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ABSTRACT :
Advances in wireless sensor networks make many of the impossible possible. Roadway safety warning , habitat monitoring , smart classroom etc., are prosperous applications tied to our daily life. Such networks rely on the collaboration of thousands of resource-constrained error-prone sensors for monitoring and control. One of the most contemporary challenges is to design efficient methods for exploiting the new technology of wireless sensor networks (WSN). WSN divided to two important types: homogenous wireless sensor network and heterogeneous wireless sensor network. In homogenous WSNs all nodes in the network have the same power, resources, quality and etc, but heterogeneous WSNs consisting of two types of wireless devices: resource-constrained wireless sensor nodes deployed randomly in a large number and a much smaller number of resource-rich super nodes placed at known locations. The super nodes are comparatively resource richer than other nodes in the network..

Direct transmission networks are very simple to design but can be very power consuming due to the long distances from sensors to the target node. Alternative designs that shorten or minimize the communication distances can extend network lifetimes. The use of super nodes for transmitting data to a target node leverages the advantages of small transmit distances for most nodes, requiring only a few nodes to transmit far distances to the target node. The super nodes gather the data and send it directly to the target node. This model can greatly reduce communication costs of most nodes because they only need to send data to the nearest Super node, rather than directly to a target node that may be further away. Here in our project, we have clustered the wireless nodes in the same region.
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We place one super node in to the cluster. The super node is responsible for all inter cluster communications. All the communications inside the cluster are always destined to the super node, from where the data is transmitted further.

1.1. INTRODUCTION :
WSN is an emerging technology that can be deployed in such situation where human interaction is not possible like border area tracking enemy moment or fire detection system. Figure 1 shows an overview of WSN. Sensor are deployed in the environment which can be fire area, border or open environment. These tiny devices sense the area of interest and then communicate with Base Station (BS). On BS the gathered information is analyzed. Advances in wireless sensor networks make many of the impossible possible. Roadway safety warning, habitat monitoring , smart classroom , etc., are prosperous applications tied to our daily life. Such networks rely on the collaboration of thousands of resource-constrained error-prone sensors for monitoring and control. One of the most contemporary challenges is to design efficient methods for exploiting the new technology of wireless sensor networks (WSN). A WSN consists of a large number of sensor nodes deployed over a certain area, providing real-time data about certain phenomena . The deployment of a WSN can be random (for example, dropping sensors in a hostile terrain or a disaster area) or deterministic (for example, placing sensors along a pipeline to monitor pressure and/or temperature, and boundary surveillance). WSN divided to two important types: homogenous wireless sensor network and heterogeneous wireless sensor network. In homogenous WSNs all nodes in the network have the same power, resources, quality and etc, but heterogeneous WSNs consisting of two types of wireless devices: resource-constrained wireless sensor nodes deployed
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randomly in a large number and a much smaller number of resource-rich super nodes placed at known locations. The super nodes have two transceivers: one connects to the WSN, and the other connects to the super node network. The upper node network provides better Quality of Service (QoS) and is used to quickly forward sensor data packets to the user. A study by Intel shows that using a heterogeneous architecture results in improved network performance such as a lower data-gathering delay and a longer network lifetime. Hardware components of the heterogeneous WSNs are now commercially available .

2. LITERATURE SURVEY :
Relocation of Gateway for Enhanced Timeliness in Wireless Sensor Networks -Kemal Akkaya and Mohamed Younis ,Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering ,University of Maryland, Baltimore County ,Baltimore, MD 21250 ,kemal1 In recent years, due to increasing interest in applications of wireless sensor networks that demand certain quality of service (QoS) guarantees, new routing protocols have been proposed for providing energy-efficient real-time relaying of data. However, none of these protocols considered any possible movement of the sink node for performance purposes. In this paper, we propose possible relocation of sink (gateway) for improving the timeliness of real-time packets. Our approach searches for a location close to the most loaded node. The gateway is then relocated to the new location so that the load of that node is alleviated and the realtime traffic can be split. As long as the gateway stays within the transmission range of all last hop nodes, it can be moved to that location without affecting the current

