STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM

Ex. No: 01 AIM: To understand the basic definitions and features of UNIX operating system. UNIX stands for unplaced information computing system. FEATURES OF UNIX: MULTIUSER: Unix is a multi-user OS which permits more than one user to utilize the computer simultaneously any one of the connected terminals. MULTI-TASKING: The term task refers to a place initiated by the user to a process initiated by user Unix offer concept of classifying the task. FOREGROUND TASK: It is the one where the user has to wait for the completion to present task before initiating the next task. BACKGROUND TASK: It is the one whose the user can continue interaction with the system while one or more of the presently issued task if is still executing. PORTABLE: The application programs written for one system works on another system.

MODULATOR: It means the various part of the Unix system can be adder on the reproved without editing performance of other component.

HIERARCHICAL FILE STRUCTURE: Unix has hierarchical file structure and imported free structure.

SECURITY: Unix being a multi using operating system offers protection to user information from another. It maintains a list of users who are all allowed to access the system. The system also keep takes of that file and resources each user is authorized to renew users name to be added to the list before they have an access to the system. ARCHITECTURE OF UNIX/LAYERS OF UNIX A unix architecture is a computer operating system architecture that demonstrate the unix philosophy.In unix, several layers of interaction are occurring between the computer hardware and the user.

The first layer is the KERNAL, which is the heart of the unix os. The second layer,the SHELL translates the commands given by the application programs. The final layer is the APPLICATIONS given by the user. THE KERNAL: The KERNAL is the core of the operating system.It runs on the actual machine hardware and manages all interaction with the hardware.The kernel provides services to start and stop programs,handles the file system and other common low level tasks that most programs share.It also handles the information exchange between the terminals such as tape drives,printers etc.All applications and commands in UNIX interact with the kernel, rather than the hardware directly. OPERATIONS OF THE KERNAL: It is responsible for scheduling and enabling the user and other process. It is responsible for allocating memory. It is responsible for managing the swapping between memory and disk. It is also used to move the data to and from the peripherals. THE SHELL: The shell is both a command language interpreter and a programming language that provides a traditional user interface for the unix operating system. UNIX has a variety of shells,they are Bourne shell: C shell Korn shell ADVANTAGES OF UNIX Programmable operating system Full multitasking with protected memory Very efficient virtual memory Access controls and security Ability to handle string commands A powerfully unified file system BASIC UNIX ELEMENTS: commands files directories processes RESULT: Thus the Unix environment has been studied.

VI EDITOR
Ex.No: 02

AIM:

To understand the basic functions and features of the VI editor INSTRUCTIONS: VI EDITOR- Visual editor VI stands for Visual The VI editor is the text editor. Originally developed for Unix programmers. It is a model meaning. It is operating in the three different modes. The VI editor has been Around for decade and is used daily by thousands of Linux and Unix users. THREE ASPECTS OF VI: VI is supplied with all Unix serpents VI can be used at other universities or any business with UNIX system. VI is a amount of memory allows efficient operation when the network is busy. VI uses standard alphabetic keys for commands. DIFFERENT MODES IN VI EDITOR They are three different modes are available. 1. Command mode 2. Insert task 3. Last line or escape mode 1. COMMAND MODE When the first start editing a file with the VI editor we will be VI connected mode. In this mode we can issue many VI commands, including insert, append delete, other search and navigation commands the let you move around your file. 2.INSERT MODE Once we issue a VI editor insert append or open command we will be in VI insert mode. If we are working with a mode VI is typically configure to show the current mode of operation. At this point, we can A. Type text into our file B. Uses of the arrow keys we can easily move back to command mode by esc. Cpy- Copying the current line. Q - Heading

I - Insert the word. 3.LAST LINE MODE OR ESCAPE MODE: The last VI mode is known as VI last line mode we can only get to last line mode from command mode we get into this mode by pressing the colon key. After pressing the key, we will see a colon character appears at the beginning of the last line of our VI editor window and cursor will be moved to the position. : w -to save our file but not quit VI. : q -to quit if you havent left mode any edit. :wq -to quit and save edits.

RESULT: Thus the basic things about the editor and the 8 modes in VI editor had been studied.

BASIC UNIXCOMMANDS
Ex.No: 03 AIM:

To execute and implement the basic Shell UNIX commands. 1. DIRECTORY HANDLING COMMANDS AND THEIR OUTPUT: 1. [root@localhost root]# mkdir ram Creates a directory named ram 2. [root@localhost root]# cd arun Enters into the directory arun Example: [ece@localhost ece]$ cd arun [ece@localhost arun]$ 3. [root@localhost arun]# cd .. Comes out of the directory arun [root@localhost root] Example: [ece@localhost ece]$ cd arun [ece@localhost arun]$ cd .. [ece@localhost ece]$ 4. [root@localhost root]# pwd Shows the present working directory Example: [ece@localhost ece]$ pwd /home/ece 5.[root@localhost root]# rmdirUsed to remove a directory 6.[root@localhost root]# ls Shows the list of files & directories EXAMPLE: [ece@localhost ece]$ ls kanth kar kart karth karthick karthik karti kat katheeja kathi 7.[root@localhost root]# ls -l List the permission of files / Directories total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1093 Mar 11 2006 anaconda-ks.cfg -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 223 Mar 9 18:04 arith.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 260 Mar 9 18:18 arm.sh drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 9 19:24 barnabas 2. FILE HANDLING COMMANDS. 1) [root@localhost root]# cat > msb Creates a New file msb I studying B.E ECE.

