Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

LI M U
M Spaghetti l sn phm c ch bin t nguyn liu chnh l bt m v nc qua mt s khu sn xut to thnh dng si c hnh dng v kch thc nht nh. Spaghetti s l mt trong nhng loi lng thc chnh ca con ngi. Tng lai, mn m ng ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng v l lng thc chnh i vi i sng con ngi. l nhn nh ca ng Paolo Barilla, Ch tch hip hi cng nghip sn xut cc mn trng ming v m ng ca Italia - AIDEPI ti l k nim ngy m ng th gii 25/10. Hin cc mn c ch bin t la m l loi lng thc c u thch ti 50 quc gia trn th gii. Vi mc pht trin mnh, cht lng ca m Spaghetti ngy cng c nng cao nh ci tin cng ngh thit b v nguyn liu s dng. V vy nhm chng em xin trnh by v quy trnh sn xut m Spaghetti Bi bo co gm cc phn sau
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Gii thiu v sn phm Tng quan v nguyn liu Quy trnh sn xut m Spaghetti Sn phm m Spaghetti

Bi bo co s c nhiu im thiu st, ton th nhm mong c s gp c th hon thin hn

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CHNG 1

GII THIU V SN PHM

1.1. Gii thiu v m Spaghetti M Spaghetti l sn phm c ch bin t nguyn liu chnh l bt m v nc qua mt s khu sn xut to thnh dng si c hnh dng v kch thc nht nh. Spaghetti l mt loi m c dng si trn nh, c lm t bt m loi semolina v nc. C nhiu mn m kiu dng spaghetti, t spaghetti vi pho mt v ht tiu hoc ti v du, ti mn spaghetti vi c chua, tht v cc loi nc xt khc. M spaghetti c luc trong nc c pha thm mt cht mui v mt cht du n. Trong m thc , m spaghetti thng c n vi xt c chua. Cc loi xt ny c th c nhiu loi rau gia v (c bit l oregano v hng (Ocimum basilicum), du liu, tht, hoc rau. Ngi ta cng thng rc thm mt s loi pho mt xay, chng hn nh Pecorino Romano, Parmesan, v Asiago. Bn cnh , m cn c rt nhiu cch ch bin khc nhau nh m hi sn, m st kem...

Hnh 1.1. Si m Spaghetti

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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

1.2. Lch s ca m Spaghetty Spaghetty l mt loi pasta c ngun gc t v lch s ca n gn lin vi lch s ca Pasta Tng truyn rng thng gia Venezia Marco Polo mang m ng v t chuyn i ca ng ti Trung Quc. Nhng c phin bn khc li cho rng m ng c sn trong thi ca Polo v tng ph bin Italy t thi Etruscan (nn vn minh c i Italy) v La M. Tuy nhin, ln u tin c cp n t th k th nht, loi m c ni ti kia khng c un si nh m ng, m c nu chn trong l. M ng sy kh (thi im ny c gi l spaghetti) c mt trn cc ng ph Naples vo khong nm 1895. T m ng hin i ngy nay bt ngun t thut ng Sicily ch vic nho bt, lm m theo mt quy trnh cht ch ko di c mt ngy. lm m ng, bt Semolina (bt th tinh khit t la m) quan trng, ph bin v xut pht t vng Sicily. Sau , m ng kh rt ph bin bi hm lng dinh dng v hn s dng lu di, tr thnh thc phm l tng cho cc chuyn hnh trnh di ngy. Pasta lan ta trn ton th gii trong chuyn i khm ph mt th k sau . Vi nhiu hnh dng khc nhau v cng ngh mi, vic lm m ng c d dng hn. Tuy nhin, lch s ca m ng thc s thng hoa vi cuc gp g nh mnh vi c chua vo th k 19. V nc st tr thnh thnh phn khng th thiu lm nn s khc bit cho mi mn m Italy. Ngy nay, theo c tnh lng tiu th m ng trung bnh mi nm, ngi Italy chi trn 80 USD mt ngi, cn ngi M ch khong 20USD mt ngi. Tnh yu i vi m ng ca ngi Italy vt qu kh nng t cung t cp trong nc, do vy, nc ny phi nhp khu phn ln la m.

