I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH TRNG I HC BCH KHOA KHOA CNG NGH VT LIU

TNG QUAN POLYMER PHN HY

CN B GING DY: Ts. HUNH I PH PHM MINH IP NGUYN L DUY TRN L TIN LINH

SINH VIN THC HIN:

PHN 1: TNG QUAN POLYMER PHN HY 1.1. Gii thiu chung v biodegradation plastic. - Nha phn hy l nha m n s phn hy hiu kh hay k kh trong mi trng t nhin trong mt thi gian nht nh (do mi vng quy nh ). S phn hy nha c th t c khi cc vi sinh vt trong mi trng tip xc v chuyn ha cu trc phn t ca nha to ra mt cht gi l mn tr, t gy hi cho mi trng. en.wikipedia.org/.../Biodegradable_plastic - Bioplastics l nha c phn hy sinh hc v thng c sn xut ch yu hoc hon ton t ngun ti nguyn ti to c. ngnh cng nghip sn xut bioplastics thng tp trung vo vic lm cho thun tin trong sinh hot v ph hp n nh vi mi trng. - Polymer c xem nh l xanh th phi tha mn 2 yu cu: Mt l chng phi c to ra t nhng ngun nguyn liu c th ti to, lm i mi li c nh cy trng Hai l chng phi tr thnh phn bn khi b phn hy hoc phn hy hon ton to ra cht khng nguy hi vi mi trng. Hai iu kin ny khng ph thuc vo nhau. - C 3 loi polymer phn hy : Polymer tng hp th da vo cc ch phm ca cng nghip du m. o Polyesters bo (Td., polyglucolic acid, polybutylene succinate, polycaprolactone) o Polyesters thm hoc hn hp ca hai loi (Td., polybutylene succinate terephthalate) o Polyvinylalcohols o Polyolefins bin tnh (polyethylene or polypropylene bin tnh vi cc cht nhy nhit, nhy nh sng) Polymer t nhin: c to ra t cc ngun c th phc hi li c nh tinh bt, xenluloz. o Polysaccharides (Td., tinh bt, cellulose, lignin, chitin) o Proteins (Td., gelatine, casein, wheat gluten, silk and wool) o Lipids (Td., du castor v m ng vt)

o polyesters produced by micro-organism or by plants (e.g., polyhydroxy-alcanoates, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate) o polyesters synthesised from bio-derived monomers (polylactic acid) o Cc loi khc (natural rubbers, composites). Polymer nhn to: o PHA: Poly-hydroxy-alkanoate o PHB: Poly-hydroxy-butyrate o PHB-PHV: Poly (hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate)

1.2.

Lch s pht trin ca nha phn hy.

Cc sn phm polymer t nhin nh h phch, sen-lc ( cht nha cy dng nhng t hoc mnh mng, dng lm vcni), gutta-percha (nha ca cy nam dng ) c con ngi khai thc v s dng t rt lu trong lch s pht trin ca loi ngi t thi La m v trung c. sau ny th dn chu m ci tin k thut lm mi mc v mung t sng ng v t trc khi c nhng sn phm hin i. ti chu u, c trang sc v hp hoa n c ph bin trong th k 18. S thng mi ha bioplastics ch bt u vo gia th k 19. Cc nh pht mi n h n g i M t m k i m m t v t l i u t h a y t h n g v o i t r o n g s n x u t banh bida (Nitrocellulose), v nm 1969 bng sang ch sn xut banh bida t mt dn xut cellulose. V loi vt liu ny c s dng nha rng ri nht l trong cng nghip sn xut phim v nh. Trong nhng nm 1920, Henry Ford th nghim mng cch s dng u tng trong sn xut t vi mong mun tm cc ng dng thc phm khng cho thng d n n g n g h i p . c h t d o u n n h a n g n g y c n g c s d n g n h i u trong sn xut ph tng t nh bnh xe, trang tr ni tht v tm bng iu k h i n c u i c n g , F o r d i t r c t r o n g v i c s n x u t m t m u x e t hon ton bng nha. ngy nay, vic s