2) [root@localhost root]# cat msb Opens the created file msb" I studying B.E ECE. 3) [root@localhost root]# cat >> msb Appends the details in the file msb I'm studying in Veltech Engineering college 4) [root@localhost root]# cat msb My Name is Barnabas I'm studying in Veltech Engineering college 5) [ece@localhost ece]$ cp ece1 ece2To create duplicate copies [ece@localhost ece]$ cat ece1 a b c d [ece@localhost ece]$ cat ece2 a b c d 6) [ece@localhost ece]$ ln ece7 ece8To link two files [ece@localhost ece]$ cat ece8 Iam studying in vel tech college i am in ece dept 7) [root@localhost root]# rm msb Removes the file msb rm: remove regular file `msb'? y 8)(i) [root@localhost root]# wc msb Shows the no. of lines, words & characters. 2 10 65 msb (ii)[root@localhost root]# wc -l msb Shows the no. of lines alone. 2 msb (iii)[root@localhost root]# wc -w msb Shows the no. of words alone. 10 msb (iv)[root@localhost root]# wc -c msb Shows the no. of characters alone. 65 msb 9) [ece@localhost ece]$ mv ece9 ece0 ls to move ordinary and directory files [ece@localhost ece]$ cat ece0 Iam studying in vel tech college i am in ece dept [ece@localhost ece]$ cat ece9

cat: ece9: No such file or directory 10) [ece@localhost ece]$ find ece8To find a file ece8 3. PATTERN SEARCHING COMMANDS. 1) [root@localhost root]# grep m msb Prints the sentence with the letter m My Name is sudha I'm studying in vel tech engineering college 2) [ece@localhost ece]$ egrep "are|our" yamuna1 to search for the multiple pattern we belong to our vel tech tech college we are of ece students 3) [ece@localhost ece]$ fgrep "stands for" yamuna1 to extract only the fixed string without the use of any regular expression. ece stands for electronic and conmmunication engineering 4. GENERAL PURPOSE COMMANDS. I ) SIMPLE COMMANDS. 1. [root@localhost root]# cal Prints the calendar if the present month March 2006 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2. [root@localhost root]# date Prints the current time. Thu Mar 9 19:26:27 IST 2006 3. [root@localhost root]# time l Prints the System Run-time real 0m0.005s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.000s 4. [root@localhost root]# man cal Opens manual on cal [ece@localhost ece]$ man cp CP(1) FSF CP(1) NAME cp - copy files and directories SYNOPSIS cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY

cp [OPTION]... --target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE... DESCRIPTION Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --archive same as -dpR --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b : 5. [root@localhost root]# bc Open the Binary Calculator bc 1.06 Copyright 1991-1994, 1997, 1998, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. For details type `warranty'. 123 + 246 369 10 * 20 200 ii) STATUS INFORMATION COMMANDS
1. [ece@localhost ece]$ who b Displays the date & time the system was

like --backup but does not accept an argument

brought up. system boot Feb 23 23:02

2. [ece@localhost ece]$ who s Displays the short form listing which

consists of

the username,terminal number and time fields. ece ece ece ece ece ece ece pts/2 pts/1 pts/4 pts/6 pts/0 pts/3 pts/5 Feb 23 23:03 (10.0.0.5) Feb 23 23:03 (10.0.0.10) Feb 23 23:03 (10.0.0.36) Feb 23 23:04 (10.0.0.135) Feb 23 23:04 (10.0.0.119) Feb 23 23:04 (10.0.0.49) Feb 23 23:05 (10.0.0.137)

3. [ece@localhost ece]$ who u Restricts listing to users currently logged in.

ece ece ece ece ece ece

pts/2 pts/1 pts/4 pts/6 pts/0 pts/3 ece

Feb 23 23:03 00:02 1723 (10.0.0.5) Feb 23 23:03 00:02 1674 (10.0.0.10) Feb 23 23:03 . 1993 (10.0.0.36) Feb 23 23:04 00:01 1998 (10.0.0.135) Feb 23 23:04 . 2101 (10.0.0.119) Feb 23 23:04 . 2149 (10.0.0.49) pts/5 Feb 23 23:05 . 2223 (10.0.0.137)

4. [root@localhost root]# who am I Identifies the current working System

root

pts/0

Mar 9 19:21 (:0.0)

5. [ece@localhost ece]$ ps a Display the status of all the process associated with u,g

options PID TTY TIME CMD 2311 pts/7 00:00:00 mail 2312 pts/3 00:00:00 ps
6. [ece@localhost ece]$ ps g Display Inforamtion of all process of group loads specified

in ggrplist PID TTY 2152 pts/3 2344 pts/3 STAT TIME COMMAND S 0:00 -bash R 0:00 ps g

7. [ece@localhost ece]$ ps l Lists the information using long format.

F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZWCHAN TTY TIME CMD 4 S 502 2152 2149 0 75 0 - 1066 wait4 pts/3 00:00:00 bash 0 R 502 2348 2152 0 80 0 - 764 pts/3 00:00:00 ps
8. [ece@localhost ece]$ tty It will retun the pathname with your terminal

/dev/pts/3
9. [ece@localhost ece]$ id To Display the Numerical value that corresponda to your login

name. uid=502(ece) gid=502(ece) groups=502(ece)

10. [ece@localhost ece]$ uname a To display the relevant details about the Operating

System on the standard output. Linux localhost.localdomain 2.4.20-6smp #1 SMP Thu Feb 27 09:59:40 EST 2003 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux
11. [ece@localhost ece]$ finger ece Gives you more Information about the User.

Login: ece Name: (null) Directory: /home/ece Shell: /bin/bash On since Tue Feb 23 23:03 (IST) on pts/2 from 10.0.0.5 5 minutes 38 seconds idle On since Tue Feb 23 23:03 (IST) on pts/1 from 10.0.0.10 5 minutes 38 seconds idle On since Tue Feb 23 23:03 (IST) on pts/4 from 10.0.0.36 7 seconds idle On since Tue Feb 23 23:04 (IST) on pts/6 from 10.0.0.135 4 minutes 54 seconds idle On since Tue Feb 23 23:04 (IST) on pts/0 from 10.0.0.119 3 minutes 32 seconds idle On since Tue Feb 23 23:04 (IST) on pts/3 from 10.0.0.49 On since Tue Feb 23 23:05 (IST) on pts/5 from 10.0.0.137 4 minutes 2 seconds idle On since Tue Feb 23 23:06 (IST) on pts/7 from 10.0.0.119 7 seconds idle On since Tue Feb 23 23:07 (IST) on pts/8 from 10.0.0.34 2 minutes 12 seconds idle New mail received Tue Feb 23 23:08 2010 (IST) Unread since Tue Feb 23 22:44 2010 (IST) No Plan. iii ) COMMUNICATION COMMANDS
1. [root@localhost root]# wall Hai To send message hai to all users there who are

currently logged in. Hai

2. [ece@localhost ece]$ mail ece To send the textual messages electrically

transferred from one user to another. Subject: Hai. How are you. All the best for your exams. Have a nice day.
3. [ece@localhost ece]$ mail Read your mail