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CHNG 2

TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU

2.1. Bt m Durum 2.1.1. Gii thiu v bt m Bt m l sn phm c ch bin t ht la m bng qu trnh nghin. Trong qu trnh ny v cm v phi c tch ra v phn cn li ca ht la m (ni nh) c nghin nh ti mn thch hp ra thnh phm l bt m. Ngi ta gi tn nh bt m loi trng, hay nu, en.. ty vo mu sc ca bt v gi l bt cng hay mm ty vo lng v tnh cht gluten ca bt. Cc loi bt m ch yu sau (phn theo cng dng): + Bt bnh m, hay bt m thng thng. + Bt bnh ngt (pastry). + Bt bnh gato hay bnh kem (cake, gateaux). + Bt m gia dng (all-purpose): thch hp lm hu ht cc loi bnh. + Bt m lm bnh bao: Loi bt trng, c xay t phn li ca ht la m. + Bt m durum: c lm t loi la m rt cng (Durum). Loi bt m ny c sn xut t nh my bt m chuyn dng. Bt m durum l loi nguyn liu chnh sn xut cc sn phm pasta nh spaghetti, vermicelli, macaroni 2.1.2. Gii thiu v bt m Durum

Hnh 2.1. Bt m Durum

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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

Bt m Durum c sn xut t ht ca cy la m cng Triticum durum . N c trng t hn cy la m mm. C khong 11-13% din tch trng la m ca th gii trng loi ny. Hu ht cc la m cng c trng ngy nay l loi Durum ht mu h phch, c kch thc ln hn cc loi la m thng thng. Ti Bc Phi v Trung ng, cc loi bnh m a phng tiu th gn sn lng ca th gii. Mt khc, nhiu quc gia chu u sn xut bt m Durum trong thng mi vi s lng ng k. Bng 2.1. Cc khu vc trng v sn xut bt m Durum

2.1.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca bt m Durum: Bng 2.2. Thnh phn ha hc bt m Durum ( Semolina, 100g )

a. Glucid : Tinh bt: trong thnh phn glucid ca la m, tinh bt chim a s. Tinh bt ca la m c trong gii hn t 50-73%. Ht tinh bt la m c dng hnh cu, i khi c dng hnh bu dc, ng knh ht tinh bt khong 10-40m, trung bnh l 20m. Ht tinh bt la m c hai dng: ht loi ln A c hnh bu dc v c ng knh ln hn 10m, ht loi nh B

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c hnh cu c ng knh 4-10m chim 90% tng s ht. ln v nguyn ca ht tinh bt c nh hng n tnh rn chc, kh nng ht nc v hm lng ng trong bt nho. Ht nh thng cu to cht, ht ln c cu to xp. V vy, ht tinh bt ln v ht tinh bt v s b ng ha nhanh hn. Dextrin: chim khong 1-5% glucid bt m. Dextrin l sn phm to ra khi tinh bt b thy phn di tc dng ca h enzyme amylase ca la m. Khi lng phn t v tnh cht ca dextrin ph thuc vo mc thy phn tinh bt. Dextrin t lin kt vi nc do khi bt nho c hm lng cao cc dextrin s b t v km n hi. Pentosans: chim khong 1,2 - 3,5% glucid bt m. Cc pentosans c tnh ho nc, khi trng n to huyn ph c nh hng ti tnh cht vt l ca bt nho. Pentosans tan trong nc chim 1 - 1,5% tng lng pentosans bt m. Pentosans tan c th hp thu mt lng nc gp 15 - 20 ln trng lng ca n do vy lm tng nht v dnh ca bt nho. Pentosans khng tan trng n trong nc to thnh dch keo nh hng ti tnh cht lu bin ca bt nho trong qu trnh nh hnh. Cellulose v hemicellulose: chim khong t 0,1-2,3% thnh phn glucid bt m l cc cellulose v 2 - 8% l hemicellulose. Cellulose khng c ngha v mt dinh dng i vi con ngi v khng tiu ha c ng tiu ha, nhng gip tng nhu ng rut tt cho tiu ha. Cc loi ng glucose, fructose, maltose, saccharose: chim khong 0,1 - 1% bt m. b. Protein Protein bao gm 4 loi chnh: albumin (5,7 11,5%), globulin (5,7 10,8%), gliadin (40 50%) v glutenin (34 42% tng lng protein). Nh vy 2 loi gliadin v glutenin l ch yu chim n 70 85% tng lng protein ca bt m. Khi nho bt mc d 2 protein ny khng ha tan trong nc nhng li ht nc, trng n to thnh mt khi do n hi gi l gluten. Gluten c ngha rt ln trong cng ngh sn xut bnh c s dng bt m : bnh m, bnh biscuit, m n lin, spaghetti, Khi phn b trong bt nho, gluten to thnh mng n hi, dai, c kh nng gi kh, phng n tt. Nh vy cht lng gluten quyt nh cht lng ca cc sn phm c s dng bt m.
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c. Lipid Hm lng lipid trong bt m khong t 2-3%, trong 75% l cht bo trung tnh, cn li l phosphatide, cc sc t v cc vitamin tan trong cht bo. Trong bt m c khong t 0,4-0,7% phosphatide thuc nhm lecithine. Lecithine l cht bo ho nc, c hot tnh b mt cao nh ha tt nn c tc dng lm tng tnh ng nht ca bt nho, d dng cho vic nho bt v to hnh. d. Khong v vitamin Cht khong trong ht la m c vo khong 1,5-2,6%. Vitamin trong la m gm c vitamin A, vitamin nhm B nh B1, B2, B6, vitamin H, vitamin E, trong vitamin B1, PP, E nhiu hn c. Bng 2.3. Mt s ch tiu cht lng bt m

