Fall 2006 Seminar Wednesday 9 11 am Architecture: The Contemporary (from 1968 to the present) Professor Bernard Tschumi

TA: Paula Tomisaki

Should architecture be judged based on its history? Does contemporary practice grow out of a genealogy of forms? Or, on the contrary, do architects develop ideas and concepts embedded in their culture and time? If architecture is a practice of concepts and ideas, this course suggests that practice may precede theory as often as theory precedes practice. Covering the period from 1968 to the present, the seminar will begin with Italian Radical Architecture of the late sixties and early seventies, together with its counterpoint in Rational Architecture. We will end with an examination of the yet unbuilt work of todays newest architectural practices in relation to issues of post-criticality and utopian realism. While the course in not yet intended to be a comprehensive survey, it will analyze major ideas, ideologies, and buildings of the period. Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5 Session 6 Session 7 Session 8 Session 9 Session 10 From the Fun Palace to No-Stop Ctiy Constants and Variables, Frozen Typologies: Neorationalism Disciplinary Autonomy: The Whites, Late, Corporate Modernism The Grays and Postmodernism Critical Regionalism, Phenomenology, Contextualism, Realism From Deconstruction to the Bilbao Effect Ideological and Ecological Envelopes Minimalism: Archaic Modern Swissness Maximalism: Programmatic Dutchness From Postcriticality to Utopian Realism

Ideas and Concepts: sequence superposition juxtaposition inbetween activator vector circuits bands fragments deformed double envelope surface old and new transprograming crossprograming affect tactical indifference reciprocity conflict contextualizing concept conceptualizing context diagram difference digital experience field frame real fake/fake real hybrid identity branding indeterminacy local/global manifesto mapping margin memory montage multiple mutation non linear normative particles pattern performance praxis sampling serial surface trace type urban zero degree Students will be required to make in-class presentations and write a term paper. Class sessions will be focused around presentations and discussions of weekly readings and occasional contributions by invited guests.

Fall 2006 Seminar Architecture: The Contemporary (Ideas and Concepts from 1968 to the present) Professor Bernard Tschumi Session 1 From the Fun Palace to No-Stop City

Context 1966 Cultural Revolution in China 1968 Student protests in Europe and America 1957-75 Vietnam War Primary Texts Price, Cedric. Non-Plan. In Architectural Design 39 (May 1969): 26973. Friedman, Yona. Manifesto: LArchitecture Mobile (1956) (reprinted in Sabine Lebesque and Helene Fentener van Vlissingen, ed. Yona Friedman: Structures Servicing the Unpredictable [Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 1999]). Constant, New Babylon: Outline of a Culture (1965) (reprinted in Mark Wigley, Constants New Babylon: The HyperArchitecture of Desire [Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 1998]). Strike Committee, Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Motion of May 15 (1968) (reprinted in Architecture Culture 19431968). Goldberger, Paul. Architecture at Columbia: Legacies of a Radical Era. On the Rise: Architecture and Design in a Postmodern Age (New York: Penguin Boosk 1983). Chronology. In Touchstone 2 (December 1967): 35. Tafuri, Manfredo. Introduction. Theories and History of Architecture (1968) ) (reprinted in Architecture Culture 1943 1968). Superstudio, Twelve Cautionary Tales for Christmas, Architectural Design (December 1971). Superstudio, The Continuous Monument: an Architectural Model for Total Urbanization. In Superstudio: Life without Objects, ed. Peter Lang, William Menking (Milan: Skira, 2003). Branzi, Andrea. The Fluid Metropolis. In Andrea Branzi: The Complete Works (Milan: Passigli Progetti, 1992). Ambasz, Emilio, ed. Counterdesign as Postulation. In Italy: The New Domestic Landscape: Achievements and Problems of Italian Design. New York: MoMA, 1972. Celant, Germano. Radical Architecture. In Italy: The New Domestic Landscape: Achievements and Problems of Italian Design. New York: MoMA, 1972. Feuerstein, Gunther. Inspirations-Influence-Parallels: Visionary Architecture in Austria in the Sixties, and Seventies. In Architecture Radicale (Orlans: Conception ditoriale, HYX, 2001). Projects Cedric Price, Fun Palace (19591961) Cedric Price, Potteries Thinkbelt, Straffordshire, England (196466) Guy Debord and Asger Jorn, The Naked City (1957) Yona Friedman, Spatial City (195859) Archigram, Walking City (196264) Archigram, Plug-in City (1964) Constant, New Babylon (195674) Renzo Piano, Richard Rojas, Pompidou Center (1971) Superstudio, Continuous Monument (196971) Superstudio, Twelve Ideal Cities (1972) Archizoom, No-Stop City (196870) Archizoom, furniture designs (196769)