Mail version 8.1 6/6/93. Type ? for help. "/var/spool/mail/ece": 1 messages 1 new a) >N 1 ece@localhost.locald Tue Feb 23 23:06 18/720 "Hai." & Message 1: From ece@localhost.localdomain Tue Feb 23 23:06:23 2010 Date: Tue, 23 Feb 2010 23:06:22 +0530 From: ece@localhost.localdomain To: ece@localhost.localdomain Subject: Hai. How are you.Have you prepared for your exams. ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR EXAMS. Have a nice day. b) & reply To send the reply to the specified user To: ece@localhost.localdomain ece@localhost.localdomain Subject: Re: Hai. Thanks Cc: & cse Unknown command: "cse" c)& exit Exit from the mail d)&type Print the mail message e)&delete Delete from the mail box OTHER SHELL COMMANDS I ) INPUT AND OUTPUT REDIRECTION COMMANDS
1. [root@localhost root]# > To redirect the output of a cammmand to a file.

[ece@localhost ece]$ date>a1 [ece@localhost ece]$ cat a1 Tue Feb 23 22:59:03 IST ece@localhost ece]$
2. [ece@localhost ece]$ >> To append the output at the end of a file

[ece@localhost ece]$ cat science date time [ece@localhost ece]$ cat tech one two [ece@localhost ece]$ cat science>>tech [ece@localhost ece]$ cat tech one two date time [ece@localhost ece]$
3. [ece@localhost ece]$< To redirect the output of a command to a file.

[ece@localhost ece]$ cat CSE EEE [ece@localhost ece]$ 4. [ece@localhost ece]$ < >To redirect the output and input command to a file [ece@localhost ece]$ catdnames [ece@localhost ece]$ cat dnames CSE EEE [ece@localhost ece]$ II ) SECURITY COMMANDS 1.[ece@localhost ram]$ ls l total 3 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ece ece -rwx------ 1 ece ece -rw-rw-r-- 1 ece ece To list files & Directories in long format 30 Feb 9 23:47 lop 30 Feb 9 23:43 pal 65 Feb 23 23:16 science

2. ece@localhost ram]$ chmod -ux science (-) denotes removing the permission (u)denotes the user acess (x) denotes executing permissions [ece@localhost ram]$ ls -l total 3 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:47 lop -rwx------ 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:43 pal ---------1 ece ece 65 Feb 23 23:16 science shows Missing Permissions

3)[ece@localhost ram]$ chmod u+r,u+w science (+) denotes assigning Permissions (w) denotes writing permissions (r)denotes reading permissions [ece@localhost ram]$ ls -l total 3 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:47 lop -rwx------ 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:43 pal -rw------1 ece ece 65 Feb 23 23:16 science the user now has reading writing permission 4) [ece@localhost ram]$ chmod u=x science (=)denotes assigning absolutely [ece@localhost ram]$ ls -l total 3 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:47 lop -rwx------ 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:43 pal ---------1 ece ece 65 Feb 23 23:16 science 5) [ece@localhost ram]$ chmod g+r,g+w science (g)denotes group accessibility [ece@localhost ram]$ ls -l total 3 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:47 lop -rwx------ 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:43 pal ----rw---1 ece ece 65 Feb 23 23:16 science the group has now permission to access 6) [ece@localhost ram]$ chmod o+r,o+w science (o)denotes other user accessibility [ece@localhost ram]$ ls -l total 3 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:47 lop -rwx------ 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:43 pal ----rw-rw- 1 ece ece 65 Feb 23 23:16 science 7) [ece@localhost ram]$ chmod a+r,a+x science (a)denotes all user accessibility [ece@localhost ram]$ ls -l total 3 -rw-rw-r-- 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:47 lop -rwx------ 1 ece ece 30 Feb 9 23:43 pal -r-xrwxrwx 1 ece ece 65 Feb 23 23:16 science III) WILD CARD PATTERNS 1. [ece@localhost ansatz]$ ls m* To representing any number of characters used in the prefix or suffix.

[ece@localhost raja]$ ls kanna mvj mvs student vikram vikram] [ece@localhost raja]$ ls m* mvj: mvs: [ece@localhost raja]$ [ece@localhost raja]$ ls kanna mvj mvs student vikram vikram] 2. [ece@localhost raja]$ ls mv? To represent one character only either in the prefix or in the suffix of the file name [ece@localhost raja]$ ls kanna mvj mvs student vikram vikram] [ece@localhost raja]$ ls mv? mvj: mvs: [ece@localhost raja]$ ls 3. [ece@localhost raja]$ ls sh[1-4] To access a subset of related files [ece@localhost raja]$ ls kanna mvj mvs sh1 sh2 sh3 sh4 sh5 student vikram vikram] [ece@localhost raja]$ ls sh[1-4] sh1: sh2: sh3: sh4: [ece@localhost raja]$ IV ) PIPES AND FILTERS COMMANDS 1. [ece@localhost ece]$ who |wc The output of whois taken as the input for the wc and result is displayed. 9 54 426 2. [ece@localhost ece]$ who | tee names | wc l The Use of tee command is to store the intermediate results in a file. 16 [ece@localhost ece]$ cat names ece pts/4 Feb 23 23:56 (10.0.0.135) ece pts/17 Feb 24 00:05 (10.0.0.221) ece pts/10 Feb 24 00:09 (10.0.0.15) ece pts/13 Feb 24 00:13 (10.0.0.180) ece pts/1 Feb 24 00:14 (10.0.0.49) ece pts/24 Feb 24 00:14 (10.0.0.6) ece pts/3 Feb 24 00:17 (10.0.0.36) ece pts/30 Feb 24 00:19 (10.0.0.137)

ece ece ece ece ece ece ece

pts/7 pts/28 pts/20 pts/21 pts/31 pts/34 pts/32

Feb 24 00:19 (10.0.0.34) Feb 24 00:22 (10.0.0.5) Feb 24 00:23 (10.0.0.120) Feb 24 00:24 (10.0.0.3) Feb 24 00:25 (10.0.0.119) Feb 24 00:25 (10.0.0.14) Feb 24 00:27 (10.0.0.4)