dng nha ph tng t l rt ph bin nhng vic s dng cc sn phm nha c lm t nguyn vt liu ti sinh do c cc thnh phn ph v cn theo di khi s dng. Mt sn phm bioplastic vn ng vng trc s cnh tranh ca nha tng hp l giy bng knh cellophane, mt vt liu c ngun gc t cellulose. Ng y n a y n h u c u v v t l i u n h a l i n t c t n g v c n g n g h i p n h a l thnh phn quan trng trong nn kinh t. cng vi nhng p lc t cht thi n g y c n g t n g v g i m b t c c n g u n l c c k h n n g v t i c h c c polymer t nhin v s dng chng lm nguyn liu cho ch to v cng nghip. trong tng lai, ha hn mt th h mi ca nha mu xanh l cy s ra i 1.3. S khc nhau gia nha phn hy v nha truyn thng. Bioplastics l nha c phn hy sinh hc v thng c sn xut ch yu hoc hon ton t ngun ti nguyn ti to c. ngnh cng nghip sn xut bioplastics thng tp trung vo vic lm cho thun tin trong sinh hot v ph hp n nh vi mi trng. ging nh hu ht cc sn phm nha , bioplastics bao gm cc polymer kt hp cht do v ph gia c ch bin bng cng ngh p phun, to hnh nhit hoc cc phn ng nhit. Nha phn hy c cc thuc tnh: Chng phn hy c. Chng c lm t nguyn liu ti to. Chng c ch bin thn thin hn vi mi trng. Cht do hay nha truyn thng u khng p ng c vi nhng thuc tnh ny. Cht do truyn thng rt kh phn hy, chng c to ra t nguyn liu ha thch khng ti to c v rt c hi vi mi trng sng v chng gp phn lm tng lng cht thi rn v gy nhim mi trng. Nha truyn thng c lm t nhin liu ha thch khng ti to, cha n h i u c a c b o n t r o n g n h a t r i n g c v i c c h s n x u t n h a p h n h y, cacbon vnh vin b mc kt li trong cc li nha v him khi c ti ch. Mt khc nha phn hy c thnh phn chnh l cc polymer t nhin nn rt d cc vi sinh vt phn hy. 1.4. Li ch ca nha phn hy. Li ch v mi trng ca cht do phn hy ph thuc vo cch s l thch hp. nha phn hy khng phi l mt liu thuc cho mi trng tuy nhin cc nh khoa hc cho rng mt bt li v mi trng do phn hy nha gy ra l cacbon gii phng vo khng kh nh l mt kh nh knh. Tuy nhin cht do phn hy t cht liu t nhin nh cy trng hoc cc sn phm ng vt, c lp CO 2 trong giai on pht trin, ch gii phng CO 2 trong giai on phn hy, v vy khng thu dng kh thi cacbon dioxitde. Cht do phn hy yu cu mt mi trng c th ca m v oxi thch hp phn hy. c rt nhiu cuc tranh lun v tng s carbon , nhin liu ha thch v s dng nc trong

ch bin nha phn hy t cht liu t nhin cho d n c tc ng tiu c n ngun cung cp thc n cho con ngi. en.wikipedia.org/.../Biodegradable_plastic Nha phn hy c th thay th dng khng phn hy trong cc dng cht thi, lm phn trn, l cng c quan trng chuyn hng s lng ln cht thi khc t bi rc. Nhng u im ca nha phn hy: trng lng nh, chi ph tng i thp v kh nng phn hy hon ton. thay v c gng ti ch mt s lng tng i nh bng nha hn hp, cht do phn hy c th d dng kt hp vi cc cht thi hu c khc, qua cho php phn trn ( lm phn bn ) c v th cao hn cht thi rn. Nha phn hy lm gim gnh nng trong vic phn hy v x l cht thi trong cc bi rc. Vic s dng cc cht do phn hy c xem nh mt kh nng khc trong vic x l cht thi ngoi tr vic t ra tro hoc chn cht thi xung t. 1.5. ng dng ca nha phn hy. Bioplastics c th ng dng rng ri trong thc t th cn phi cnh tranh c vi cc sn phm nha hin nay. Bioplastics phi c pht trin bn vng nh cc tnh cht: linh hot, n hi, do v trn ht l tnh bn. chnh cc tnh cht ny gip nha truyn thng c ch ng trn th trng, pht trin v hon thin cc tnh cht ny l mc tiu chnh ca cc nghin cu cht do phn hy trong nhiu nm qua. C rt nhiu nghin cu hin nay c lin quan n phng php phn hy nha, ngoi ra cn c nhng nghin cu v kim sot thi gian phn hy nha. mt trong nhng mc tiu ca nhng nghin cu ny l to ra mt sn phm m chng ta c th kim sot c qu trnh phn hy ca cc sn phm nha theo mun ca chng ta. Mng bao ph bng nha phn hy: Mng bao ph c t trn mt t xung quanh cy trng kim sot s tng trng ca c di v gi m. bnh thng, nng dn s dng nha polyetylen en c ko ln sau khi thu hoch. Tuy nhin kho nghim bng cch s dng mng bc bao ph phn hy trn cc loi cy trng c chua v t cho thy n thc hin cng nh cc mng polyethylene nhng ch n gin l cy vo mt t sau khi thu hoch. N d dng hn v n lm t giu cacbon hn. PHN 2: BIODEGRADATION PLASTIC 2.1. Sn xut nha phn hy: Nha phn hy c cc nh my sn xut da trn cc ti liu nghin cu c sn trong nhiu nm qua. Tuy nhin chi ph sn xut nha phn hy l rt cao

