BI KIM TRA IU KIN

Mn Vt l nguyn t v ht nhn H v tn: V Th Ho Lp: K60A Khoa Vt L M sinh vin: 605103023 Trng i hc S phm H Ni Ni dung bi iu kin: Trnh by th nghim Zeeman v ngha ca n. Cho bit im khc nhau ca t trng trong th nghim ny vi t trng trong th nghim Stern Gerlach v gii thch im khc nhau . Bi lm: 1. Tm tt lch s nghin cu Nm 1913, thuyt nguyn t ca Niels Bohr thnh rc r vic d on quang ph hydrogen di nhng iu kin bnh thng. Nguyn t ch tn ti kh lu nhng trng thi dng c nng lng xc nh v gin on. trng thi dng, electron chuyn ng trn qu o xung quanh ht nhn nhng khng bc x nng lng. Khi b kch thch, nguyn t c th chuyn t trng thi dng ny sang trng thi dng khc bc x hay hp th nng lng. Khi nguyn t chuyn t trng thi dng ny sang trng thi dng

khc nguyn t s bc x hay hp th nng lng di dng sng in t. Tn s ca nh sng bc x hay hp th c xc nh bi: f= Cc qu o electron trong thuyt nguyn t ca Bohr c m t bng s lng t chnh n v tn s ca mt vch cho trc trong quang ph c th tnh ra t gi tr n ca cc qu o trc v sau bc chuyn tip ca electron. Tuy nhin khi nguyn t t trong t trng v in trng mt s vch trong quang ph hyrogen tch thnh nhng m vch, mi vch c tn s hi khc vi vch ban u. Khi cng trng ngoi tng ln, th dch chuyn tn s tr nn ln hn. Khi , thuyt nguyn t ca Bohr cn phi sa i gii thch hin tng tch vch quang ph. gii thch s tch vch ph, Arnold Sommerfeld (1868 1951), mt gio s vt l ti trng i hc Munich c, m rng m hnh electron ca Bohr trong cc nguyn t theo mt cch c bit quan trng. S i mi ca Sommerfeld l coi electron chuyn ng trn qu o elip tng ng vi chuyn ca cc hnh tinh quanh mt tri trong thi dng h ngha l Arnold Sommerfeld a nh lut chuyn ng hnh tinh th nht ca Kepler vo l thuyt

Bohr. Nhng qu o trn, m Bohr s dng trong cc php tnh ca ng, l trng hp c bit khi hai trc ca elip bng nhau. Sommerfeld coi n ca Bohr l s lng t chnh, v thm mt s lng t ph, k, tng ng vi s thun di ca elip. i vi qu o trn, k bng khng. L thuyt Sommerfeld cn cho php nhng gi tr ln hn ca k v do cho php nhng qu o thun di hn. C s ton hc ca ng cho php cc qu o elip c m t bi nhng gi tr k l ton b nhng s nh hn n. V d: Vi n = 3, k = 0, qu o l vng trn. Ngoi ra cn c hai qu o l hai elip vi thun di tng ng vi k = 1 v k = 2. Sau mt thi gian, Sommerfeld b sung thm mt s lng t t m. S lng t t m nhn ton b nhng gi tr s t 0 n k. Cc gi tr m tng ng vi nhng nghing khc nhau ca qu o electron gia cc v xch o. Gi tr ca m dng hoc m, ty thuc vo qu o l cng chiu hay ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn t pha trn cc bc.

Khi khng c in trng hay t trng ngoi, tt c qu o electron trong nguyn t hydrogen c cng s lng t chnh c nng lng nh nhau cho d cc gi tr k v m ca chng bng bao nhiu. V d: Khi khng c in trng hay t trng ngoi, tt c electron t qu o vi n = 3 chuyn xung qu o vi n = 2 to ra lng t nh sng c tn s nh nhau.

Nhng khi c mt in trng hay t trng ngoi, cc nng lng qu o, tn s ca lng t nh sng thu c ph thuc vo s thun di ca qu o elip (c trng bi cc gi tr k ca chng) trc v sau chuyn tip qu o. Vy s tch vch ph trong in trng mnh, mt hin tng c quan st thy ln u tin bi nh vt l ngi c Johannes Stark (18741957) vo nm 1913 v khng c gii thch thnh cng cho n khi c nhng tnh ton ca Sommerfeld. Nm 1862, Faraday tm kim s nh hng ca t trng ln cc vch quang ph nhng khng thu c kt qu g. Nm 1896, nh t trng mnh v my quang ph tinh vi, nh vt l ngi H Lan Pieter Zeeman (18651943) tin hnh mt th nghim nghin cu nh hng ca t trng ngoi ln quang ph pht x ca hydrogen v nhn thy: khi nguyn t pht sng t trong t trng quang ph ca nguyn t b tch thnh nhiu vch xt nhau. Ngoi ra thay i tn s tng ng t l vi cng t trng. S xut hin cc vch ph ph ny chng t rng khi t trong t trng nguyn t c thm nhng mc nng lng ph gin on. Hin tng ny gi l hiu ng Zeeman. V y cng l ln u tin s lng t t gii thch cho s tch vch ph trong t trng c ch ti bi nh vt l ngi H Lan Pieter Zeeman nh sng natri vo nm 1896. C hai loi hiu ng Zeeman l Zeeman thng v Zeeman d thng. Hiu ng Zeeman thng s d c tn gi nh vy