3. [ece@localhost ece]$ head -5 names To Display the First Five lines from a File. jack arun prashant deepak naga [ece@localhost ece]$ 4. [ece@localhost ece]$ tail -5 names To Display the Last Five lines from a File. ajith superman spiderman goten vegetables 5. (i)[root@localhost root]# sort msb1 Sorts in ascending order Aravind Balaji Dinesh Ganesh Kamalesh (ii) [root@localhost root]# sort -r msb1 Sorts in descending order Kamalesh Ganesh Dinesh Balaji Aravind 6.[root@localhost root]# pr To display the Page number,File Creation date and along with the name of the file. [ece@localhost ece]$ pr g1 2010-02-25 02:38 g1 echo ENTER THE NAME read n echo-n THE ENTERED NAME IS $n Page 1

7.[root@localhost root]# cut To cut the selected fields. [ece@localhost ece]$ cat college diva vh2346 jan vh2345 kavi vh2387 naru vh2876 subi vh2498 [ece@localhost ece]$ cut -c2 college i a a a u [ece@localhost ece]$ 8.[root@localhost root]# paste To paste the contenet from one to another file. [ece@localhost ece]$ cat college1 dhoni vh2376 raina vh2398 raj vh2270 subi vh2498 jan vh2345 [ece@localhost ece]$ cat college2 divi vh2334 raina vh2398 raj vh2270 [ece@localhost ece]$ paste -d% college1 college2 dhoni vh2378 divi vh2334 raina vh2397 raina vh2398 raj vh2270 raj vh2270 subi vh2498% jan vh2345 9.[root@localhost root]# join To extract the common lines from two sorted Files. [ece@localhost ece]$ cat college1 dhoni vh2376 raina vh2398 raj vh2270 subi vh2498 jan vh2345 [ece@localhost ece]$ cat college2 divi vh2334

raina vh2398 raj vh2270 [ece@localhost ece]$ join v1 college1 college2 dhoni vh2376 subi vh2498 jan vh2345 [ece@localhost ece]$ 10.[root@localhost root]# uniq To Displays the adjacent duplicate lines in a existing file [ece@localhost ece]$ cat tech3 nithu vh2272 uma vh2297 nithu vh2272[ece@localhost ece]$ [ece@localhost ece]$ uniq -c2 tech3 3 nithu vh2272 [ece@localhost ece]$ 11.[root@localhost root]# nl Used to add Line Numbers to a File. [cse@localhost cse]$ nl dept 1 cse 2 ece 3 eee 4 it 5 mech [cse@localhost cse]$ nl -v4 deptstarts the numbering of each page by 4 4 cse 5 ece 6 eee 7 it 8 mech [cse@localhost cse]$ nl i3 deptincrements number of lines by 3. 1 cse 4 ece 7 eee 10 it 13 mech 12.[root@localhost root]# tr It is used to translate characters taken from the standard input. [cse@localhost cse]$ cat dept cse ece eee it mech [cse@localhost cse]$ cat dept|tr "[a-z]" "[A-Z]" CSE

ECE EEE IT MECH 13.[root@localhost root]# pg It displays the output of a command on the screen page by page. 14.[root@localhost root]# more To Displays the output page by page [ece@localhost ece]$ ls | more 0 00 000123 003 0045 007 1 10 100 10001 101 12 122 123 1234 1234567890 124 132 133 143 159 18 --More Press Enter to see the next page. 15.[root@localhost root]# cmp Compare any two files, including binary files. It takes two filenames as arguments. [ece@localhost ece]$ cat > college diva vh2346 jan vh2345 kavi vh2387 naru vh2876 subi vh2498 [ece@localhost ece]$ cat > college1 DHONI VH2876 RAINA VH2398 KAIF VH2657 HARI VH2765

SRI VH4567 [ece@localhost ece]$ cmp college college1 college college1 differ: byte 1, line 1 [ece@localhost ece]$ cat college[ece@localhost ece]$ cmp -b college college1 college college1 differ: byte 1, line 1 is 144 d 104 D 16.[root@localhost root]# diff Files are compared on line by line basis. [ece@localhost ece]$ cat college diva vh2346 jan vh2345 kavi vh2387 naru vh2876 subi vh2498 [ece@localhost ece]$ cat college1 dhoni vh2387 raina vh2389 subi vh2498 sachin vh2564 diva vh2346 [ece@localhost ece]$ diff -e college college1 1,5c dhoni vh2387 raina vh2389 subi vh2498 sachin vh2564 diva vh2346 [ece@localhost ece]$ diff -b college college1 1,4c1,2 < diva vh2346 < jan vh2345 < kavi vh2387 < naru vh2876 --> dhoni vh2387 > raina vh2389 5a4,5 > sachin vh2564 > diva vh2346 17.[root@localhost root]# comm Compare and displays lines common as well as unique to two files. [ece@localhost ece]$ comm -1 college college1 dhoni vh2387 raina vh2389 subi vh2498 sachin vh2564

diva vh2346 [ece@localhost ece]$ comm -13 college college1 dhoni vh2387 raina vh2389 subi vh2498 sachin vh2564 diva vh2346 [ece@localhost ece]$ comm -23 college college1 diva vh2346 jan vh2345 kavi vh2387 naru vh2876 subi vh2498

RESULT: Thus the Basic Shell Commands were executed.