c ngha l chi ph sn xut l yu t chnh ngn cn nha phn hy thay th nha truyn thng trn th trng i chng. Nha phn hy thng c sn xut bng hai hnh thc: p phun (rn, hnh d n g 3 D) , t h n g d n g c c d nh v t i n c h t h c p h m, v p h i m n h , thng ng gi tri cy hu c v b su tp ti cho l cy v c trang tr, nng nghip v mulch. Sn xut: trong n lc khc phc nhng thiu st, cc nh nghin cu tm cch pht trin cc sn phm nha phn hy c lm t ngun ti to, nh thc vt chng hn. cc cht do truyn thng khng phn hy hoc phn hy vi thi gian di l v cc phn t polymer ca n qu ln v lin kt cht ch vi nhau nn rt kh c chia ra v ng ha bi cc vi sinh vt. tuy nhin cht do phn hy c lm t la m v tinh bt ng c cc phn t d dng c tn cng v chia nh bi cc vi sinh vt. Tinh bt l cc polymer t nhin. Cc loi cy ng cc v c thng c cha t l l n t i n h b t . t i n h b t c t h c x l t r c t i p v o m t b i o p l a s t i c n h n g m t c i m h n c h c a t i n h b t l d h a t a n t r o n g n c v v y bioplastics c lm t tinh bt s b trng ln v bin dng khi tip xc vi m, y l hn ch ca n khi s dng. Vn ny c khc phc bng cch trn tinh bt vo nhng polymer khc nhau. Trc tin tinh bt c thu hoch t cy ng, la m hoc khoai ty, sau vi sinh vt bin n thnh axit lactic, mt monomer. Cui cng, cc phn t ca axit lactic c lin kt thnh chui di hoc polymer. Sau chng lin kt vi nhau to thnh nha gi l polylactide(PLA). PLA c th dng cho cc sn phm nh chu cy v t tr em dng mt ln, n c thng mi ha t nm1990, v mt s pha trn t ra hiu qu trong vic cy ghp. Tuy nhin v P L A t h n n h a t h n g t h n g n n P L A k h n g t h n h c n g t r o n g v i c d n h c s chp nhn rng ri ca ngi tiu dng. Nha cng c th c sn xut bi vi khun. mt cch lm polymer phn hy lin quan n vic sn xut ht nha t bn trong t bo vi khun c tn polyhydroxyalkanoate(PHA). Vi khun c nui cy v nha c thu hoch t t bo ca vi khun. cc nh khoa hc ly gen t cc vi khun v

cy chng vo cy bp v sau sn xut nha trong cc t bo ring ca n. www.science.org.au/.../061key.htm - Cht thi ng vt c c hi tr thnh nha phn hy. Mt nghin cu c pht trin ti trng i hc Waikato s cho php cc cht thi ng vt c chuyn thnh nha c ch v phn hy. quy trnh mi c pht trin trong hn hai nm do trng i hc Waikato, cc k s, tin s v thc s Johan Verbeek, sinh vin Lisa van den Berg, c th bin rc thi t ng vt nh mu v lng thnh mt loi nha phn hy bng cch s dng tiu chun n nha v p phun.Tin s Verbeek rt hi lng v s dng cht thi c gi tr thp to ra mt s n p h m c g i t r c a o m k h n g g y n h i m m i t r n g . t c c v t l i u chng ta c th sn xut sn phm c th mnh ca polyethylene-nha c s dng trong chai sa v cc ti nha siu th nhng n phn hy hon ton. Tin s Verbeek ni protein l polymer chng ti bin chng thnh nha. ng d kin rng cc bioplastic s ph hp vi tm plastic nng nghip, khay cy ging, chu cy v thm ch c sn golf (cc pht bng). Vit Nam, chng ta sn xut c nha phn hy theo cng ngh ca nc ngoi. Cng ty c phn vn ha Tn Bnh ( cng ty ALTA) sn xut c bao b nha t hy theo cng ngh nc ngoai. Cng ngh sn xut bao b nha t hy tng t nh cng ngh sn xut bao b thng, nhng trong qu trnh sn xut c thm cht ph gia bao b nha c th t phn hy. Qu trnh sn xut vn cho php in n ln bao b sn phm nh cc loi bao b nha thng thng.Thi gian mt bao b nha phn hy l t 3 thng n lu hn ty theo yu cu ca khch hng. Sau thi gian trn, bao b nha t phn hy, r ra thnh mt loi bt mn. Trong mi trng ym kh nh bi rc, bao b nha t hy cng phn hy nhanh hn.T u n m 2 0 0 3 n n a y, c n g t y A LT A s n x u t v x u t k h u m t hng ny qua cc nc Italia, c, Anh, Php theo n t hng ca khch hng. Trong 6 thng u nm 2005, Cng ty ALTA xut khu c 30 tn bao b nha t hy. Tuy nhin, gi thnh ca bao b nha t hy cao hn bao b nha thng t 1520%. Do , loi bao b nha t hy ny cha c cc khch hng trong nc chung Hin Cng ty ALTA (thng qua mt nh phn phi) lm vic vi Thng x TAX v S Y t TP.HCM a bao b nha t hy vo s dng trong cuc sng. Trc mt, Thng x TAX t hng 16 tn bao b nha t hy a vo s dng trong siu th. http://vietbao.vn/Khoa-hoc/Bao-bi-nhua-tu-phan-huy-da-duoc-san-xuat-taiVN/20453677/189/

