Q. Explain briefly the types of sampling.

Answer:

The sampling techniques may be broadly classified into 1. 2. Probability sampling Non-probability sampling

Probability Sampling: Probability sampling provides a scientific technique of drawing samples from the population. The technique of drawing samples is according to the law in which each unit has a probability of being included in the sample.

Simple random sampling Under this technique, sample units are drawn in such a way each and every unit in the population has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample. If a sample unit is replaced before drawing the next unit, then it is known as simple Random Sampling with Replacement. If the sample unit is not replaced before drawing the next unit, then it is case, probability of drawing a unit is 1/N, where N is the population size. In the case probability of drawing a unit is 1/Nn.

Stratified random sampling This sampling design is most appropriate if the population is heterogeneous with respect to characteristic under study or the population distribution is highly skewed. Table: Merits and demerits of stratified random sampling Merits Demerits 1. Sample is more representative 1. Many times the stratification is not effective 2. Appropriate sample sizes are not drawn from each of the 2. Provides more efficient estimate stratum 3. Administratively more convenient 4. Can be applied in situation where different degrees of accuracy is desired for different segments of population

Systematic sampling This design is recommended if we have a complete list of sampling units arranged in some systematic order such as geographical, chronological or alphabetical order. Table: Merits and demerits of systematic sampling Merits Demerits 1. Very easy to operate and easy to check. 1. Many case we do not get up-to-date list. 2. It saves time and labour. 2. It gives biased results if periodic feature exist in the data. 3. More efficient than simple random sampling if we have up-to-date frame.

Cluster sampling The total population is divided into recognizable sub-divisions, known as clusters such that within each cluster they are homogenous. The units are selected from each cluster by suitable sampling techniques.

Multi-stage sampling The total population is divided into several stages. The sampling process is carried out through several stages.

Figure: Multistage sampling Non-probability sampling: Depending upon the object of inquiry and other considerations a predetermined number of sampling units is selected purposely so that they represent the true characteristics of the population.

Judgment sampling The choice of sampling items depends exclusively on the judgment of the investigator. The investigators experience and knowledge about the population will help to select the sample units. It is the most suitable method if the population size is less. Table: Merits and demerits of judgment sampling Merits 1. Most useful for small population 2. Most useful to study some unknown traits of a population some of whose characteristics are known. 3. Helpful in solving day-to-day problems. Demerits 1. It is not a scientific method. 2. It has a risk of investigators bias being introduced.

Convenience sampling The sampling units are selected according to convenience of the investigator. It is also called chunk which refer to the fraction of the population being investigated which is selected neither by probability nor by judgment.

Quota sampling It is a type of judgment sampling. Under this design, quotas are set up according to some specified characteristic such as age groups or income groups. From each group a specified number of units are sampled according to the quota allotted to the group. Within the group the selection of sampling units depends on personal judgment. It has a risk of personal prejudice and bias entering the process. This method is often used in public opinion studies.

Q2:
Q. An unbiased coin is tossed six times. What is the probability that the tosses will result in: (i) exactly two heads and (ii) at least five heads.

Answer:

Let A be the event of getting head. Given that:

(i) The probability that the tosses will result in exactly two heads is given by:

Therefore, the probability that the tosses will result in exactly two heads is 15/64.

(ii) The probability that the tosses will result in at least five heads is given by:

Therefore, the probability that the tosses will result in at least five heads is 7/64.

Q3:
Q. Calculate the standard deviation of the following data: Marks 78-80 No. of students 3 80-82 15 82-84 26 84-86 23 86-88 9 88-90 4

Answer:

Below table represents the frequency distribution of data required for calculating the standard deviation. Table: Frequency distribution of data ClassInterval 78-80 80-82 82-84 84-86 86-88 88-90 Midvalue X 79 81 83 85 87 89 Frequencyf 3 15 26 23 9 4 80 d = x-832 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Fd -6 fd2 12

-15 15 0 0 23 18 12 32 23 36 36 122

Q. Find the median value of the following set of values: 45, 32, 31, 46, 40, 28, 27, 37, 36, 41.

Answer:

Arranging in ascending order, we get: 27, 28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 40, 41, 45, 46 We have, n = 10

The median for the given set of values is 36.5.