route setup. Otherwise routes are adjusted by introducing new forwarders. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. An Energy-Aware QoS Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Kemal Akkaya and Mohamed Younis, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County,Baltimore, MD 21250, kemal1 Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new routing protocols specifically designed for sensor networks. Almost all of these routing protocols considered energy efficiency as the ultimate objective in order to maximize the whole network lifetime. However, the introduction of video and imaging sensors has posed additional challenges. Transmission of video and imaging data requires both energy and QoS aware routing in order to ensure efficient usage of the sensors and effective access to the gathered measurements. In this paper, we propose an energy-aware QoS routing protocol for sensor networks, which can also run efficiently with best-effort traffic. The protocol finds a leastcost, delay-constrained path for real-time data in terms of link cost that captures nodes energy reserve, transmission energy, error rate and other communication parameters. Moreover, adjusting the service rate for both real-time and non-realtime data at the sensor nodes maximizes the throughput for non-real-time data. Simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach for different metrics. Energy Aware Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks - Department of Information Technology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA Self organizing, wireless sensors networks are an emergent and challenging technology that is attracting large attention in the sensing and monitoring community. Impressive progress has been done in recent years even if we need to
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assume that an optimal protocol for every kind of sensor network applications cannot exist. The energy constraint sensor nodes in sensors networks operate on limited batteries, so it is a very important issue to use energy efficiently and reduce power consumption. Many routing protocols have been proposed among these protocols, the adaptive routing protocols are very attractive because they have low routing overhead. As a result, the routes tend to have the shortest hop count and contain weak links, which usually provide low performance and are susceptible to breaks. In this paper we introduce an adaptive routing protocol called energy aware routing that is intended to provide a reliable transmission environment with low energy consumption. This protocol efficiently utilizes the energy availability and the received signal strength of the nodes to identify the best possible route to the destination. Simulation results show that the energy aware routing scheme achieves much higher performance than the classical routing protocols, even in the presence of high node density and overcomes simultaneous packet forwarding. Delay-Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Sensor and Actor Networks - Arjan Durresi, Vamsi Paruchuri, Department of Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA We present a novel Delay-Energy Aware Routing Protocol (DEAP) for for heterogeneous sensor and actor networks. DEAP enable a wide range of tradeoffs between delay and energy consumption. The two major components of DEAP are: (a) an adaptive energy management scheme that controls the wake up cycle of sensors based on the experienced packet delay; and (b) a loose geographic routing protocol that in each hop distributes the load among a group of neighboring nodes. The primary result of DEAP is that it enables a flexible range of tradeoffs between the packet delay and the energy use. Therefore, DEAP supports delay sensitive applications of heterogeneous sensor and actor networks.