ARITHMETIC OPERATION USING SHELL PROGRAM Ex.No: 04 AIM: To write a shell Program to do the Arithmetic Operations like Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the values of a and b Step 3: Write the expression to calculate sum, difference, Product, Quotient and Remainder. Step 4: Print the Results Step 5: Stop. SHELL PROGRAM: echo "Enter Two Numbers" read a b c=`expr $a + $b` d=`expr $a - $b`

e=`expr $a \* $b` f=`expr $a / $b` g=`expr $a % $b` echo "Sum = $c" echo "Difference = $d" echo "Product = $e" echo "Quotient = $f" echo "Remainder = $g" SAMPLE OUTPUT: Enter Two Numbers 12 10 Sum = 22 Difference = 2 Product = 120 Quotient = 1 Remainder = 2 RESULT: Thus the shell Program to do arithmetic operation was executed without any errors. GREATEST OF THREE NUMBERS Ex. No.: 05 AIM: To write a shell program to find the greatest of three Numbers. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the value of a, b and c Step 3: Check if a is greater than b and a is greater than c Step 4: Then print A is Greater Step 5: If Step 3 is not satisfied check if b is greater than c Step 6: Then print B is Greater Step 7: Else Print C is greater Step 8: Stop. SHELL PROGRAM: echo "Enter Three Numbers" read a b c

if [ $a -gt $b -a $a -gt $c ] then echo "$a is Greater" elif [ $b -gt $c ] then echo "$b is Greater" else echo "$c is Greater" fi SAMPLE OUTPUT: Enter Three Numbers 12 14 16 16 is Greater RESULT: Thus the program to find the greatest of three Numbers was executed and the output was verfied. CHECKING WHETHER THE GIVEN NUMBER IS ARMSTRONG OR NOT Ex. No.: 06 AIM: To check whether the given Number is Armstrong Number or not using Shell Programming. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the value of num Step 3: Store the value of num in x and initialize the value of sum = 0. Step 4: When the value of num is greater then 0, solve the following expressions Step 5: y = num/10; z=y*y*y; sum=num+z; num=num/10 Step 6: Close the While Loop Step 7: Check if x is equal to sum Step 8: Print the Result

Step 9: Stop.

SHELL PROGRAM: echo "Enter a Number" read num x=$num sum=0 while [ $num -gt 0 ] do y=`expr $num % 10` z=`expr $y \* $y \* $y` sum=`expr $sum + $z` num=`expr $num / 10` done if [ $x -eq $sum ] then echo "$x is an armstrong Number" else echo "$x is not an armstrong Number" fi

SAMPLE OUTPUT: Enter a Number

153 153 is an armstrong Number [root@localhost root]# sh arm.sh Enter a Number 123 123 is not an armstrong Number

RESULT: Thus the Shell Program to check whether the given Number is Armstrong or not was executed and the output was verified. FIBONACCI SERIES Ex No.: 07 AIM: To write a Shell Program to print the Fibonacci series. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the Value of n Step 3: Initialize i=2; a=0; b=1. Step 4: Print the Value of a and b Step 5: When i is lesser than n, solve the expression c=a+b Step 6: Print c Step 7: Swap the Values of b to a and c to b Step 8: Solve the expression i=i+1 Step 9: Stop.

SHELL PROGRAM: echo "Enter the Limit" read n i=2 echo "Fibonacci Series" echo "----------------" a=0 b=1 echo $a echo $b while [ $i -lt $n ] do c=`expr $a + $b` echo $c a=$b b=$c i=`expr $i + 1` done

SAMPLE OUTPUT: Enter the Limit 8

Fibonacci Series ---------------0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13

RESULT: Thus the Shell Program to print the Fibonacci Series was executed and the output was verified. SWAPPING OF VALUES (Using 3rd Variable) Ex. No.: 08(a) AIM: To write a Shell Program to swap two values using 3rd variable. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Read the Values of a and b Step 2: Swap the values of a to the third variable temp Step 3: Swap the value of b to a and b to temp Step 4: Print the swapped values of a and b Step 5: Stop. SHELL PROGRAM: echo "Enter Two Numbers" read a b temp=$a

a=$b b=$temp echo $a $b SAMPLE OUTPUT: Enter Two Numbers 12 10 10 12 RESULT: Thus the program to swap two values using 3rd variable was executed and the output was verified.

SWAPPING OF VALUES (Without using 3rd Variable) Ex. No.: 08(b) AIM: To write a Shell Program to swap two values without using 3rd Variable. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the values of a and b Step 3: Solve the expression, a=a + b; b=a b; a=a b Step 4: Print the swapped values of a and b Step 5: Stop SHELL PROGRAM: echo "Enter Two Numbers" read a b

a=`expr $a + $b` b=`expr $a - $b` a=`expr $a - $b` echo $a $b

SAMPLE OUTPUT: Enter Two Numbers 12 10 10 12

RESULT: Thus the Shell Program to swap two values without using third variable was executed and the output was verified. NUMBER OF DIGITS IN AN INTEGER Ex. No.: 09 AIM: To count the number of digits in an integer, using Shell Programming. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the value of a Step 3: Initialize the value of c as 0 Step 4: When the value of a is not equal to 0, solve n=a %10. Step 5: If the value of n is not equal to 0, solve c=c + 1(increment) Step 6: End if condition Step 7: Solve the expression a=a / 10 Step 8: Repeat steps 4 to 7 until a is equal to 0 Step 9: Print the value of c as the number of digits in an integer. Step 10: Stop. SHELL PROGRAM: echo "Enter a Number" read a

c=0 while [ $a -ne 0 ] do n=`expr $a % 10` if [ $n -ne 0 ] then c=`expr $c + 1` fi a=`expr $a / 10` done echo "The Number of Digits in the Integer is $c" SAMPLE OUTPUT: Enter a Number 123456789 The Number of Digits in the Integer is 9 RESULT: Thus the Shell Program to calculate the number of digits of an integer was executed and the output was verified. ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS USING SHELL PROGRAMMING (Using SWITCH - CASE) Ex. No. 10 AIM: To write a Shell Program to perform Arithmetic Operations using Switch Case ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the two Numbers. Step 3: Get the operation choice from the User Step 4: Give the expressions for each case and solve them. Step 5: Print the Result Step 6: Stop

SHELL PROGRAM: echo "Enter Two Numbers" read a b echo "What do you want to do? (1 to 5)" echo "1) Sum" echo "2) Difference" echo "3) Product" echo "4) Quotient" echo "5) Remainder" echo "Enter your Choice" read n case "$n" in 1) echo "The Sum of $a and $b is `expr $a + $b`";; 2) echo "The Difference between $a and $b is `expr $a - $b`";; 3) echo "The Product of the $a and $b is `expr $a \* $b`";; 4) echo "The Quotient of $a by $b is `expr $a / $b`";; 5) echo "The Remainder of $a by $b is `expr $a % $b`";; esac SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost Shell]# sh arith_switch.sh Enter Two Numbers 12 10 What do you want to do? (1 to 5)