Q. Draw a histogram for the following distribution: Age No. of people 0-10 5 10-20 10 20-30 15 30-40 8 40-50 2

Answer:

Below figure displays the histogram for the distribution of age data.

Figure: Histogram for the distribution of age We join the upper left corner of highest rectangle to the right adjacent rectangles left corner and right upper corner of highest rectangle to left adjacent rectangles right corner. From the intersecting point of these lines we draw a perpendicular to the X-axis. The X-reading at that point gives the mode of the distribution. If the widths of the rectangles are not equal then we make areas of rectangles proportional and draw the histogram.

Q: Q. What are the functions of Statistics? Distinguish between Primary data and Secondary data.

Answer:

Functions of Statistics Statistics is used for various purposes. It is used to simplify mass data and to make comparisons easier. It is also used to bring out trends and tendencies in the data as well as the hidden relations between variables. All this helps to make decision making much easier. Let us look at each function of Statistics in detail. 1. Statistics simplifies mass data The use of statistical concepts helps in simplification of complex data. Using statistical concepts, the managers can make decisions more easily. The statistical methods help in reducing the complexity of the data and consequently in the understanding of any huge mass of data. Example: Fifty people were interviewed to rate a regional movie on the scale of 1 to 10, with number 1 being for the top movie and number 10 being for the worst movie. The table 1a shows the ratings given by 50 customers. Simplify the data? Table 1a The ratings (scale of 1 to 10) for a Regional movie given by 50 customers 1576875347125874742498725 4579878967232876357639548

The data in table 1a can be condensed and is presented in table 1b using the statistical concepts such as calculating frequency and frequency distribution to draw conclusions and then frequency table is prepared. In this example, from the bulk data consisting of 50 rating scores, the frequency table was prepared. The frequency table is in condensed and simple form. From the tabled data, we can easily interpret that for the regional movie, most of the customers gave a 7 rating (that is, 11 customers). Only two customers gave a rating of 1 for the regional movie, which means only two out of 50 customers surveyed liked the regional movie the most. Table 1b Frequency table Rating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

Frequency 2 5 4 6 7 4 11 7 4 0 50

Frequency Distribution 2/50 = 0.04 5/50 = 0.10 4/50 = 0.08 6/50 = 0.12 7/50 = 0.14 4/50 = 0.08 11/50 = 0.22 7/50 = 0.14 4/50 = 0.08 0/50 =0 1

2. Statistics makes comparison easier Without using statistical methods and concepts, collection of data and comparison cannot be done easily. Statistics helps us to compare data collected from different sources. Grand totals, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, graphs and diagrams, coefficient of correlation all provide ample scopes for comparison. Hence, visual representation of numerical data helps you to compare the data with less effort and can make effective decisions. 3. Statistics brings out trends and tendencies in the data After data is collected, it is easy to analyse the trend and tendencies in the data by using the various concepts of Statistics. 4. Statistics brings out the hidden relations between variables

Statistical analysis helps in drawing inferences on data. Statistical analysis brings out the hidden relations between variables. 5. Decision making power becomes easier With the proper application of Statistics and statistical software packages on the collected data, managers can take effective decisions, which can increase the profits in a business.

The differences between primary and secondary data are listed below:

Primary Data 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Data is original and thus more accurate and reliable. Gathering data is expensive. Data is not easily accessible. Most of the data is homogeneous. Collection of data requires more time. Extra precautionary measures need not be taken. Data gives detailed information. Data is not reliable. Gathering data is cheap Data is easily accessible through internet or other resources. Data is not homogeneous. Collection of data requires less time. Data needs extra care. Data may not be adequate.

Secondary Data 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.