Session 2 Neorationalists
Primary Texts Rossi, Aldo. Introduction and Chapter 1 of The Architecture of the City (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1982). Moneo, Rafael. The Idea of Architecture and the Modena Cemetery. Oppositions 5 (Summer 1976). Vidler, Anthony. The Third Typology (1978). (reprinted in Architecture Theory since 1968) Scolari, Massimo. The New Architecture and the Avant-Garde (1973). (reprinted in Architecture Theory since 1968) Further Reading Krier, Leon. The Reconstruction of the City. In Rational Architecture: The Reconstruction of the European City (Brussels: Editions des Archives darchitecture moderne, 1978). Rykwert, Joseph. XV Triennale, Domus 530 (1974). Projects Aldo Rossi, Cemetery of San Cataldo, Modena, Italy (1971-84) Aldo Rossi, Teatro del Mondo (1979) Aldo Rossi, Housing block, Gallaratese, Italy (1969-73) Giorgio Grassi, Student residences, Chieti, Italy (1976) Guido Canella, Vittorio Gregotti, Franco Albini, Aymonino, Giorgio Grassi Events Rational Architecture, Milan Triennale (1973)

Session 3

Disciplinary Autonomy: The Whites, Late Modernism, Corporate Modernism

Primary Texts Eisenman, Peter. Aspects of Modernism: Masion Dom-ino and the Self-Referential Sign. In Oppositions Reader. Eisenman, Peter. Post-Functionalism. Oppositions 6 (1976). (reprinted in Peter Eisenman, Eisenman Inside Out: Selected Writings 19631988) Rowe, Colin. Introduction to Five Architects. (reprinted in Architecture Theory since 1968) + find a good article on corporate modernism [Reinholds article Atrocities here or in Ideological Envelopes?] Further Reading Deamer, Peggy. Structuring Surfaces: The Legacy of the Whites. Perspecta 32 (2001): 9099. Tafuri, Manfredo. European Graffiti. Five x Five=Twenty-five. Oppositions 5 (Summer 1976). Five on Five. In Architectural Forum 138, no. 4 (May 1973): 46-57. White and Gray: Eleven Modern American Architects. Architecture and Urbanism 52 (April 1975). Projects Peter Eisenman, House VI (1972) Peter Eisenman, House X (197578) Michael Graves, Hanselmann House, Fort Wayne, Indiana (1967) Michael Graves, Snyderman House, Fort Wayne, Indiana (1972) Charles Gwathmey, Gwathmey Residence and Studio John Hejduk, Wall House (1968-74) John Hejduk, Wall House 2, Ridgefield, Connecticut (197376) Richard Meier, Smith House, Darien, Connecticut (1965-67) Richard Meier, High Museum of Art (198083) Minoru Yamasaki, World Trade Center, New York (196677) SOM, John Hancock Center, Chicago, Illinois (196570) SOM, Sears Tower, Chicago, Illinois (197476) I. M. Pei, John Hancock Tower, Boston, Massachusetts (1976) I. M. Pei, National Gallery of ArtEast Building, Washington, DC (1978) Events CASE Meeting at MoMA (1969) Five Architects exhibition at MoMA (1969)