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2.2. Nc

Hnh 2.2. Nc Nc l mt trong hai nguyn liu chnh quan trng sn xut m ng, c nh hng trc tip n cht lng bt nho v v sinh an ton. Hin nay chng ta c ba ngun nc dng c khai thc sn xut: - Ngun nc b mt:c ly t sng, sui, h....ti vit Nam v cc nc ang pht trin, nc b mt hin nay b nhim kh nng ch yu l do sn xut cng nghip v cc hot ng sinh hot. - Ngun nc do thnh ph cung cp: nc ta cht lng nc do thnh ph cung cp t tiu chun nc dng trong sinh hoy hng ngy. nu s dng ngun nc ny lm sn xut vi lng ln s khng kinh t, v gp nhiu bt cp. - Ngun nc ngm: do ma thm vo lng t to nn, c dng nh ngun cung cp chnh cho cc qu trnh ch bin thc phm do n c nhng c im sau: + Ngun nc ngm t chu tc ng ca con ngi, cht lng nc thng tt hn cht lng nc b mt. + Trong nc ngm khng c cc ht keo hay cc ht cn l lng. + Ch tiu vi sinh vt thp hn nc b mt. + Nc ngm khng cha rong to (th d gy nhim ngun nc)
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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

Bng 2.4. Ch tiu cht lng i vi nc dng n ung, nc dng cho cc c s ch bin thc phm ( QCVN 01:2009/BYT )

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CHNG 3

QUY TRNH SN XUT M SPAGHETTI

3.1. S quy trnh cng ngh
Bt m Durum

Lm sch tp cht

nh lng

Nghin bt

Nc

Phi trn

p n

Sy

Lm ngui

ng gi

M Spaghetty

Hnh 3.1. S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut m Spaghetti

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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