- Cc nh khoa hc thuc i hc Hong London (Anh) tm c cch chuyn i ng c trong nhng loi cy mc nhanh v c thnh mt phn t ln, c bit n vi ci tn polymer, v dng n ch to ra cht do. V nhng loi cy ny khng cn phi chm bn v khng cn nhiu t mc, vic dng chng sn xut cht do s t b phn i nh dng cc loi cy trng khc lm nhin liu cho xe hi. Bn cnh , chu trnh sn xut vt liu mi li cn t nng lng hn so vi cc phng php ch to cht do hin nay. Mc d trn th trng c nhng loi cht do lm t cc vt liu t nhin nh bp, tic thay nhng loi cht do ny li khng phn hy nhanh chng. Pht hin ca cc chuyn gia Anh khng nhng ct gim v i c s d n g d u m t o c h t d o m c n c k h n n g c h o p h p c o n ngi lm phn trn t nha ti nh. Cht do c ngun gc du m thng phi mt rt nhiu nm phn hy, nhng vt liu lm t ng thc vt c th d dng c phn hy trong vng vi thng. Theo cc nh nghincu, cht do sinh hc mi s c mt trn th trng trong vng 5 nm ti. http://www.tin247.com/nhua_phan_huy_duoc-12-21553065.html C c n h k h o a h c H n Qu c c h t o r a m t l o i p o l yme r d n g s n x u t r a l o i c h t d o c n g d n g n h i u t r o n g i s n g d a t r n c n g ngh sinh hc khng s dng nhin liu ha thch. Nghin cu ny c th gip sn xut ra loi cht do thn thin hn vi mi trng, c kh nng phn hy sinh hc v t c hi hn. C h a k h a c a n g h i n c u n y c h n h l a c i d p o l yl a c t i c ( P L A) , m t l o i polymer sinh hc c sn xut bng ngun nguyn liu t nhin v c th ti to c. Nguyn liu sn xut PLA l bt bp hoc nhng cht giu tinh b t n h b t l a m . c b i t c c p o l yme r n y c t h p h n h y s i n h h c t r o n g v n g 2 t h n g i u k i n l t n g . PLA s c dng lm vt liu sn xut bao b phn bn, thc phm v cc loi bt a dng mt ln. N cng c s dng trong mt s ng dng y sinh nh ch phu thut, cc thit b t trong c th v cc thit b truyn thuc. S o v i t h i i m r a i c c h y v i n m, g i c n h a d o P L A g i m x u n g n h n g n v n t h n n h a d o s n x u t t d u h a . H i n t i , i nghin cu thnh cng trong vic n gin ha qu trnh sn xut PLA,gip gim chi ph sn xut. iu ny c ngha l chng bao lu na chng ta c t h n h n t h y n h a d o P L A c s d n g r n g r i t r o n g i s n g . Trc , PLA c sn xut qua 2 bc: ln men v tin hnh phn ng trng hp, rt phc tp v tn km. Nhng bng cch s dng cng ngh chuyn ha vi khun E. Coli, i nghin cu thuc Trng H KAIST (Hn Quc) v cng ty ha cht LG Chem pht