Session 4

The Grays and Postmodernism

Primary Texts Brown. Denise Scott and Robert Venturi. A Significance for A&P Parking Lots or Learning from Las Vegas (1968) (reprinted in Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture) Brown. Denise Scott and Robert Venturi. On Ducks and Decoration (1968) (reprinted in Architecture Culture 1943 1968). Stern, Robert. Gray Architecture as Post-Modernism, or, Up and Down from Orthodoxy, LArchitecture dAujourdhui 186 (1976) (reprinted in Architecture Theory since 1968). Jameson, Fredric. Excerpts from The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. In Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991). Moore, Charles. You Have to Pay for the Public Life, Perspecta 9/10 (1965), 5787. Goldberger, Paul. On the Rise: Architecture and Design in a Postmodern Age (New York: Penguin Books, 1983). Jencks, Charles. Diagrams from What is Post-Modernism? (New York: St. Martins Press, 1986) and Architecture 2000 and Beyond (Chichester, England: Wiley-Academy, 2000). Further Reading
Graves, Michael. A Case for Figurative Architecture (1982). Krier, Leon. Building and Architecture (1984). Linder, Mark. Entropy Colorized: The Gray Decades, 196696. ANY 16 (1996), 4549. Venturi, Robert, Denise Scott Brown, and Steve Izenour, Learning from Las Vegas (1972) Venturi, Robert. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966). Charter of the New Urbanism (1996) Jencks, Charles. The Los Angeles Silvers: Tim Vreeland, Anthony Lumsden, Frank Dimster, Eugene Kupper, Cesar Pelli, Paul Kennon. Architecture and Urbanism 70 (1976). Habermas, Jurgen. Modernism and Postmodernism in Architecture (1989). (reprinted in Architecture Theory since 1968)

Projects
Leon Krier, Housing at La Villette (1976) Leon Krier, Lyce Classique Project, Echternach, Luxembourg (1970) Leon Krier, Triangular Civic Building Project, Rome, Italy (1977) Robert Venturi, Vanna Venturi House (1963) Charles Moore, Piazza dItalia, New Orleans (197669) James Stirling, Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany (197782) Hans Hollein, Austrian Travel Bureau, Vienna, Austria (1978) Michael Graves, Portland Building, Portland, Oregon (1982) Michael Graves, Fargo-Moorhead Cultural Center, Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota (197778) John Portman, Bonaventure Hotel (1976) John Portman, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia (196467) Rob Krier, Ritterstrasse Apartments, Berlin-Kreuzberg (197781). Philip Johnson, AT&T Headquarters, New York (197884) Rob Krier, Duany & Plater-Zyberg, Seaside, Florida (198491) Kohn Pedersen Fox, Procter & Gamble Headquarters, Cincinnati, Ohio (1985)

Events The Presence of the Past, Venice Biennale (1980)

Session 5

Critical Regionalism, Contextualism, and Phenomenology

Primary Texts Frampton, Kenneth. Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance. In The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture. Ed. Hal Foster (Seattle, WA: Bay Press, 1983). Rowe, Colin and Fred Koetter. Collage City (1973) (excerpts in Architecture Theory since 1968). Alberto Prez-Gmez, The Architecture of Steven Holl: In Search of a Poetry of Specifics. El Croquis 93 (1999). Norberg-Schulz, Christian. The Phenomenon of Place. Architecture Association Quarterly 8, no. 4 (1976). (reprinted in Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture) Vidler, Anthony. Introduction and Architecture Dismembered. In The Architectural Uncanny (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992). Lefaivre, Liane and Alexander Tzonis, Why Critical Regionalism Today? Architecture + Urbanism (May 1990) (reprinted in Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture) Further Reading Ockman, Joan .The Poetics of Space [by] Gaston Bachelard, Harvard Design Magazine (Fall 1998), 79-80. Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture (New York: Rizzoli, 1980). Lefaivre, Liane and Alexander Tzonis, eds. Tropical Architecture: Critical Regionalism in the Age of Globalization (London: Academy Press, 2001). Jameson, Fredric. The Constraints of Postmodernism. In The Seeds of Time (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). Projects Alvaro Siza, Leca da Palmeira Swimming Pool (1966) Alvaro Siza, Beires House, Povoa do Varzim (197377) Alvaro Siza, Bouca Residents Assocation Housing (1977) Charles Moore, Sea Ranch, Sea Ranch, California (19651972) Raimund Abraham, House with Three Walls (1972) Raimund Abraham, House with Flower Walls (1973) Mario Botta, House at Riva San Vitale (197273) Tadao Ando, Koshin House, Osaka (1981) Jorn Utzon, Bagsvaerd Church (1976) Renzo Piano, Jean-Marie Tjilbaou Cultural Center, Nouma, New Caledonia (199198) Steven Holl, St. Ignatius Chapel Steven Holl, Bellevue Art Museum, Bellevue, Washington (1997 ) Steven Holl, D.E. Shaw & Compnay Offices, New York (1991) Steven Holl, Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art, Helsinki, Finland (199398) Tadao Ando, Church of the Light (1989) Daniel Libeskind, Jewish Museum, Berlin (198898) Peter Zumthor, Sogn Benedtg Chapel (198588) Enric Miralles and Carme Pins, Igualada Cemetery Complex (198594) Rafael Moneo, Museum of Roman Art, Merida (198085) Rafael Moneo, Kursaal Auditorium and Congress Center, San Sebastin (198999) SOM, Jin Mao Building, Shanghai (1998) SOM, Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE (under construction) HOK, King Saud Unviersity, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (1975?) HOK, Sheraton Inn at Timika, Irian Jaya, Indonesia (?) Guests Kenneth Frampton