1) Sum 2) Difference 3) Product 4) Quotient 5) Remainder Enter your Choice 4 The Quotient of 12 by 10 is 1

RESULT: Thus the Shell program to perform arithmetic operations using Switch Case was executed and the output was verified. FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER Ex. No. 11 AIM: To write a Shell Program to find the factorial of a Number. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the Number as n Step 3: Assign the value of p as 0 and solve the expression i = n-1 Step 4: While the value of i is greater than or equal to 1 do the following steps. Step 5: Solve the expression n=n*1 and i=i-1 (Decrementing Operation) Step 6: Then print the value of n as the factorial of the given number. Step 7: Stop. SHELL PROGRAM: echo "Enter a Number" read n i=`expr $n - 1` p=1

while [ $i -ge 1 ] do n=`expr $n \* $i` i=`expr $i - 1` done echo "The Factorial of the given Number is $n" SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost Shell]# sh fact.sh Enter a Number 5 The Factorial of the given Number is 120 RESULT: Thus the Shell Program to find the factorial of the Number was executed and the output was verified.

CHECKING FOR PRIME NUMBER Ex. No.: 12 AIM: To write a Shell Program to check if the Number is a Prime Number or a Composite Number. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the Number as n Step 3: Initialize the value of t to 0 and solve the expression i=n-1 Step 4: While i is greater than or equal to 2, perform the following steps. Step 5: Solve p=n%i Step 6: Check the condition (p=0) and then solve t=t+1 Step 7: End the If Condition Step 8: Solve the expression i=i-1

Step 9: If t is greater than 0, print The Number is not a Prime Number Step 10: If the condition is not satisfied, print The Number is a Prime Number

SHELL PROGRAM: echo "Enter a Number" read n i=`expr $n - 1` t=0 while [ $i -ge 2 ] do p=`expr $n % $i` if [ $p -eq 0 ] then t=`expr $t + 1` fi i=`expr $i - 1` done if [ $t -gt 0 ] then echo "The Number $n is not a Prime Number" else echo "The Number $n is a Prime Number" fi

SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost Shell]# sh prime.sh Enter a Number 2 The Number 2 is a Prime Number [root@localhost Shell]# sh prime.sh Enter a Number 4 The Number 4 is not a Prime Number

RESULT: Thus the Shell Program to check if the given number is prime or not, was executed and the output was verified. SUMS OF DIGITS OF AN INTEGER Ex. No. 13 AIM: To write a Shell Program to calculate the sum of digits of an Integer. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Read the Integer as num Step 3: Initialize the value of sum=0. Step 4: While the value of num is greater than 0, solve the following expressions. Step 5: Find the remainder of num by 10 and store in y Step 6: Add sum with y and store it in sum Step 7: Divide num by 10 and store the value in num Step 7: Close the while loop Step 8: Print the Result Step 9: Stop SHELL PROGRAM: echo "Enter a Number" read num sum=0

while [ $num -gt 0 ] do y=`expr $num % 10` sum=`expr $sum + $y` num=`expr $num / 10` done echo "The Sum of the Digits of the Integer is $sum" SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost Shell]# sh digits_sum.sh Enter a Number 123456 The Sum of the Digits of the Integer is 21 RESULT: Thus the Shell program to calculate the sum of the digits of the integer was executed and the output was verified. C PROGRAMMING UNDER UNIX ENVIRONMENT MATRIX ADDITION Ex. No. 14 AIM: To write a C Program to add two matrices under UNIX Environment ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Declare a[10][10], b[10][10], add[10][10], i, j, m, n. Step 3: Get the number of rows and columns as m and n respectively Step 4: Scan the values of the matrices according to the values of m and n. Step 5: Add the two matrices directly and store the values in add[10][10] Step 6: Using for loop print the values of add[10][10] Step 7: End the loop Step 8: Stop.

C PROGRAM: #include main() { int add[10][10],a[10][10],b[10][10],i,j,m,n; printf("\nEnter the Number of Rows and Columns:\n\n "); scanf("%d%d",&m,&n); printf("Enter the 1st Matrix: \n\n"); for(i=0;i for(j=0;j scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); printf("Enter the 2nd Matrix: \n\n"); for(i=0;i for(j=0;j scanf("%d",&b[i][j]); for(i=0;i { for(j=0;j add[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j]; } printf("The Addition of the two matrices is: \n"); for(i=0;i { printf("\n\n"); for(j=0;j

{ printf("%d\t",add[i][j]); } } }

SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost C_Program]# cc matadd.c [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out Enter the Number of Rows and Columns: 2 2 Enter the 1st Matrix: 1 2 3 4 Enter the 2nd Matrix: 1 2 3 4 The Addition of the two matrices is: 2 4

RESULT: Thus the C Program to add two matrices under UNIX Environment was executed and the output was verified. SORTING OF INTEGERS Ex. No. 15 AIM: To write a C Program to sort an array of integers under UNIX environment ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Get the number of array integers as n Step 3: Using for loop, get the n number of integers as a[] Step 4: Again using for loop check if the second number is greater than the first Step 5: If the above step is true, swap the value of second to first Step 6: Repeat Steps 4 and 5 for all the integers scanned using for loop Step 7: Again using for loop print the sorted list of values. Step 8: Stop

C PROGRAM: #include main() { int x[50],n,i,j,temp; printf("How many Numbers ?\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\nEnter the List of %d numbers:\n",n); for(i=0;i scanf("%d",&x[i]); for(i=0;i for(j=i+1;j if(x[i]>x[j]) { temp=x[i]; x[i]=x[j]; x[j]=temp; } printf("\nThe Sorted list of Numbers is \n"); for(i=0;i printf("%d\t",x[i]); } SAMPLE OUTPUT:

[root@localhost C_Program]# cc sort.c [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out How many Numbers ? 5 Enter the List of 5 numbers: 4 8 3 6 2 The Sorted list of Numbers is 2 3 4 6 8 RESULT: Thus the C Program to sort the given array of integers under UNIX environment was executed and the output was verified. EMPLOYEE DETAILS USING STRUCTURES Ex. No.: 16 AIM: To write a C Program to get and print the employee details using Structures under UNIX Platform. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Initialize the structure with employee no., name and salary. Step 3: Inside the main function, get the number of employees Step 4: Using for loop, scan the employee details Step 5: Again using for loop, print the employee details Step 6: Stop