trin thnh cng quy trnh sn xut PLA v cc cht ng trng hp ca n ch qua mt giai on l qu trnh ln men trc tip. iu ny gip gim chi ph sn xut ra PLA v cht ng trng hp (gm mui lactat), tng kh nng a vo sn xut i tr loi polymer ny. GS. Sang Yup Lee thuc H KAIST, ngi ng u nghin cu trn cho bit: Bng cch pht trin mt chin lc kt hp cng ngh chuyn ha v cng ngh enzym, chng ti pht trin thnh cng quy trnh sn xut mt giai on, sn xut PLA v cc cht trng hp ca n hiu qu. . Polyester v cc polymer khc m chng ta s dng hng ngy hu nh c sn xut t du m bng qu trnh tinh ch hay cc quy trnh ha hc. tng sn xut polymer t sinh khi c th ti to thu ht c s quan tm ca nhiu ngi do lo ngi nhim mi trng v suy gim ca ngun nguyn liu ngy cng tng. PLA c xem nh mt s thay th tuyt vi cho nha do sn xut bng du m nh kh nng phn hy sinh hc v t c hi hn i vi sc khe con ngi. http://www.tin247.com/nhua_deo_khong_dung_nhien_lieu_hoa_thach-1221516339.html 2.2. Nng lng v chi ph cho sn xut nha phn hy: Cc nh nghin cu khc nhau tin hnh nh gi chu k tun hon rng ln ca polyme phn hy xc nh xem cc polymer phn hy c nhiu hiu qu v nng lng hn polymer do nguyn liu ha thch thng thng da trn cch thc phng tin sn xut. nguyn cu c thc hin bi gio s Gerngros c tnh rng nng lng ha thch cn thit t o 1 k g polyhydroxyalkanoate(PHA) l 50,4MJ/kg, Akiyama cng c tnh gi tr khong 50-59MJ/kg. Polylactide (PLA) c chi ph nng lng nhin liu ha t h c h t r o n g k h o n g 5 4 - 5 6 ,7 M J . Na t u r e wo r k s t h c h i n s n x u t m t k g P L A v i 2 7 ,2 M J n h i n l i u h a t h c h v d o n c o n s n y c t h g i m x u n g 1 6 .6 M J / K g t h c v t t h h k t i p c a h . Ng c l i p o l yp r o p yl e n e , p o l ye t h yl e n e cao i hi 85,9 v 73,7MJ/kg tng ng. Ngy nay,cng ngh sn xut PHA ang c pht trin, mc tiu th nng lng c th c gim hn na bng cch loi b cc bc ln men, hoc bng cch dng cht thi thc phm lm nguyn liu sn xut. vic s dng cc loi cy trng khc nh ng, ma ng d kin s c nng lng thp hn yu cu sn xut PHA bi qu trnh ln men, b ma c s dng nh mt ngun nng lng ti to. vic s dng cc loi cy trng khc nh ng, ma ng d kin s c nng lng thp hn yu cu sn xut PHA bi qu trnh ln men, b ma c s dng nh mt ngun nng lng ti to.C n h i u p o l yme r p h n h y s n x u t t n g u n n g u y n l i u t i t o ( P H A, PLA,