Session 6

From Deconstruction to the Bilbao Effect

Primary Texts Wigley, Mark. Deconstructivist Architecture, in Deconstructivist Architecture (New York: MoMA, 1988), 1020. McLeod, Mary. Architecture and Politics in the Reagan Era: From Postmodernism to Deconstructivism (1989). (reprinted in Architecture Theory since 1968) Derrida, Jacques. Point de Folie: Maintenant lArchitecture: Bernard Tschumi: La Casa Vide, AA Files (Summer 1986) (reprinted in Architecture Theory since 1968) Tschumi, Bernard. Disjunctions. In Architecture and Disjunction (New York: MIT Press, 1994). Ockman, Joan. New Politics of the Spectacle: Bilbao and the Global Imagination. In Architecture and Tourism (New York: Berg, 2004). Gehry, Frank. Excerpt from Gehry Talks (New York: Rizzoli, 1999). Prix, Wolf. An Architectural Design Interview. Architectural Design 94 (1991). Further Reading Speaks, Michael. Negotiating the Hypertext: Bernard Tschumis La Villette. Context and Modernity. Papers from the Delft International Working Seminar on Critical Regionalism, 12-15 June 1990. Wigley, Mark. The Translation of Architecture, the Production of Babel (1988). (reprinted in Architecture Theory since 1968) Rybczynski, Witold. The Bilbao Effect. The Atlantic Monthly 290, no. 2 (September 2002): 138142. Projects Frank Gehry, Gehry House, Santa Monica, California (197879) Frank Gehry, Fish Restaurant, Kobe, Japan Frank Gehry, Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, California (198184) Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain (1997) Bernard Tschumi, Parc de la Villette (198285) Bernard Tschumi, Le Fresnoy, Tourcoing (1990) Zaha Hadid, The Peak Club, Hong Kong (1982) Zaha Hadid, Cardiff Bay Opera House, Cardiff, Wales (199496) Peter Eisenman, Aronoff Center (198896) Peter Eisenman, Wexner Center (198389) Daniel Libeskind, Chamber Works (1983) Daniel Libeskind, Jewish Extension to the German Museum, Berlin Coop Himmelb(l)au, UFA Cinema Center, Dresden (199398) Coop Himmelb(l)au, Attic Conversion, Vienna (198488) OMA, Rem Koolhaas, Zeebrugger Terminal (1986) OMA, Rem Koolhaas, National Library, Paris (1989) Events Deconstructivist Architecture exhibition at MoMA, 1988