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Energy Aware Intra Cluster Routing for Wireless Sensor NetworksInternational Journal of Hybrid Information Technology Vol.3, No.1, January, 2010. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an emerging technology that is predicted to change the human life in future. This technology is composed of tiny sensing objects called sensors that are wirelessly scattered in the environment. Due to wireless nature and having limited lifetime (battery operated) there are many challenges for researchers to make this technology more useful. In this research work an energy efficient routing technique Energy Aware Intra Cluster Routing (EAICR) is presented that has increased energy efficiency up to 17% and increased the network lifetime up to 12% when compared with a well known routing algorithm MultiHop Router [1] . Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Micro sensor Networks Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2000. Wireless distributed micro sensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have significant impact on the overall energy dissipation of these networks. Based on our findings that the conventional protocols of direct transmission, minimum-transmission-energy, multihop routing, and static clustering may not be optimal for sensor networks, we propose LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (clusterheads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized coordination to enable scalability and robustness for
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dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the base station. Simulations show that LEACH can achieve as much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy dissipation compared with conventional routing protocols. In addition, LEACH is able to distribute energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors, doubling the useful system lifetime for the networks we simulated. Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: Department of Information Engineering #Institute for Informatics and Telematics (IIT), University of Pisa, Italy National Research Council (CNR), Italy. In the last years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. In this paper we first break down the energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and discuss the main directions to energy conservation in WSNs. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of the energy conservation schemes, which are subsequently discussed in depth. Special attention has been devoted to promising solutions which have not yet obtained a wide attention in the literature, such as techniques for energy efficient data acquisition. Finally we conclude the paper with insights for research directions about energy conservation in WSNs A Novel Real-Time Power Aware Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks - IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.10 No.4, April 2010 300 Manuscript received April 5, 2010 Manuscript revised April 20, 2010.
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One of the most important and challenging issues in real-time applications of resource-constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is providing end-to-end delay requirement. To address such an issue a few QoS routing protocols have been proposed. THVR (Two-Hop Velocity based routing protocol) is newly proposed real-time protocol while it is based on the concept of using two-hop neighbor information for routing decision. In this paper we propose a novel realtime Power-Aware Two-Hop (PATH) based routing protocol. PATH improves real-time performance by means of reducing the packet dropping in routing decisions. PATH is based on the concept of using two-hop neighbor information and power-control mechanism. The former is used for routing decisions and the latter is deployed to improve link quality as well as reducing the delay. PATH dynamically adjusts transmitting power in order to reduce the probability of packet dropping. Also PATH addresses practical issue like network holes, scalability and loss links in WSNs .We simulate PATH and compare it with THVR. Our simulation results show that PATH can perform better than THVR in term of energy consumption and delay. Feedback Based Dynamic Energy Aware Routing Protocol - Haimasree Bhattacharya , Krishnendu Mukhopadhyaya, Statistical Institute. With the advancement of wireless sensor network many routing strategies have been developed which deal with distinguishable features of wireless sensor networks like energy, bandwidth, high rate of interaction with environment etc. Tiny wireless sensors could be deployed in wilderness areas, where they would remain for many years without the need to recharge or replace their power supplies. Thus power management is a very important issue in this kind of networks because of the battery driven nodes. The sensor nodes should be routed
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Jadavpur University, Indian