tinh bt) cng cnh tranh vi sn xut nguyn liu chnh l Ng.M c p h n h y n h a c o b n g n h i u c c h . C c h o t n g c a v i k h u n a r o b i c c t h c o b n g l n g o x i c h n g t i u t h h o c l n g cacbon dioxide n sn xut c. hot ng ca vi khun k kh v s lng kh mtan thot ra. -PLA, PHA c chi ph sn xut t hn v cha c thay th s dng rng ri trong i sng so vi nha ha du truyn thng. sn phm nha phn hy hin nay trn th trng thng t hn t 2- 10 ln so vi nha ha du truyn thng. nhng vi chi ph nh vy, nha truyn thng khng phn nh y tc ng ca n n mi trng. nu cc tc ng n mi trng v cc chi ph lin quan c xem xt y th cht do truyn thng s c chi ph nhiu hn v nha phn hy s c th cnh tranh hn vi cht do truyn thng trn th trng. nu chi ph l mt ro cn ln n s thu ht ca nha phn hy n ngi tiu dng th bin php gii quyt vn l nghin cu tm ra cc phng thc sn xut c chi ph thp sn xut nha phn hy. ti c, cc trung tm nghin cu (CRC) thc phm Quc t v khoa hc sn xut bao b l da vo cch s dng tinh bt c bn,pha trn vi nhiu loi polymer khc t tin sn xut cht do. en.wikipedia.org/.../ Biodegradable _ plastic Compost c th l cha kha ti a ha li ch v mi trng ca cht do phn hy. mt trong nhng tr ngi ln phn compost cht thi hu c l hn hp phn hy bao b nha khng c li v kinh t do ton b hn hp cht thi kt thc chu k trong bi rc. Bng cch m bo cht do phn hy c s dng gi tt c cc sn phm hu c, trong tng lai gn c th thit lp mt ng dy phn compost quy m ln trong bao b v vt liu c trn ln lm mt. kt qu l phn compost c a vo sn xut nng nghip, do c th chuyn hng vo pht trin nhng nguyn liu sn xut cht do phn hy. 2.3. Cc loi nha phn hy. C hai loi chnh ca cht do phn hy trn th trng : thy phn phn hy cht do(HBP) v oxo-nha phn hy (OBP). C hai u tin s tri qua s suy thoi ha hc bng cch thy phn v oxi ha tng ng. iu ny dn n s tan r th cht ca nha v gim ng k trng lng phn t ca n. Sau tun theo s phn hy nha. OBP c thc hin bng cch thm mt t l nh cc hp cht ca cc kim loi chuyn tip c th (st, mangan, coban v niken) c s dng ph bin vo sn xut bnh thng ca polyolefin(PE v PP) v polystyrene. Cc cht xc tc v cc cht ph gia c s dng y mnh qu trnh

suy thoi nha phn hy. cc cht xc tc, ph gia c nhiu loi v c ph bin rng r i t r o n g t h i n n h i n , c s d n g p h b i n t r o n g n h i u n g h n h c n g nghip. HBP c xu hng suy thoi v phn hy nhanh hn OBP nhng chng phi c thu thp vo mt n v phn compost cng nghip. kt qu cui cng th ging nhau, c hai c chuyn i thnh carbondioxide, nc v sinh khi. OBP t tn km hn, c tnh cht vt l tt hn v c th c thc hin vi thit b ch bin nha. BHP thi ra metan trong iu kin ym kh n h n g OB P t h k h n g . HB P c t h c l m t n g u n t i n g u y n n n g nghip nh ng, la m, ma hay ti nguyn ha thch (du m) hoc pha pha trn t hai ngun. mt s polymer thng c s dng bao gm: PHA(polyhydroxyalkanoates), PVA( polyvinyl ankyl), PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PCL (polycaprolacton), PLA (acid polylactic), PHBV(polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation Nha phn hy cng c th c chia thnh cc loi sau: Hydro-biodegradable. u tin nha s c phn hy theo s tng tc vi nc (c tham gia ca qu trnh thy phn), sau c s tham gia ca vi sinh vt. Photo- biodegradable. u tin nha s c phn hy theo s tng tc vi nh sng mt tri (mt qu trnh gi l photolysis), sau c s tham gia ca vi sinh vt. Oxo-degradable. Mt s cng ty tuyn b h c th to ra mt ph gia m c th c b sung vo cc sn phm nha truyn thng gip n phn hy c. cc sn phm ny tr thnh oxo-phn hy. ph gia cho php cc vt liu nha d ph v khi tip xc vi nc thnh cc thnh phn nh hn vi khun phn hy chng tuy nhin vi khun khng th thc s ph v cc sn phm ny. kt qu cui cng l c d lng sinh khi polymer v nha khng bao gi c phn hy nh kt qu ca s tng tc vi vi sinh vt. 2.4. MT S VT LIU SN XUT POLYMER PHN HU. Hin nay, vt liu bao b sinh hc ch yu t polymer sinh hc chng hn nh: tinh bt, cellulose, protein, pullulan, gelatin v cc monomer t cc cht hu c ln men.Vt liu t tinh bt: y l ngun nguyn liu phong ph, c sn v r tin. Tinh bt c 2 thnh phn l Amilose v Amilopectin. Trong t nhin, tinh bt c nhiu ng cc, mt s loi rau c v mt s loi u. Ht tinh bt c th c kt hp vi plastic truyn thng, c bit kt hp vi polyolefins. Khi plastic s c phn hy bi vi sinh vt, vi sinh vt s s dng tinh bt, lm tng xp to khong trng lm mt tnh nguyn vn ca mng plastic. C 3 loi polymer phi trn: polyhydroxylalkanoates(PHA), polylacticacid(PLA), thermoplastic tinh bt(TPS). Ba loi ny ang c quan tm trong nhng nm gn y. PLA c