bi v n ph hp vi l thuyt c in ca Lorentz i vi nguyn t c spin bng khng. Hiu ng Zeeman d thng l nguyn nhn ca cc nguyn t c spin khc khng v l kt qu ca mt l thuyt lng t phc tp. 2. M t th nghim Zeeman: Th nghim c thc hin bng cch o bc sng ca bc x pht ra khi mt ng phng in trong cht kh t trong mt t trng ngoi v khng t trong t trng ngoi. Th nghim Zeeman c b tr nh sau: t nguyn t hydrogen gia hai cc nam chm n bc x vung gc vi t trng. Zeeman tin hnh so snh cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hydrogen khi khng c t trng ngoi v khi t

trong t trng ngoi.

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3. Gii thch hiu ng Zeeman: a) Hiu ng Zeeman thng : gii thch hiu ng Zeeman thng trc ht ta tm hiu nhng khi nim lin quan sau: Mmen ng lng qu o c in

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Mmen t ca nguyn t hydrogen Mmen lng cc t c in Mmen lng cc t lng t L thuyt Bohr-Sommerfeld gii thch hiu ng Zeeman hydrogen nh sau: Mt electron ang quay trn c th xem l mt vng dy in nh xu v do tc dng ging nh mt nam chm in. Hng ca qu o, cng chiu hoc ngc chiu kim ng h (tng ng vi gi tr dng hoc m ca m), xc nh chiu nh hng ca cc bc v cc nam ca nam chm in nh xu . Khi

c mt t trng ngoi, qu o cng chiu kim ng h c nng lng khc vi qu o ging ht nhng ngc chiu kim ng h, v n nhn cng sp thng hng cc ca nam chm in vi hng trng ngoi. Trng ngoi cng ln th s khc bit cng ni bt. Hiu ng Zeeman cn l ln nht khi nghing mt phng qu o ca electron (tng ng vi cc gi tr ca m) l gn xch o nht, v nh nht khi n gn cc nht.

gii thch s tch vch ph, Arthur Sommerfeld trau chut thuyt nguyn t Bohr bng cch thm hai s lng t mi, ngoi s lng t chnh n: s lng t ph k tng ng vi s thun di ca elip; v s lng t t, m, tng ng vi gc trc di ca elip hp vi t trng ngoi. Ba s lng t l gii thch a s quang ph vch, nhng vn cn nhng thch . Mt trong s ny l ci gi l hiu ng Zeeman d thng, trong t trng phn tch cc vch ph ca mt s nguyn t thnh nhiu nhnh hn so vi ci c th gii thch bng n, k, v m. Mt kt qu cn gy n tng hn na pht sinh t mt th nghim ca cc nh vt l ngi c Otto Stern (1888 1969) v Walther Gerlach (18891979) vo nm 1922. H cho mt chm nguyn t bc i qua mt t trng mnh dn t di ln trn theo phng thng ng. Nu nh tng t ha ca mi nguyn t l tng cc gi tr m ca tt c 47 electron ca n, th h trng i t trng s lm phn tri chm tia hp thnh mt di rng. Thay v vy, n li tch thnh hai chm, mi chm hp nh chm ban u. S t ha ca mi nguyn t bc r rng l nh nhau. Nu n sp thng hng vi t trng, th cc nguyn t b lch theo mt chiu; nu n sp ngc li vi trng th chng b lch theo chiu ngc li.

Mt s nh vt l l thuyt, ng ch nht l nh vt l gc o Wolfgang Pauli (190058) ti trng i hc Hamburg, c, c gng gii thch kt qu . Nm 1924, Pauli xut rng t tnh ca mt electron khng ch thu c t chuyn ng qu o ca n ging nh mt hnh tinh quay xung quanh Mt tri, m cn t spin ca n hay chuyn ng quay xung quanh trc ring ca n. Th nghim Stern-Gerlach xut rng mi electron c mt s lng t spin, s, c th nhn gi tr + 1/2 v 1/2, thng c hnh dung l spin up v spin down. Trong mt nguyn t bc, 46 trong s 47 electron trong nguyn t bc dng nh t nhm li thnh 23 cp up-down c s t ha ngc nhau cng li bng khng. Electron cn li s cho nguyn t spin ton phn 1/2, n c th l up hoc down.