3.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh 3.2.1. Lm sch tp cht: Mc ch cng ngh: loi b tp cht c kch thc khc nhau, ch yu l cc ht sn, bi, kim loi. Phng php thc hin: Bt m c s dng l loi bt m cht lng cao, tiu chun cht lng, qua b phn kim tra cht lng sn phm trc khi thng mi, nn cc tp cht c th b ln trong nguyn liu ch yu trong cc qu trnh vn chuyn, bo qun bt m. Yu cu ca bt m trc khi vo my nho phi: - Qua thit b nam chm tch kim loi. - Qua ry tch tp cht. - Tch bi, tp cht nh bng phng php kh ng. Bn cnh ngun nc cng phi c m bo sch tp cht. Bng nhiu phng php ta c th tch tp cht c ln trong nc nh: lng, lc, s dng cc tia UV hay dng nhit 3.2.2. nh lng: Mc ch cng ngh: Mi loi sn phm c mt quy trnh sn xut v cng thc dnh cho quy trnh khc nhau. Bn cnh cc thit b cng c nhng quy nh ring v khi lng nhp liu. Do trong sn xut m Spaghetti cn nh lng , khi lng bt m nhng cng on sau c tin hnh mt cch thun li nht v cht lng sn phm t yu cu tt nht. Phng php thc hin: - i vi bt m ta cn theo m v nn c thng cha xc nh khi lng ca bt m cn nhp liu. - i vi nc ta ch cn o theo th tch v nc s c a vo sn xut di dng lng. 3.2.3. Nghin bt: Mc ch cng ngh: qu trnh nghin bt l ph v cu trc ca t bo tng din tch b mt tip xc ca nguyn liu vi nc trong qu trnh phi trn sau ny. ng thi to iu kin h ho nhanh, thc y qu trnh ng ho
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Phng php thc hin: cng nhn s a bt c nh lng bng cn ri cho t t vo phu ca thit b theo dung lng quy nh (khong 100-200 kg) ri nhn nt cho my hot ng trong 1h. Cng nhn s ly bt ra tp tc qu trnh phi trn, ng thi cng nhn khc s tip tc cho bt vo phu

Hnh 3.2. My nghin bt Thng s k thut: - M sn phm: HW-JGF-300 - Cng sut ngin: 100 200 kg/h - S l gn trn li: 80 120 - Tc vng quay: 2900 rpm - Cng sut ng c: 5.5 kw - Kch thc: (DxRxC) 1050x600x1500 (mm) Cng dng Thit b s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh thc phm Thch hp vi vic xay cc nguyn liu dng bt kh

Nguyn tc hot ng: di tc dng ca chuyn ng quay vi tc cao ca bnh rng v vic gi cc ht bn trong my s sinh ra lc ct, lc p v lc ma st gia ht vi
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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

bnh rng v ht vi ht. T s nghin ht nguyn liu nh hn. Sau cc ht ny s i qua mn hnh quan st ri ra ngoi t bung. Trc khi ht c a ra bung th s i qua li c cc l, l ny c gn vi thit b iu chnh kch thc, nh m c th iu chnh kch thc ht cho ph hp vi yu cu k thut 3.2.4. Phi trn: Mc ch cng ngh: giai on phi trn c mc ch chun b to khi bt nho thch hp cho qu trnh to hnh tip theo. Nho trn c xem l khu rt quan trng v n quyt nh tnh cht sn phm, to nh hng r rt ln cc khu tip theo trong qui trnh sn xut. Nho trn s phn phi nc vo bt m, to nn khi bt c ng nht. Bt sau khi nho trn phi do, dai, b mt mn mng, n hi, khng dnh, to c khung gluten tt. Phng php thc hin: qu trnh nho trn c thc hin theo nguyn tc: cc nguyn liu dng rn s c phi trn vi nhau, phn lng trn vi phn lng. Nc s c phun t t vo ngn trn bt kh. Tin hnh nho trn cho n khi hn hp bt to thnh khi bt nho ng nht.

Hnh 3.3. My phi trn Bng 3.1. Cc thng s v my phi trn Model B40 B80 Ngun in 220/380V 220/380V Cng sut 1.84kw 3/4kw Trng lng 14kg 30kg Kch thc 590x580x1230(mm) 700x1200x1650(mm)

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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