Session 7

Ideological or Ecological Envelopes

Primary Texts Baudrillard, Jean. The Beaubourg-Effect: Implosion and Deterrence, trans. R. Krauss, A. Michelson. October 20 (Spring 1982): 313. (reprinted in Rethinking Architecture, ed Neil Leach [London: Routledge, 1997]) Davies, Colin. Introduction. High-Tech Architecture (New York: Rizzoli, 1988). + article from Supermodernism? Further Reading Martin, Reinhold. Atrocities, Or, Curtain Wall as Mass Medium. Perspecta 32 (2001): 6675. Nordenson, Guy. Tall Building as Metaphor. Tall Buildings (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2003). Marras, Amerigo, ed. Eco-Tec: Architecture of the In-between (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999) [essays by Guatarri, De Landa, Wigley, Mark Dery] McDonough, William. The Hannover Principles (1992). (reprinted in Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture) Yeang, Ken. The Green Skyscraper (Munich: Prestel, 2000) Projects Norman Foster, Sainsbury Center, Norwich, England (197578) Norman Foster, Willis Faber Dumas, Ltd. Head Office, Ipswich, England (197275) Norman Foster, City Hall, London (2002) Norman Foster, Swiss Re, London (2004) Norman Foster, HSBC Bank, Hong Kong (1986) Richard Rogers, Lloyds Building, London, England (1984) Jean Nouvel, Galeries Lafayette Jean Nouvel, Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris, France (198487) Jean Nouvel, Cartier Foundation for Contemporary Art, Paris (1994) Bernard Tschumi, Concert Hall, Rouen (1996) Bernard Tschumi, Glass Video Gallery (1990) Toyo Ito, Sendai Mediatheque (19952001) Toyo Ito, Tower of Winds (1986) Toyo Ito, White U (1976) Norman Foster, Commerzbank Frankfurt (199297) Norman Foster, Ventiform (2001) Future Systems, Green Building (1990) Francois Roche, Pavilion in Thailand (2004) Francois Roche, Barak House (2003) Duncan Lewis, Vacation house, Jupilles, France Duncan Lewis, extension to an elementary school, Thais, France Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners, Eden Project, Cornwall, England (2002) Michael Sorkin, East River project Ross Lovegrove, Solar Seed

Session 8

Minimalism: Archaic Modern Swissness

Primary Texts Ursprung, Philip. Minimalism and Minimal Art. In Minimal Architecture (Munich: Prestel, 2003). Frampton, Kenneth. Minimum Moralia: Reflections on Swiss German Production. In Labour, Work, and Architecture (London: Phaidon, 2002). Ruby, Ilka and Andreas. Essential, Meta-, Trans-. The Chimeras of Minimalist Architecture. In Minimal Architecture (Munich: Prestel, 2003). Alejandro Zaera-Polo, "Continuities" (interview with Jacques Herzog) and "Herzog and de Meuron [Between the Face and the Landscape]. El Croquis 60+84 (2000). Further Reading Gerhard Mack, Herzog and de Meuron: The Complete Works, volumes 1-3 (Basel: Birkhauser Verlag, 1996). Projects Peter Zumthor, Thermal Baths at Vals (198696) Peter Zumthor, Kunsthaus Bergenz, Bergenz, Austria (199497) Herzog and de Meuron, Ricola Factory and Storage Building, Mulhouse-Brunnstatt, France (199293) Herzog and de Meuron, Signal Box, Basel (1995) Herzog and de Meuron, Dominus Winery, Yountville, California (199597) Herzog and de Meuron, Rehab Basel, Basel (19982001) Herzog and de Meuron, Goetz Collection, Munich (1992) Herzog and de Meuron, Tate Modern (19952000) Herzog and de Meuron, Laban Dance Center (2003) Herzog and de Meuron, Prada Store, Tokyo (2000 ) Luigi Snozzi, Guidotti House, Monte Carasso (1984) Gigon and Guyer, Museum Liner Appenzell (199698) Gigon and Guyer, Kirchner Museum, Davos, Switzerland (198992)