Khi c mt in trng hoc t trng, cc mc nng lng electron i vi mi gi tr ca s lng t chnh, n, tch thnh tp hp nhng mc nng lng, mang li tp hp tng ng cc vch ph trong quang ph nguyn t. Mt loi tch vch phi c gi

l hiu ng Zeeman d thng v n khng th ch gii thch bng cc s lng t ph v lng t t, k v m. N khin Wolfgang Pauli xut ra tnh cht ca spin, s lng t tng ng s ca n, v nguyn l loi tr gii thch bng tun hon cc nguyn t. Vo nm sau , Samuel Goudsmit (190278) v George Uhlenbeck (190088) thuc trng i hc Leyden H Lan chng minh bng ton hc rng spin electron c th gii thch c hiu ng Zeeman d thng. Vi bng chng khng th chi ci rng spin l mt tnh cht vt l tht s ca cc electron, Pauli a ra gi thuyt to bo sau y v s ghp cp r rng ca cc electron spin-up v spin-down trong mt nguyn t: Khng c hai electron trong mt nguyn t c cng mt trng thi lng t, ngha l c cng b bn s lng t (n, k, m, s) nh nhau. ng gi y l nguyn l loi tr, v n a ng n ginh gii Nobel vt l nm 1945. Theo l thuyt Pauli, cc electron trong mt nguyn t chim y cc mc nng lng di dng cc cp spin-up/spin-down t mc nng lng thp nht ln, bt u vi n = 1, k = 0, m = 0; ri n = 2, k = 0, i = 0; ri n = 2, k = 1, m = 0; ri n = 2, k = 1, m = +/-1; v c th. Mc nng lng tip theo, vi s lng t chnh n = 2, cha ti 8 electron. Mc n = 3 cha 18 electron, 8 electron c k = 0 hoc 1, v 10 electron c k = 2. Pauli bt u xem xt mt hnh nh nhc ng ti bng tun hon cc nguyn t. Cc cht kh tr helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, v radon c 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, v 86 electron, tng ng vi cc mc nng lng lp y ln ti nhng gi tr n/k nht nh. Helium, chng hn, c hai electron n = 1/k = 0, mt vi spin up v mt vi spin down. Neon l helium cng thm cc electron n = 2. Argon l neon cng thm cc electron n = 3 vi k = 0 hoc 1, v c th. Nhng cht kh tr ny c th cho l nhng lp v kn gm cc electron ghp cp. Nhng nguyn t khc c nhng electron nm bn ngoi nhng lp v khp kn , ci xc nh ha tr v nh hng n cc thc chng hnh thnh nn nhng hp cht v tinh th. Th d, cc kim loi kim (sodium, potassium, rubidium,

cesium, francium) u c nhiu hn lp v khp kn mt electron v hnh x rt ging nhau trong cc tng tc ha hc. Tng t, cc phi kim halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, v astatine) thiu mt electron c lp v khp kn. Nh vy, nhng i mi ca Pauli v s lng t spin, s, v nguyn l loi tr lm c nhiu vic hn l gii thch cc hiu ng t, v d nh hiu ng Zeeman d thng v th nghim Stern-Gerlach. Chng cn lm sng t mt cu c na th k tui; chng l nh lut t nhin chi phi hnh trng tun hon ca cc nguyn t. Vi nhng s tinh chnh ca Sommerfeld v Pauli, m hnh nguyn t Bohr i mt chng ng di. Tuy nhin, nhiu nh vt l vn gp rc ri bi mt vn chnh cha c gii trong thuyt lng t, vn m nh h k t khi Rutherford ln u tin xut mu hnh tinh nguyn t. Theo h phng trnh Maxwell, cc electron ang quay trn s pht ra sng n t. Ti sao yu cu li b loi tr vi nhng qu o nht nh? Tng t, bn thn nguyn l loi tr c v nh ty tin. Bng chng quang ph cho thy r rng rng khng c hai electron no c th chim cng mt trng thi lng t, nhng khng c im no trong l thuyt xut ti sao n phi nh th c.

M t th nghim Zeeman Hiu ng Zeeman thng Hiu ng Zeeman d thng Gii thch hin tng Zeeman ngha ca th nghim Zeeman Th nghim Stern Gerlach So snh t trong th nghim Zeeman v th nghim Stern Gerlach Gii thch s khc bit