Cng dng: My trn c s dng trong cc cng ngh lm bnh ngt, bnh m, bnh gato v cc sn phm m My c tc dng trn u bt v cc cht ph gia khc to ra mt hn hp nh mn phc v cho mt s cng on trong qu trnh ch bin tip theo Phng php vn hnh rt n gin nh cu to rt thn thin vi ngi cng nhn v c cc ch trn khc nhau nh thay i cc cnh khuy i km theo my. C 3 dng cnh khuy i km theo my, ngi s dng s c php la chn tu theo giai on s dng 3.2.5. p, n Mc ch: y l cng on mang tch cht hon thin v qua p n sn phm s hnh thnh hnh dng nh yu cu. p n s gip nh hnh cho sn phm bn, ng thi lm chn mt phn sn phm bn do tc ng ca nhit sau khi ra khi khun p. Bn cnh , p n cn gip kim sot tc sn xut. C s khoa hc: p n l tn gi ca qu trnh dng p lc y khi nguyn liu qua l nh nhm mc ch nh hnh cho sn phm hay bn thnh phm. Cu to chung ca thit b p n gm bn cha nguyn liu c u thot liu nh v mt c cu to p lc y nguyn liu thot ra. Bung cha nguyn liu thong thng c dng hnh tr, lm bng vt liu c th chu c p lc cao. u thot liu ca bung cha c th c dng cn hay gn vi a khun c l nh dng cho sn phm. L khun c th c dng hnh trn trn hay cc hnh dng phc tp to nn nn hnh th cho sn phm (trong cng ngh sn xut bn ti th c hnh tr trn). C cu to p lc c th l piston hay vis ti. Nguyn liu c cung cp lin tc vo mt u ca bung cha nguyn liu, chuyn dch dc bn trong bung nh lc y ca piston hay chuyn ng xoay trn ca vis ti v s thot ra ti cc l khun u bn kia ca thit b. Phng php thc hin: Cho nguyn liu c phi trn vo phu cha liu ca my p n.Vn hnh my v iu chnh cc thng s thch hp cho nguyn liu to ra sn phm t cht lng mong mun.

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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

Hnh 3.4. My p n Cu to: Thit b p n gm bung cha nguyn liu c u thot liu nh v mt c cu to p lc y nguyn liu thot ra ngoi. Bung cha nguyn liu c dng hnh tr, lm bng vt liu c th chu c p lc cao. u thot liu ca bung cha c dng cn. L khun c dng hnh tr trn to hnh dng cho sn phm. C cu to p lc l do vis ti to nn. Nguyn l hot ng: Nguyn liu khi vo trong thit b s lp y khong khng gian trng gia v my v trc vis. Khi trc vis quay s truyn nng lng cho lp nguyn liu tip xc vi trc vis v y chng chuyn ng xon dc theo chiu quay ca trc. Cc phn t ny s li ko cc phn t lp k cn chuyn ng theo v y cho c khi nguyn liu chuyn ng hng n u l khun. Lc ma st gia cc lp nguyn liu v gia nguyn liu vi v my sinh ra nhit lng lm nhit khi nguyn liu tng cao. Di tc dng ca nhit cao, p lc v trng n. Qu trnh p n p lc cao gip nh dng cu trc ban u ca nguyn liu thnh sn phm c cu trc mong mun ch yu bng lc c hc v nhit - p sut cao trong mt khong thi gian ngn

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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

3.2.6. Sy Mc ch: nhm bo qun v kp di thi gian s dng ca si m lu di hn, do trong qu trnh sy s tiu dit c mt s loi vi sinh vt v loi tr lng nc t do c trong si m. Sy lm tng gin, gi c hnh dng sn phm, m bo mu sc, sng bng ca si m Spaghetti. Ngoi ra cn gip cho vic ng gi v vn chuyn, lu thng cng nh phn phi hiu qu hn Tin hnh: si m sau khi c p n c hnh dng nh yu cu s c cho vo cc t sy. Sau , cng nhn s iu chnh nhng ch s cn thit ri nhn nt khi ng. Sau thi gian quy nh s ly si m Spaghetti ra v bt u ngui v tin hnh qu trnh ng gi sn phm

Hnh 3.5. T sy T sy tnh lm vic theo chu k. Vt liu c t trn khay trong xe cha khay v a vo bung sy tng m mt. m v nhit thay i theo thi gian sy.Trong thit b sy, kh nng c chuyn ng cng bc nh qut gi i vo bung sy v ly hi m ra ngoi. Thng s k thut: - Nng sut lm vic: 1.5m3 - Nhit sy: max. 130oC

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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