sn xut t s ln men tinh bt (ch yu l tinh bt bp). loi polymer ny tiu tn t nng lng hn plastic. Mc d nhng polymer ny rt thn thin vi mi trng nhng vn cha c s dng rng ri do chi ph sn xut cn cao. Polymer TPS l polymer 100% t tinh bt c ch ng trn th trng. n c u im l: chi ph nng lng, gi c thp hn so vi plastic truyn thng. mc d c nhiu u im nhng vn cn nhiu ro cn khin chng cha c s dng rng ri nh s hoi nghi ca ngi tiu dng, chi ph nguyn liu, chi ph k thut. vt qua nhng ro cn chng ta phi c nhng chnh sch nh sau:- a r a n h n g n g h i n c u m r n g v v i c n g g i b a o b c b s u n g kh quyn.t i p t c n h m v o c c m t h n g c a h n g t p h a , c c s n p h m t r i cy, rau, sn phm snack cho tr em v thc phm cho vt nui trong nh.T m k i m s ng t n h , n g h c a c c t c h c c q u a n t m n v n mi trng nh: cc trng i hc, cao ng, cc t chc khc c quan tm n vn ny. N h n m n h v o s t i n c h b i v c r t n h i u n g i k h n g q u a n t m n mi trng v s tin ch ca nha sinh hc. 2.4.1. Vt liu PLA Nhng vt liu ng gi bng plastic vng chc, sch c s dng phi tha mn iu kin: khng t tin, nh, khng thm kh, khng thm nc v du. Ngi ta sn xut PLA da vo ngun nguyn liu t tinh bt bp. Bp c xay v cn sau s c ng ha thnh cc dextrin. Cc dextrin ny s c chuyn thnh axit lactic qua qu trnh ln men. V ri s c c c, lc ny 2 phn t lactic s kt hp li thnh cu trc vng gi l lactid. Hp cht lactid ny s c lm sch qua qu trnh chng ct sau chng s c trng hp to chui polymer mch di. c nhiu loi th ta c th thay i phn t lng hoc trong. Bng cch thm vo nhiu cht b sung ta s c vt liu PLA

Quy trnh sn xut vt liu PLA

sau vt liu ny s c bn cho cc cng ty v n s c gia cng thm cho ra sn phm cui cng. Sau mt thi gian s dng th PLA s c hy i hoc c ti ch li. mc d c nhiu ch li i vi mi trng nhng vn c nhiu kha cnh k thut cn gii quyt. v d: tinh bt rt d tng tc vi nc nn nhiu thuc tnh ca PLA ph thuc rt nhiu vo m. iu ny c ngha l PLA s khng c s dng trong th trng chai l. mt khc PLA chu c nhit ti a l khong 114 F (45.50C). nu vt qua nhit ny th PLA s tan chy 2.4.2. Vt liu PHA Polyhydroxyl alkanoates PHA l mt vt liu polymer khc c nhiu ha hn. polymer ny ang c nghin cu thay th cho bao b plastic Cc nh sinh hc bit n s tn ti ca PHA t nm 1925 trong t bo vi khun. nhiu loi PHA c tng hp t cc ngun cacbon, vi sinh vt hu c khc nhau v qua cc qu trnh gia cng. C 2 phng php tng hp nn PHA: - P h n g p h p l n me n g m : t r ng c c c y t r n g n h b p r i t h u h o c h , tch chit glucose t cy trng sau ln men ng trong t bo c cha PHA, ra v xoy o t bo gii phng PHA sau cng l c c v phi kh trong khun. -Qu trnh tng hp da vo s pht trin PHA trong t bo cy trng l mt k thut ang c theo ui. qu trnh ny ging vi qu trnh m t trn nhng b qua giai on ln men. Ngi ta s dng mt lng ln dung mi trch ly nha t cy trng, sau tm cch loi dung mi i do rt tn km v nng lng. Mt u im ca PHA so vi PLA l kh nng t phn hy ca n rt l