C PROGRAM: #include struct emp { char name[25]; int salary; int empno; }a[20]; main() { int n,i; printf("\n Enter the Number of Employees: "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=0;i { printf("\n\nEnter the %d Employee details",i+1); printf("\n\n1.Employee No.: "); scanf("%d",&a[i].empno); printf("\n2.Name: "); scanf("%s",&a[i].name); printf("\n3.Salary: "); scanf("%d",&a[i].salary); } for(i=0;i {

printf("\n\nEmployee %d",i+1); printf("\n1.Employee No.: %d",a[i].empno); printf("\n2.Employee Name: %s",a[i].name); printf("\n3.Salary: %d",a[i].salary); } }

SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost C_Program]# cc employ.c [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out Enter the Number of Employees: 2 Enter the 1 Employee details 1.Employee No.: 1234 2.Name: Ramesh 3.Salary: 12500 Enter the 2 Employee details 1.Employee No.: 2314 2.Name: Ganesh 3.Salary: 12500 Employee 1 1.Employee No.: 1234

2.Employee Name: Ramesh 3.Salary: 12500 Employee 2 1.Employee No.: 2314 2.Employee Name: Ganesh 3.Salary: 12500

RESULT: Thus the C Program to get and print the employee details using Structures was executed and the output was verified. FILE MANIPULATION Ex. No.: 17 AIM: To write a C Program to perform following file manipulation: 1. 2. 3. 4. Read a file Copy a file Change the case of the entire file Count the number of words, spaces and lines in a file.

C PROGRAM: #include #include main() { char ch,ct; int choice,tr,letters=0,words=0,spaces=0,lines=0; FILE *fp1,*fp2; do { fp1=fopen("data1.txt","r");

printf("\nEnter u'r Choice\n"); printf("\n1.Read the file\n2.Copy the file\n3.Change\n4.Count\n5.Exit\n"); scanf("%d",&choice); switch(choice) { case 1: while(!feof(fp1)) { ch=getc(fp1); printf("%c",ch); } break; case 2: fp2=fopen("data2.txt","w"); fseek(fp1,0L,SEEK_SET); while(!feof(fp1)) { ct=fgetc(fp1); tr=fputc(ct,fp2); } fclose(fp1); fclose(fp2); fp2=fopen("data2.txt","r"); printf("The Content of the copied file is "); while(!feof(fp2)) { ch=fgetc(fp2); printf("%c",ch); } fclose(fp2); break; case 3: fp2=fopen("data2.txt","r"); while(!feof(fp2)) { ch=getc(fp2); if((ch<91)&&(ch>=65)) { ch=ch+32; printf("%c",ch); } else if((ch>=97)&&(ch<=122)) { ch=ch-32; printf("%c",ch); }

else { printf("%c",ch); } } break; case 4: fp2=fopen("data2.txt","r"); while(!feof(fp2)) { ch=fgetc(fp2); if(ch==' ') { spaces++; } else if (ch=='\n') { lines++; } else { letters++; } } printf("\nTotal lines: %d",lines); printf("\nTotal words: %d",spaces+lines); printf("\nTotal spaces: %d",spaces); printf("\nTotal letters: %d",spaces+lines+words); fclose(fp2); break; } } while(choice!=5); } SAMPLE OUTPUT: Enter u'r Choice 1.Read the file 2.Copy the file 3.Change 4.Count 5.Exit 1

Wisdom better than the Rubies. ? Enter u'r Choice 1.Read the file 2.Copy the file 3.Change 4.Count 5.Exit 2 The Content of the copied file is Wisdom better than the Rubies. ?? Enter u'r Choice 1.Read the file 2.Copy the file 3.Change 4.Count 5.Exit 3 wISDOM BETTER THAN THE rUBIES. ?? Enter u'r Choice 1.Read the file 2.Copy the file 3.Change 4.Count 5.Exit 4 Total lines: 1 Total words: 5 Total spaces: 4 Total letters: 5

RESULT: Thus the FILE MANIPULATION operation was performed and the output was verified. GREAEST AND SMALLEST NUMBER IN AN ARRAY Ex.No.: 18 AIM: To write a C Program to find the greatest and smallest number in an array of integers. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Get the maximum limit for the array as n Step 3: Using for loop, get the array of integers to the value of n Step 4: Again using for loop, sole the following conditions. Step 5: If the first digit is greater than the second, perform the following swap conditions. Step 6: Swap the value of a[0] to temp, a[j] to a[i] and a[i] to temp. Step 7: Print the result Step 8: Stop

PROGRAM: #include main() { int a[100],i,j,n,temp; printf("\nEnter the maximum limit: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\nEnter %d numbers: \n",n); for(i=0;i scanf("%d",&a[i]); for(i=0;i { for(j=i+1;j { if(a[i]>a[j]) { temp=a[i]; a[i]=a[j]; a[j]=temp; } } } printf("\nThe smallest number is %d",a[0]); printf("\nThe biggest number is %d",a[n-1]); }

SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost C_Program]# cc maxmin.c [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out Enter the maximum limit: 5 Enter 5 numbers: 9 6 2 10 15 The smallest number is 2 The biggest number is 15

RESULT: Thus the C Program to find the greatest and smallest number in an array was executed and the output was verified. TO CHECK WHETHER THE NUMBER IS A PALINDROME OR NOT Ex. No.: 19 AIM: To write a C Program to check if the given number is a palindrome or not ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Get the number as n Step 3: Swap the value of n to c. Step 4: While the value of n is greater than or equal to 1, solve the following expressions. Step 5: Store the remainder of n by 10 as a; Solve b=(b*10)+a; and n=n/10 Step 6: If the value of c is equal to b, print The number is a palindrome. Step 7: If the above condition is not satisfied, print The number is not a palindrome. Step 8: Stop.

