BC Nghien Cuu Ve Quan Ly CTR Tai VN

C QUAN HP TC QUC T NHT BN (JICA) NC CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th ti Vit nam
BO CO TIN 2 Tp 06 Bo co nghin cu v qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam
Thng 03 nm 2011
CNG TY TNHH NIPPON KOEI CNG TY TNHH YACHIYO ENGINEERING
Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam
Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam
Mc lc Danh mc Bng iii Danh mc Hnh vi Danh mc nh viii Danh mc Vit tt ix Chng 1 Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam 1 1.1 Thng tin chung v Vit Nam 1 1.2 Thng tin chung v cht thi ti Vit Nam 1 Chng 2 Qun l cht thi rn th (QLCTRT) 3 2.1 Thc trng QLCTRT Vit Nam 3 2.1.1 C ch hnh chnh 3 2.1.2 Khung php l 6 2.1.3 Chnh sch v chin lc v QLCTRT 8 2.1.4 Cc nh ti tr v khu vc t nhn c lin quan 12 2.2 Hin trng qun l cht thi rn th ti cc thnh ph nghin cu 16 2.2.1 Tng quan 16 2.2.2 H Ni 20 2.2.3 Hi Phng 30 2.2.4 Hu 34 2.2.5 Nng 37 2.2.6 Thnh ph H Ch Minh 42 2.2.7 Cc tn ti chnh v QLCTRT 50 2.3 nh hng v cc bin php c xut ( xut l trnh ) 59 2.3.1 Ni dung l trnh 59 2.3.2 S lc v mi chng trnh hnh ng trong l trnh 64 Chng 3 Qun l cht thi cng nghip 69 3.1 Hin trng qun l cht thi rn cng nghip ti Vit Nam 69 3.1.1 Khung php l v hnh chnh 69 3.1.2 Chnh sch v chin lc v qun l CTR cng nghip 74 3.1.3 Hin trng qun l CTR cng nghip ti Vit Nam 73 3.1.4 H tr ca cc nh ti tr 80 3.2 Hin trng qun l cht thi cng nghip ti cc a bn mc tiu 82 3.2.1 Tng quan 82 3.2.2 Thnh ph H Ni 84 3.2.3 Thnh ph Hi Phng 86 3.2.4 Tnh Tha Thin Hu 87 3.2.5 Thnh ph Nng 88 3.2.6 Thnh ph H Ch Minh 90 3.2.7 Tnh ng Nai 93 3.2.8 Tnh B Ra Vng Tu 94 3.2.9 Tnh Bnh Dng 94 3.3 Kt qu kho st thc t v qun l cht thi cng nghip ti cc a bn mc tiu 95 3.3.1 Khi qut v kho st thc t v pht sinh cht thi cng nghip ni chung 95 i
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3.3.2 Kt qu kho st 96 3.3.3 Bng so snh mc pht sinh cht thi cng nghip 108 3.3.4 Cc vn chnh v qun l cht thi cng nghip 118 L trnh qun l cht thi cng nghip Vit Nam 120 3.4.1 Ni dung l trnh 120 3.4.1 Ni dung ca mi nhim v trong l trnh 120
Chng 4 Qun l cht thi v nc thi y t (QLCTNTYT) 128 4.1 Hin trng qun l cht thi rn v nc thi y t Vit Nam 128 4.1.1 Khung php l v khung hnh chnh 128 4.1.2 Chnh sch v chin lc v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t 133 4.1.3 Hin trng qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti Vit Nam 134 4.1.4 Thc hin Quyt nh s 64/2003/QD-TTg 143 4.1.5 Cc nh ti tr v khu vc t nhn lin quan 146 4.2 Hin trng v cc vn v QLCTNTYT ti cc thnh ph nghin cu 149 4.2.1 Cc bnh vin c kho st trong khu vc nghin cu 149 4.2.2 Qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti cc thnh ph nghin cu 161 4.2.3 Cc vn chnh trong qun l cht thi v nc thi y t 173 4.3 L trnh ci thin QLCTRNTYT ti VIt Nam 175 4.3.1 Chin lc v k hoch pht trin ca chnh ph 175 4.3.2 K hoch hnh ng xut nhm ci thin QLCTRNTYT ti Vit Nam 177