in such a way that the energy consumed along the routing path is as less as possible. The energy aware routing protocols for WSNs developed so far are static in nature in terms of node energy. Energy efficient routes are being developed on the basis of energy initially available in nodes. Some node energy is used up in transmission of messages. The energy of the node continually gets depleted with transmission. But this dynamic behavior of node energy is not taken into consideration in the following rounds. This paper proposes a Feedback based Dynamic Energy aware Routing Protocol(FDERP)which deals with this dynamic behavior of node energy. In contrast with LEACH it decreases the average energy consumed per node increasing the network lifetime. The paper concludes with open research issues.

3. Project Description 3.1 Introduction To Project

The use of super nodes for transmitting data to a target node leverages the advantages of small transmit distances for most nodes, requiring only a few nodes to transmit far distances to the target node. The super nodes gather the data and send it directly to the target node. This model can greatly reduce communication costs of most nodes because they only need to send data to the nearest Super node, rather than directly to a target node that may be further away. Here in our project, we have clustered the wireless nodes in the same region. We place one super node in to the cluster. The super node is responsible for all inter cluster communications. All the communications inside the cluster are always destined to the super node, from where the data is transmitted further.

3.2 Existing System

In most of the sensor nodes, a power source supplies the energy needed by the device to perform the programmed task. This power source often consists of a battery with a limited energy budget. In addition, it could be impossible or inconvenient to recharge the battery, because nodes may be deployed in a hostile or unpractical environment. On the other hand, the sensor network should have a lifetime long enough to fulfill the application requirements. In many cases a lifetime in the order of several months, or even years, may be required. The existing systems are following either one hop model or multi hop model. The one hop model is a simple model that uses direct data sending towards the BS. In The multi hop model, nodes choose their neighbors to forward data toward the BS, this model is an energy efficient model of routing. Routing of sensor data has been one of the challenging areas in wireless sensor network research. It usually involves multi-hop communications and has been studied as part of the network layer problems. Despite the similarity between sensor and mobile ad-hoc networks, routing approaches for ad-hoc networks proved not to be suitable to sensors networks. This is due to different routing requirements for ad-hoc and sensor networks in several aspects. For instance, communication in sensor networks is from multiple sources to a single sink, which is not the case in ad-hoc networks. Moreover, there is a major energy resource constraint for the sensor nodes. Nodes in sensor networks have restricted storage, computational and energy resources; these restrictions place a limit on the types of deployable routing mechanisms. Additionally, ad hoc routing protocols, for conventional wireless networks support IP style addressing of sources and destinations. They also use
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intermediate nodes to support end-to-end communication between arbitrary nodes in the network. It is possible for any-to-any communication to be relevant in a sensor network; however this approach may be unsuitable as it could generate unwanted traffic in the network, thus resulting in extra usage of already limited node resources. Many to- one-communication paradigms are widely used in regard to sensor networks since sensor nodes send their data to a common sink for processing. This many-to-one paradigm also results in non-uniform energy drainage in the network Existing Topology:

3.3 Proposed System

In the proposed architecture sensor nodes are grouped into clusters controlled by a single command node. Sensors are only capable of radio-based short-haul communication and are responsible for probing the environment to detect a target/event. Every cluster has a gateway node that manages sensors in the cluster. Clusters can be formed based on many criteria such as communication range, number and type of sensors and geographical location. In this project, we assume

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that sensor and gateway nodes are stationary and the gateway node is located within the communication range of all the sensors of its cluster. Clustering the sensor network is performed by the command node and is beyond the scope of this paper. The command node will inform each gateway node of the ID and location of sensors allocated to the cluster. Cluster routing is an energy efficient routing model as compared with direct routing and multihop routing. But there are some issues in cluster routing as well. We discussed the problem of load balancing in cluster based routing and introduced a novel idea of rotation of CH role inside the cluster named LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), thus doing load balancing in the network. In this research work this problem is kept in mind and a solution for limited energy source has been proposed. The proposed solution is Energy Aware Intra Cluster Routing. In this algorithm while keeping the scope to intra cluster communication each node is not identical to other for routing the data. Some nodes are considered in close region and they perform direct routing and outside the region nodes adopt multihop routing. In this way the closer nodes are not having extra load on them. In Traditional routing like multihop the closer nodes exhaust energy very quickly because they are Perform two task in their life time, one is sensing their own data and second is routing the Data of other nodes. The sensing nodes sense the environment and then transmit the data towards the CH and on other hand CH get the data aggregates it and then transmit toward the BS. By introducing CH with high powered batteries the network lifetime can be increased.

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Proposed Topology:

3.4 Project Task

The work introduces another type of heterogeneous WSN called actor networks, consisting of sensor nodes and actor nodes. The role of actor nodes is to collect sensor data and perform appropriate actions. A sensor node is a tiny device that includes three basic components: a sensing subsystem for data acquisition from the physical surrounding environment, a processing subsystem for local data processing and storage, and a wireless communication subsystem for data transmission. In addition, a power source supplies the energy needed by the device to perform the programmed task. This power source often consists of a battery with a limited energy budget. In addition, it could be impossible or inconvenient to recharge the battery, because nodes may be deployed in a hostile or unpractical
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environment. On the other hand, the sensor network should have a lifetime long enough to fulfill the application requirements. In this paper we will refer mainly to the sensor network model depicted and consisting of one sink node (or base station) and a (large) number of sensor nodes deployed over a large geographic area (sensing field). Data are transferred from sensor nodes to the sink through a multi-hop communication paradigm. Experimental measurements have shown that generally data transmission is very expensive in terms of energy consumption, while data processing consumes significantly less. The energy cost of transmitting a single bit of information is approximately the same as that needed for processing a thousand operations in a typical sensor node. The energy consumption of the sensing subsystem depends on the specific sensor type.