- Kch thc t (mm): 2700 (c) x 2000 (r) x1400 (s) - Trng lng: 1300kg - in p: 3 pha, 380V - 50A, max. 35kVA - C th sy bng in hoc hi nc. 3.2.7. Lm ngui Mc ch cng ngh: chun b cho qu trnh ng gi sn phm v nhm mc ch hon thin cu trc sn phm trc khi cho vo bao b Phng php thc hin: si m sau khi sy t trn cc khay n nh v h nhit sn phm, trnh cc nh hng cc b v hin tng gy si m. Hm m trong sn phm s c phn b u li, si m s c qut mt trong khong 7 gi. 3.2.8. ng gi Mc ch cng ngh: hon thin sn phm. Phng php thc hin: si m sau khi c lm ngui, trc khi vo thit b ng gi sn phm s i qua thit b phn loi loi ra cc sn phm khng t ch tiu trong cc cng on trc v gip cho sn phm c kch c v hnh dng ng u. Qu trnh ng gi v in bao b c thc hin t ng, gip phn chia sn phm thnh cc n v thun tin trong phn phi.

Hnh 3.6. My ng gi

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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

3.3. Video thit b: 3.3.1. Video cng ngh sn xut m Spaghetti Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNgNTFo0YwU Download: http://www.mediafire.com/?llcacb88d77zqfm

Hnh 3.7. Dy chuyn ng gi m Spaghetti 3.3.2. Video dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut cc loi Pasta Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNgNTFo0YwU Download: http://www.mediafire.com/?f6oklazyl13jygk

Hnh 3.8. Dy chuyn sn xut cc loi Pasta

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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

CHNG 4

SN PHM M SPAGHETTI
Mt sn phm m Spagetti cht lng bt u vi nguyn liu cht lng cao. La m durum l l tng cho sn phm vi mu sc hng v c o, phm cht tt khi nu. Mt s quc gia nh M, vic thay th bt m durum bng nguyn liu khc c xem nh hnh vi gian ln.

Hnh 4.1 Thng tin v dinh dng ca sn phm m Spagetty Yu cu chung ca sn phm l: + C mu vng trong, b mt mn, khng b nt v. + m bo qun nh hn 12.5%. + Khng c vi khun, nm men, nm mc gy c. + Khi nu: sn phm khng b thay i cu trc, c dai, khng b nho hoc mm, b mt trn v nh sng. Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia dinh dng th m ni chung v m Spaghetti ni ring c xem l nhng sn phm dinh dng ph hp cho cuc sng hin i. M
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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

Spaghetti c lm t bt la m, l mt loi lng thc thin nhin, cung cp khong 1/5 lng calories tiu th ca con ngi. V thnh phn dinh dng, trong c cha nhiu protein, canxi, st v cht x cn thit cho c th, gip hn ch nhng cn bnh v ng tiu ha, thiu mu do thiu st, xng, c... Hin nay trn th trng, a s cc sn phm m Spaghetty c nhp khu t nhiu quc gia nh , M, Th Nh K, Indonesia S dng m Spaghtti thay th tm thi cc ba n chnh nhm gip cc b ni tr c thm s la chn hp l cho ba n hng ngy. y cng c xem l phng php tr liu tch cc nhm cha tr cn bnh ngn cm khi c th bn ri vo trng thi mt mi v cng vic. Bi c th bn ch mt khong t 5 - 10 pht, l c ngay mt ba n thnh son vi nhng mn n ngon nh m Spaghetti st c chua, m Spaghetti tht b v m Spaghetti hi sn... Vic thay i khu v trong cc ba n cng gp phn mang li nim vui v s phn khi cn thit cho mi ngy lm vic.

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Cng ngh ch bin lng thc

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] - L Vn Vit Mn v cng s, Cng ngh ch bin thc phm, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Tp. HCM, 2009. [2] - Trn Th Thu Tr, Cng ngh bo qun v ch bin lng thc, Tp 1, Bo qun lng thc, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Tp.HCM, 2007 [3] - D. E. Walsh and K. A. Gilles, "Pasta Technology", Elements Of Food Technology, N. W. Desrosier, Editor, AVI Publishing Company, Inc., 1977. [4] - 1992 Census Of Manufactures: Miscellaneous Food And Kindred Products, Preliminary Report Industry Series, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Issued August 1994. [5] - http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti [6] - http://yume.vn/peheoconli/article/chuyen-ve-mon-mi-italy.35D14C9F.html [7] - http://www.fas.usda.gov [8] - http://www.recipetips.com/kitchen-tips/t--167/pasta-nutritional-facts.asp

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