PROGRAM: #include main() { int a,c,n,b=0; printf("\nEnter a number: "); scanf("%d",&n); c=n; while(n>=1) { a=n%10; b=(b*10)+a; n=n/10; } if(c==b) printf("\nThe number is a palindrome\n"); else printf("\nThe number is not a palindrome\n"); }

SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost C_Program]# cc palin.c

[root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out Enter a number: 12321 The number is a palindrome [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out Enter a number: 123 The number is not a palindrome

RESULT: Thus the C Program to check whether the number is a palindrome or not was executed and the output was verified. SYSTEM CALL FOR A READ ONLY FILE Ex. No.:20 AIM: To write C Program to perform system call to open for a read-only file. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Initialize the integer variables- i and fd. Also initialize the string variable, buf[100]. Step 3: Open the already created file aa as a read only and store its contents in fd. Step 4: Read fd, buf, 100 Step 5: Using for loop, print the character array, buf[i] Step 6: The data already stored in aa along with the garbage value will be printed as output. Step 7: Stop Note: A file aa with data must be created before the program is compiled and is run, to avoid segmentation error.

Header Files: fcntl.h File control Options unistd.h Standard symbolic constants and types.

PROGRAM: #include #include #include main() { int i,fd; char buf[100]; fd=open("aa",O_RDONLY); read(fd,buf,100); for(i=0;i<100;i++) { printf("%c",buf[i]); } }

SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost C_Program]# cc syscall-r.c [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out My name is Barnabas t<@PB@,X@&8Z@0@@c@TB B

RESULT: Thus the C Program for system call to open a read-only file was executed and the output was verified. SYSTEM CALL FOR WRITE-ONLY FILE Ex. No.: 21 AIM: To write a C Program to perform system call to open a write-only file. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Initialize the integer variables i and fd with a character variable buf[100]. Step 3: Get the data form the user and store it as buf. Step 4: Open the file aa as write-only and store it in fd. Step 5: Write the data given by the user to the file and fd Step 6: Stop Note: After the program is run, open the file aa to find the garbage values stored in it. A file aa with data must be created before the program is compiled and is run, to avoid segmentation error. Header Files:

fcntl.h File control Options unistd.h Standard symbolic constants and types.

PROGRAM: #include #include #include main() { int i,fd; char buf[100]; printf("Give data: "); scanf("%s",buf); fd=open("aa",O_WRONLY); write(fd,buf,sizeof(buf)); } SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost C_Program]# cc syscall-w.c [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out Give data: I study in VEC [root@localhost C_Program]# cat aa IBeBB Bt<@PB@,X@-8Z@0@@c@TBB

RESULT: Thus the C Program to perform system call to opena write-only file was executed and the output was verified.

IMPLEMENTATION OF COPY COMMAND Ex. No.: 22 AIM: To write a C Program to implement copy command in UNIX. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Open the file to be copied, and store it in fp1 Step 3: Open a new file, where the contents are to be copied and store it in fp2. Step 4: Copy all the characters one by one until the End of File. Step 5: Close all the files. Step 6: Stop.

C PROGRAM: #include main(int a, char *av[2]) { char ch; FILE *fp1,*fp2; fp1=fopen(av[1],"r"); fp2=fopen(av[2],"w"); while((ch=getc(fp1))!=EOF) { putc(ch,fp2); } fclose(fp1); fclose(fp2); } SMAPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost C_Program]# cc copy.c [root@localhost C_Program]# cat>a Vel Tech Engineering College [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out a b [root@localhost C_Program]# cat b Vel Tech Engineering College

RESULT: Thus the C Program to implement copy command in UNIX was executed and the output was verified.

IMPLEMENTATION OF WC COMMAND Ex. No.: 23 AIM: To write a C Program to implement wc command in UNIX. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Initialize the variables c=0; w=0; l=0. Step 3: Using If Else condition count the no. of characters, letters and words. Step 4: Using string compare function, print the result with respect to the command given. Step 5: Stop.

C PROGRAM: #include main(int a,char *av[3]) { FILE *f; char ch; int w=0,l=0,c=0; if(a==2) f=fopen(av[1],"r"); else f=fopen(av[2],"r"); while(!feof(f)) { ch=getc(f); c=c++; if(ch==' '||ch=='\n') w=w+1; if(ch=='\n') l=l+1; } fclose(f); if(strcmp(av[1],"-c")==0) printf("\nThe no. of characters are %d\n",c-1); else if(strcmp(av[1],"-w")==0) printf("\nThe no. of words are %d\n",w); else if(strcmp(av[1],"-l")==0) printf("\nThe number of lines are %d\n",l); else if(av[2]=='\0') printf("\n%d\t%d\t%d\n",c-1,w,l); }

SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost C_Program]# cc wc.c [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out msb 77 10 7 [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out -l msb The number of lines are 7 [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out -w msb The no. of words are 10 [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out -c msb The no. of characters are 77 RESULT: Thus the C Program to implement wc commad in UNIX was executed and the output was verified. FORK SYSTEM CALL Ex. No.: 24 AIM: To write a C Program for FORK SYSTEM CALL ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Open the inbuilt function fork() inside the header file, unistd.h and store it in f Step 3: When f is equal to 0, print the Child process ID, Parent ID and the process ID, using inbuilt ID functions. Step 4: Stop.

C PROGRAM: #include #include main() { int f; f=fork(); if(f==0) { printf("\nChild Process ID: %d\n",getpid()); printf("\nParent ID: %d\n",getppid()); } else { printf("\nProcess ID: %d\n",getpid()); printf("\nParent ID: %d\n",getppid()); } } SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost C_Program]# cc fork.c [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out Child Process ID: 3844 Parent ID: 3843 Process ID: 3843

Parent ID: 3673 RESULT: Thus the C Program for Fork System Call in UNIX was executed and the output was verified.

EXECL SYSTEM CALL Ex. No.: 25 Date: 3rd May, 2006 AIM: To write a C Program for EXECL System Call in UNIX ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Give the command for Execl, to print the Date and Time. Step 3: Stop C PROGRAM: #include #include main() { execl("/bin/date","date",0); } SAMPLE OUTPUT: [root@localhost C_Program]# cc execl.c [root@localhost C_Program]# ./a.out Tue May 2 18:01:37 IST 2006 [root@localhost C_Program]#

RESULT: Thus the C Program for EXECL System Call in UNIX was executed and the output was verified.