3.5 Flow Diagram

Sensor Node:

SENSOR

RF TRANSCEIVER PIC 16F877A

BATTERY SOURCE

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Super Node:

LCD

RF Transceiver

AC/DC CONVERTER Regulator ARM Processor

4. IMPLEMENTATION AND METHODOLOGY: 4.1. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION:

4.1.1. PIC16F87XA : High-Performance RISC CPU Only 35 single-word instructions to learn. All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle. Operating speed: DC 20 MHz clock input DC 200 ns instruction cycle

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 Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory. Pinout compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontrollers . Peripheral Features Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler. Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep via external crystal/clock. Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler. Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules - Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns - Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C (Master/Slave) Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection. Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only) . Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR). Analog Features
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 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D) Brown-out Reset (BOR) Analog Comparator module with: - Two analog comparators - Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module - Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage reference Comparator outputs are externally accessible Special Microcontroller Features: 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years Self-reprogrammable under software control In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation CMOS Technology: Low-power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM technology Fully static design

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 Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V) Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges Low-power consumption Pin diagram:

Device overview This document contains device specific information about the following devices: PIC16F873A PIC16F874A PIC16F876A PIC16F877A

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PIC16F873A/876A devices are available only in 28-pin packages, while PIC16F874A/877A devices are available in 40-pin and 44-pin packages. All devices in the PIC16F87XA family share common architecture with the following differences: The PIC16F873A and PIC16F874A have one-half of the total on-chip memory of the PIC16F876A and PIC16F877A . The 28-pin devices have three I/O ports, while the 40/44-pin devices have five . The 28-pin devices have fourteen interrupts, while the 40/44-pin devices have fifteen. The 28-pin devices have five A/D input channels, while the 40/44-pin devices have eight . The Parallel Slave Port is implemented only on the 40/44-pin devices. 4.1.2. LPC2119/LPC2129 : Single-chip 16/32-bit microcontrollers; 128/256 kB ISP/IAP Flash with 10-bit ADC and CAN

General description The LPC2119/LPC2129 are based on a 16/32 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, together with 128/256 kilobytes (kB) of embedded high speed ash memory. A 128-bit wide memory interface and a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb Mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty. With their compact 64 pin package, low power consumption, various 32-bit timers,
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4-channel 10-bit ADC, 2 advanced CAN channels, PWM channels and 46 GPIO lines with up to 9 external interrupt pins these microcontrollers are particularly suitable for automotive and industrial control applications as well as medical systems and fault-tolerant maintenance buses. With a wide range of additional serial communications interfaces, they are also suited for communication gateways and protocol converters as well as many other general-purpose applications. Key features 16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package. 16 kB on-chip Static RAM. 128/256 kB on-chip Flash Program Memory. 128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz operation. In-System Programming (ISP) and In-Application Programming (IAP) via on-chip boot-loader software. Flash programming takes 1 ms per 512 byte line. Single sector or full chip erase takes 400 ms. EmbeddedICE-RT interface enables breakpoints and watch points. Interrupt service routines can continue to execute while the foreground task is debugged with the on-chip RealMonitor software. Four channel 10-bit A/D converter with conversion time as low as 2.44 ms. Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), Fast I2C (400 kbits/s) and two SPIs. 60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip Phase-Locked Loop with settling time of 100 ms. Two 32-bit timers (with four capture and four compare channels), PWM unit (six outputs), Real Time Clock and Watchdog.

