal gates are the ones which can be used for implementing any gate like AND, OR and NOT, or any combination of these basic gates; NAND and NOR gates are universal gates. But there are some rules that need to be followed when implementing NAND or NOR based gates.

Why are NAND and NOR Gates Called Universal Gates? They are called universal gates because all of the other gates may be constructed using only those two gates. That is important because it's a lot cheaper in practice to make lots of similar things than a bunch of different things (different gates). All other gates/functions can be implemented by NOR or NAND gates. So they are called universal gates. In fact, in chips, entire logic maybe built using only NAND (or NOR) gates.

Universal logic gates


NOR GATE
The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if both inputs are "false." Otherwise, the output is "false."

NOR gate Input 1 0 0 1 1 Input 2 0 1 0 1 Output 1 0 0 0

APPLICATION
REALIZATION OF LOGIC GATES USING NOR GATES

Implementing an INVERTER using NOR gate


Input (X+X)' Output = X' Rule Idempotent

Universal logic gates

Implementing AND using NOR gates


Input Output ((X+X)'+(Y+Y)')' =(X'+Y')' = X''.Y'' = (X.Y) Rule Idempotent DeMorgan Involution

Implementing OR using NOR gates


Input Output Rule Idempotent Involution

((X+Y)'+(X+Y)')' = ((X+Y)')' = X+Y

Universal logic gates

Implementing NAND using NOR gates


Input ((X+Y)'+(X+Y)')' Output = ((X+Y)')' = X+Y = (X+Y)' Rule Idempotent Involution Idempotent

TRUTH TABLE
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT=(A+B)

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

1 0 0 0

Universal logic gates


NAND
The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the manner of the logical operation "and" followed by negation. The output is "false" if both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "true."

NAND gate Input 1 0 0 1 1 Input 2 0 1 0 1 Output 1 1 1 0

APPLICATION
REALIZATION OF LOGIC GATES USING NAND GATES

Implementing an INVERTER using NAND gate


Input (X.X)' Output = X' Rule Idempotent

Universal logic gates

Implementing AND using NAND gates :


Input ((XY)'(XY)')' Output = ((XY)')' = (XY) Rule Idempotent Involution

Implementing OR using NAND gates


Input ((XX)'(YY)')' Output = (X'Y')' = X''+Y'' = X+Y Rule Idempotent De`Morgan Involution

Universal logic gates

Implementing NOR using NAND gates


Output =(X'Y')' =X''+Y'' =X+Y =(X+Y)' Rule Idempotent DeMorgan Involution Idempotent

Input ((XX)'(YY)')'

TRUTH TABLE
INPUT A INPUT B INPUT C OUTPUT=(ABC)

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

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