cao v d tng hp. khi c t vo mi trng sinh vt t nhin th n s t phn hy thnh CO2 v nc. iu ny gip n c nhiu ng dng trongcuc sng. 2.4.3. Vt liu TPS (Thermoplastic starches) l vt liu bng tinh bt c cha nha nhit do.Thermoplastic starches c nhiu bc pht trin trong ngnh cng ngip polymer sinh hc. nhng polymer ny c to ra t tinh bt bp, la m, khoai ty. Thermoplastic starches (TPS) khc PLA v PHA l chng khng qua giai on ln men. c nhng thuc tnh ging nh plastic, TPS c trn vi cc vt liu tng hp khc. -Tinh bt lin kt vi cc polymer tng hp khc, vi hm lng tinh bt c th ln hn 50% s to nn cc loi plastic m p ng c nhu cu th trng. -EAA(copolyme l ethylen- acrylic acid): c nghin cu t nm 1977. nhc im ca loi plastic ny l nhy cm vi s thay i ca mi trng, d b rch trt v khng c phn hy hon ton bi vi sinh vt. Starch/ vinyl alcohol copolymers: ty vo iu kin gia cng, loi tinh bt v thnh phn ca copolymes s to nn nhiu loi plastics vi hnh dng v hot tnh khc nhau. Plastic cha tinh bt c t l AM/AP ln hn 20/80 s khng ha tan ngay c trong nc si. Cn plastic cha tinh bt c t l AM/AP nh hn 20/80 s c ha tan tng phn. t l tinh bt c phn r bi vi sinh vt trong nhng vt liu ny t l nghch vi hm lng ca AM/ phc vinyl alcohol. im hn ch ca nhng vt liu ny l gin v nhy cm vi m. C ch t hy: -Thnh phn t nhin: d c che chn bi cu trc mng nhng vn b phn hy bi enzim ngoi bo ca vi sinh vt. -Thnh phn tng hp c phn hy do s hp th b mt ca vi sinh vt, to b mt trng cho s phn hy cc thnh phn t nhin. -Aliphatic polyester: tinh bt cng c th c cu trc li vi s hin din ca cc polymer k nc nh cc polyester bo. Polyester bo c im tan chy thp kh to thnh vt liu nhit do v thi to hnh. Khi trn tinh bt vi polyester bo s ci thin c nhc im ny. Mt s polyester bo thch hp l: poly- -caprolactone v cc copolymer ca n, hoc cc polymer to thnh t cc phn ng ca cc glycol nh 1,4- butandiol vi mt s acid nh succinic, adipic, sebacic, azelaic, dicanoic, decanoic, brassillic. S kt hp ny s tng thuc tnh c, gim s nhy cm vi nc v tng kh nng phn hy. c nhng nghin cu thay th bao b plastic t cc ch phm du m sang dng bao b plastic t bp. Ngun nguyn liu bp c th tha mn nhu cu ln ca bao b plastic.Vt liu lm t ngun nguyn liu ny hn ch vic nhim mi trng do khi phn hy n khng to ra cc hp cht c. Vic thay th u tin c tin hnh vo ngy 1-11-2005, 114 triu thng cha bng plastic c s dng hng nm cho cc i l bn l rau qu, du ty, tho dc hiu qu kinh t th hin r rt.

2.4.4. Vt liu t cellulose Cellulose l ngun nguyn liu phong ph, khng ha tan trong nc v hu ht dung mi hu c. Cellophane (giy bng knh) l mt trong nhng dng ph bin ca bao b t cellulose, c s dng cho nhiu loi thc phm bi tnh chng thm du, kh nng ngn cn s tn cng ca vi khun v tnh trong sut ca n. C e l l o p h a n e t h n g c p h m t l p n g o i v i n i t r o c e l l u l o s e h a y l acrylate tng kh nng chng thm mc d lp ph ny khng c phn hy bi vi sinh vt. Chng ta c th bao gi bnh m bng celophane- mt loi vt liu phn hy sinh hc dng bao gi thc phm, loi vt liu ny c gi c cnh tranh vi plastic thng thng, mt u im khc l n c th phn hy nhanh sau khi s dng, thm ch n c th n c. Ngoi ra cellulose acetate c kt hp vi tinh bt to nn plastic d phn hy bi vi sinh vt. cellulose cng kt hp vi chitosan to mng c kh nng thm kh v thm nc cao

ng cong phn hy ca plastic sinh hcVt liu bao b t cellulose s dng bo qun mt s loi rau qu d b h hng nh du ty, o, chui, nm.

2.4.5. Vt liu t Chitin v Chitosan: Chitin c tng hp ch yu t cn trng, tm cua, nm si, l mt loi composit bn vng to b khung ngoi bo v cho chng. Chitin khi kh nhm acetyl s to thnh Chitosan. Chitin v Chitosan l 2 loi polymer c c tnh c hc ph hp to dng mng v dng si -Chitin: Tn ha hc: Poly-N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine hoc (1,4)-2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucanCT phn t: ( C8H13NO5)n

-Chitosan: Tn ha hc: poly-(1-4)-2-Amino-2-Deoxy- D-GlucanCT phn t:( C6H11O4N)n