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Danh mc Bng Bng 1-1: Bng 1-2: Bng 1-3: Bng 2-1: Bng 2-2: Bng 2-3: Bng 2-4: Bng 2-5: Bng 2-6: Bng 2-7: Bng 2-8: Bng 2-9: Bng 2-10: Bng 2-11: Bng 2-12: Bng 2-13: Bng 2-14: Bng 2-15: Bng 2-16: Bng 2-17: Bng 2-18: Bng 2-19: Bng 2-20: Bng 2-21: Bng 2-22: Bng 2-23: Bng 2-24: Bng 2-25: Bng 2-26: Bng 2-27: Bng 2-28: Bng 2-29: Bng 2-30: Bng 2-31: Bng 2-32: Bng 2-33: Bng 2-34: Bng 2-35: Bng 2-36: Bng 2-37: Bng 2-38: Bng 2-39: Bng 2-40: Bng 2-41: Bng 2-42: Bng 2-43: Bng 2-44: Tng quan qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam Lng cht thi pht sinh Vit Nam c tnh lng cht thi pht sinh Vit Nam Khung php l v qun l cht thi rn Chng trnh hnh ng v vai tr ca cc b/ngnh c lin quan v Qun l tng hp cht thi rn K hoch xut 7 vng x l CTR lin tnh Cc d n ODA ch yu ca Nht c lin quan n lnh vc qun l cht thi rn th ti cc thnh ph nghin cu Cc d n ch yu v qun l cht thi rn th ti Vit Nam ca cc nh ti tr khc Cc c s x l do khu vc t nhn u t ti cc thnh ph nghin cu Cc cng ty khng thuc s hu nh nc tham gia thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn th ti H Ni v Hi Phng Phm vi hot ng chnh ca cc cng ty v sinh mi trng ti Tp.HCM S lc QLCTRT ti cc thnh ph nghin cu C s QLCTRT ti nm thnh ph nghin cu T l pht sinh cht thi rn th ti cc thnh ph nghin cu T l pht sinh cht thi rn ti cc h gia nh Thnh phn cht thi h gia nh Lng cht thi QLCTRT pht sinh ti H Ni Cc cng ty thu gom ti H Ni Khi qut m hnh phn loi ngun H Ni (m hnh ti H Ni) Ni dung cc hot ng 3R ti H Ni Cc lng ngh trong v xung quanh H Ni Danh mc c s x l v tiu hu rc H Ni Lng rc thi ti cc c s QLCTR H Ni Thnh phn rc n cc c s x l QLCTR H Ni Danh sch cc c s x l QLCTRT Hi Phng Lng rc n tng c s x l rc Hi Phng Thnh phn rc tip nhn ti cc c s QLCTR Hi Phng C s x l CTR Hu Lng rc tip nhn ti c s x l Hu Thnh phn rc tip nhn ti cc c s x l CTR thnh ph Hu T l thu gom rc thi Nng T l thu gom rc thi theo tng phng php S lc bi chn lp Khnh Sn Nng Lng cht thi tip nhn bi chn lp Ha Khnh Nng Thnh phn rc tip nhn ti bi chn lp Ha Khnh Ngun pht sinh rc thi QLCTRT Tp.HCM S lc d n nghin cu phn loi ti ngun ti thnh ph HCM S lc cc trm trung chuyn ti thnh ph HCM T l thu gom rc thi rn thnh ph HCM S lc hot ng ca cc c s QLCTRT tp HCM Gii thiu v REFU Thng k v cc c s ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh Ni dung k hoch ti ch ti Phc Hip v ng Thnh Ni dung ca ngy hi ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh Lng rc tip nhn ti cc c s QLCTR tp HCM Lng rc tip nhn v trung chuyn ti trm trung chuyn Tp.HCM Thnh phn rc tip nhn ti cc c s QLCTR Tp.HCM
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Bng 2-45: Bng 2-46: Bng 3-1: Bng 3-2: Bng 3-3: Bng 3-4: Bng 3-5: Bng 3-6: Bng 3-7: Bng 3-8: Bng 3-9: Bng 3-10: Bng 3-11: Bng 3-12: Bng 3-13: Bng 3-14: Bng 3-15: Bng 3-16: Bng 3-17: Bng 3-18: Bng 3-19: Bng 3-20: Bng 3-21: Bng 3-22: Bng 3-23: Bng 3-24: Bng 3-25: Bng 3-26: Bng 3-27: Bng 3-28: Bng 3-29: Bng 3-30: Bng 3-31: Bng 3-32: Bng 3-33: Bng 3-34: Bng 3-35: Bng 3-36: Bng 3-37: Bng 3-38: Bng 3-39: Bng 3-40: Bng 3-41: Bng 3-42: Bng 3-43: Bng 3-44: Bng 3-45: Bng 3-46: Bng 3-47: Bng 3-48: Bng 3-49:
Ni dung l trnh Tm tt l trnh Tn c quan qun l KCN Chin lc quc gia bo v mi trng v qun l cht thi cng nghip S lng doanh nghip Vit Nam S lng doanh nghip Vit Nam Din tch t ca cc KCN Xu hng ca tng lng cht thi, CTR cng nghip, cht thi cng nghip nguy hi trong giai on 1999 - 2025 S lng cng ty x l cht thi nguy hi c Cc qun l cht thi cp php V tr v s lng cc lng ngh Vit Nam Ti ch cc lng ngh D n th im v sn xut nng lng rc thi cng nghip Nam Sn Ni dung ca d n pht trin v ng dng h thng k khai in t S lng KCN c thnh lp v hot ng v tng din tch ti khu vc nghin cu Cht thi pht sinh ti khu vc nghin cu C s x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi ti khu vc nghin cu Khi qut v cc c s x l thuc URENCO H Ni Lng cht thi cng nghip x l bi