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Pin Diagram:

4.2. METHODOLOGY:
Direct transmission networks are very simple to design but can be very power consuming due to the long distances from sensors to the target node. Alternative designs that shorten or minimize the communication distances can extend network lifetimes. The use of super nodes for transmitting data to a target node leverages the advantages of small transmit distances for most nodes, requiring only a few nodes to transmit far distances to the target node. The super nodes gather the data and send it directly to the target node. This model can greatly reduce communication costs of most nodes because they only need to send data to the nearest Super node, rather than directly to a target node that may be further away.
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Here in our project, we have clustered the wireless nodes in the same region. We place one super node in to the cluster. The super node is responsible for all inter cluster communications. All the communications inside the cluster are always destined to the super node, from where the data is transmitted further.

4.3.

MODULES:
Speciation analysis and modules splitting Programming(super node, Sensor node) Simulation (graphical verification) Downloading (ARM,PIC) Testing (emulator) Proto Type Product

4.4 APPLICATIONS:
Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. Recent advances in MEMS-based sensor technology, lowpower analog and digital electronics, and low-power RF design have enabled the development of relatively inexpensive and low-power wireless microsensors. These sensors are not as reliable or as accurate as their expensive macrosensor counterparts, but their size and cost enable applications to network hundreds or thousands of these microsensors in order to achieve high quality, fault tolerant sensing networks. A wireless sensor network consists of light-weight, low power, small size of sensor nodes.

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The areas of applications of sensor networks vary from military, civil, healthcare, and environmental to commercial. Examples of application include forest fire detection, inventory control, energy management, surveillance and reconnaissance, and so on . Due to the low-cost of these nodes, the deployment can be in order of magnitude of thousands to million nodes. The nodes can be deployed either in random fashion or a pre-engineered way. WSN is an emerging technology that can be deployed in such situation where human interaction is not possible like border area tracking enemy moment or fire detection system. Networking unattended wireless sensors are expected to have significant impact on the efficiency of many military and civil applications such as combat field surveillance, security and disaster management.

5. REFERENCES:
[1] K. Xing, X. Cheng, and M. Ding, Safety Warning Based on Roadway Sensor Networks, submit to IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2005. [2] A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, D. Culler, and J. Anderson, Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring, ACM WSNA02, Atlanta GA, September 2002.

[3]

S. S. Yau, S. K. S. Gupta, F. Karim, S. I. Ahamed, Y. Wang, and B.

Wang, Smart Classroom: Enhancing Collaborative Learning Using Pervasive Computing Technology, Proc. of 6th WFEO World Congress on Engineering Education and Second ASEE International Colloquium on Engineering Education (ASEE), June 2003.

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[4]

J. Agre and L. Clare, "An Integrated Architecture for Cooperative

Sensing Networks," IEEE Computer, vol. 5, pp, 106-108, 2000. [5] I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankara subramaniam and E. Cayirci, Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey, Computer Networks, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 393-422, 2002. [6] David Culler, D. Estrin and M. Srivastava, Overview of Sensor Mihaela Cardei, Shuhui Yang, Algorithms for Fault-Tolerant Networks, IEEE Computer, August, pp. 41-49, 2004. [7] Topology in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS, VOL. 19, NO. 4, APRIL 2008. [8] Heterogeneous Networks with Intel XScale, http://www.intel.com/

research/ exploratory/ heterogeneous.htm, 2007. [9] Crossbow Mica2 Motes and Stargate-Xscale, http://www.xbow.com, 2007. [10] Nima Jafari Navimipour, Leili Mohammad Khanli, "The LGR Method for Task Scheduling in Computational Grid,"ICACTE, IEEE, pp.1062-1066, 2008 International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering, Phuket, Thailand, 2008 [11] Linda Murphy, Hoda S. Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, M. Hashem-Sherif, A Genetic Algorithm Tracking Model for Product Deployment in Telecom Services, pp 1729-1732, IEEE, 2005. [12] MlLENA KAROVA, Solving Timetabling Problems Using Genetic Algorithms, 27th Int'l Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology, pp 96-98, IEEE, 2004.

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