Session 9

Maximalism: Programmatic Dutchness

Primary Texts Koolhaas, Rem. Bigness, or the Problem of Large. In SMLXL (New York: The Monacelli Press, 1995). Koolhaas, Rem. The Generic City. In SMLXL (New York: The Monacelli Press, 1995). Lootsma, Bart. The Second Modernity of Dutch Architecture. In Superdutch: New Architecture in the Netherlands (London: Thames and Hudson, 2000). Allen, Stan. Artificial Ecologies: The Work of MVRDV. El Croquis 86 (1998): 26-33. Lootsma, Bart. Towards a Reflexive Architecture. El Croquis 86 (1998): 3442. st Maas, Winy. Toward an Urbanistic Architecture. In The State of Architecture at the Beginning of the 21 Century, ed. Bernard Tschumi and Irene Cheng (New York: The Monacelli Press, 2003). Bos, Caroline and Ben van Berkel. Excerpts from Move (Amsterdam: UN Studio and Goose Press, 1999). Further Reading Stan Allen, Artificial Ecologies: The Work of MVRDV, in El Croquis 86 (1997): 2633. Peter Buchanan, Netherlands Now. Architecture + Urbanism 336 (1998): 4-22. Koolhaas, Rem. The Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping (2001). Koolhaas, Rem. Great Leap Forward (2001). Maas, Winy. Metacity/Datatown van Berkel, Ben. How Modern is Dutch Architecture. Delinquent Visionaries (Rotterdam: Netherlands Architecture Institute, 1996). van Berkel, Ben. Basically (for now) Three Topics. Anyhow, ed. Cynthia Davidson (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998). Projects MVRDV, Dutch Pavilion, World Expo 2000 (19972000) MVRDV, Villa VPRO (199397) MVRDV, Wozoco Housing (1997) MVRDV, 284 Houses in Berlin-Prenzlauerberg, Germany (1991) OMA, Dutch House, Holland (199294) OMA, IIT (19982004) OMA, Seattle Public Library (2005) OMA, Euralille (19891995) OMA, Hotel and Convention Centre in Agadir (1990) OMA, Jussieu Library OMA, Casa da Musica, Porto, Portugal (2001) Wiel Arets, Academy of Arts and Architcture, Maastricht, The Netherlands (198993) UN Studio, Mobius House (199398) UN Studio, Erasmus Bridge (199096) UN Studio, UCP Mainport, Utrecht (1997) UN Studio, Diocesan Museum, Cologne, Germany (1996) UN Studio, ACOM Office Building, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (1993) Mecanoo, Delft Technical University Library (199398)

Session 10

2001: From Postcriticality to Utopian Realism

Context 9/11 Digital revolution Internet bubble Primary Texts Somol, Robert and Sarah Whiting. Notes Around the Doppler Effect and Other Moods of Modernism. Perspecta 33 (2002):7277. Martin, Reinhold. Critical of What? Toward a Utopian Realism. Harvard Design Review (2005). Speaks, Michael. Design Intelligence and the New Economy. Architectural Record (January 2002): 7276. Lynn, Greg. Animate Form. In Animate Form (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999) Tafuri, Manfredo. Architecture and Utopia (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1976). (excerpts) Hickey, Dave.Dialectical Utopias: On Santa Fe and Las Vegas. Harvard Design Magazine (Winter/Spring 1998). Zaera-Polo, Alejandro. A Scientific Autobiography." Harvard Design Review (Fall 2004/Winter 2005): 515. Further Reading Lavin, Sylvia. "Essay: The Uses and Abuses of Theory," Progressive Architecture 71, no. 8 (August 1990): 113-114, 179. Kipnis, Jeffrey. "Rebuttal: Theory Used and Abused," in Progressive Architecture 71, no. 11 (November 1990): 98-99,158. Hays, K. Michael. "Rebuttal: Theory as a Mediating Practice," in Progressive Architecture 71, no. 11 (November 1990): 98-100, 158. Baird, George Criticality and Its Discontents. Harvard Design Review (Fall 2004/Winter 2005): 1621. Nine Questions about the Present and Future of Design. Harvard Design Magazine (Spring/Summer 2004): 552. Speaks, Michael. After Theory. Architectural Record (June 2005): 7375. Speaks, Michael. Design Intelligence: Or Thinking After the End of Metaphysics. Architectural Design 72, no. 5 (September/October 2002): 46. Projects United Studio, Proposal for the World Trade Center site (2003) Greg Lynn, Blobs Kolatan and MacDonald, Housings Asymptote, Virtual New York Stock Exchange FOA, Yokohama Port Terminal, Yokohama, Japan (1996) SHoP, Study for the School of the Arts, Columbia University, New York