URENCO H Ni Khi qut v cc c s x l thuc URENCO Nng Khi qut v cc thit b x l ca CITENCO Khi qut v cc thit b x l ca VINAUSEEN Tng lng cht thi x l trong giai on 2007-2009 v k hoch n 2020 ca VINAUSEEN Danh sch cc thit b ca VINAUSEEN Khi qut v thit b x l ca cng ty TNHH Mi trng xanh Ni dung kho st thc t v pht sinh cht thi cng nghip ni chung S lng doanh nghip tr li bng cu hi theo khu vc nghin cu S lng doanh nghip tr li phn theo cc ngnh cng nghip Quy m lao ng ca cc doanh nghip tr li Quy m lao ng ca cc doanh nghip tr li trong khu vc nghin cu Tm tt lng cht thi Khi lng mi loi rc thi ti khu vc nghin cu S lng cc cu tr li v khi lng mi loi cht thi ti khu vc nghin cu Khi lng mi loi cht thi ca mi ngnh cng nghip S lng cc cu tr li v khi lng mi loi cht thi theo ngnh cng nghip Khi lng mi loi cht thi theo quy m lao ng S cu tr li v khi lng mi loi cht thi theo quy m lao ng Phng php x l cc cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi Thu gom cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi X l cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi (1) X l cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi (2) Phng php x l cht thi rn nguy hi Thu gom cht thi cng nghip nguy hi X l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi (1) X l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi (2) Kh khn ca cc doanh nghip Hnh ng bo v mi trng ti cc doanh nghip Hin trng p dng ISO v CSR Kt qu cc bng so snh (1) Kt qu cc bng so snh (2) Kt qu cc bng so snh (3) L trnh ci thin cng tc qun l cht thi cng nghip Vit Nam
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Bng 4-1: Bng 4-2: Bng 4-3: Bng 4-4: Bng 4-5: Bng 4-6: Bng 4-7: Bng 4-8: Bng 4-9: Bng 4-10: Bng 4-11: Bng 4-12: Bng 4-13: Bng 4-14: Bng 4-15: Bng 4-16: Bng 4-17: Bng 4-18: Bng 4-20: Bng 4-21: Bng 4-22: Bng 4-23: Bng 4-24:
Bng so snh cc quy nh lin quan n Qun l cht thi rn v nc thi y t S lng cc c s y t v ging bnh nm 2008 Lng cht thi y t pht sinh ti cc bnh vin v cc khoa trong bnh vin V d v phn tch thnh phn cht thi y t (% da trn khi lng t) Tiu chun nc cp v lng nc thi ti cc c s y t V d v nc thi theo khoa Mt s kt qu ch yu ca kho st QLCTRNTYT do Vin V sinh mi trng v sc khe lao ng thc hin. Yeec cu k thut v l t cht thi rn y t Cc bnh vin trong a bn nghin cu nm trong danh sch Quyt nh 64 Cc hot ng ti tr v QLCTRNTYT ti Vit Nam S lng v cc loi hnh c s y t kho st Tng s ging bnh ca cc bnh vin c phiu tr li Khi lng CTR y t pht thi ti cc bnh vin kho st Cng ngh x l cht thi ti ch ca cc bnh bin kho st S lng bnh vin c v khng c h thng x l nc thi Cc bnh vin v s ging bnh ti Hi Phng Cc bnh vin v s ging bnh ti H Ni Cc bnh vin v s ging bnh ti Tha Thin Hu Cc bnh vin v s ging bnh ti Nng Cc bnh vin v s ging bnh ti Tp. HCM Cc ch s v mc tiu pht trin QLCTRNTYT ti Vit Nam Cc chng trnh v mc tiu xut ca l trnh L trnh xut nhm ci thin QLCTRNTYT ti Vit Nam
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Danh mc Hnh Hnh 2-1: Hnh 2-2: Hnh 2-3: Hnh 2-4: Hnh 2-5: Hnh 2-6: Hnh 2-7: Hnh 2-8: Hnh 2-9: Hnh 2-10: Hnh 2-11: Hnh 2-12: Hnh 2-13: Hnh 2-14: Hnh 2-15: Hnh 2-16: Hnh 2-17: Hnh 2-18: Hnh 2-19: Hnh 3-1: Hnh 3-2: Hnh 3-3: Hnh 3-4: Hnh 3-5: Hnh 3-6: Hnh 3-7: Hnh 3-8: Hnh 3-9: Hnh 3-10: Hnh 3-11: Hnh 3-12: Hnh 3-13: Hnh 3-14: Hnh 3-15: Hnh 3-16: Hnh 3-17: Hnh 3-18 Hnh 4-1: Hnh 4-2: Hnh 4-3: Hnh 4-4: Hnh 4-5: Hnh 4-6: Hnh 4-7: Hnh 4-8: Hnh 4-9: Hnh 4-10: Hnh 4-11 Hnh 4-12 Hnh 4-13 Hnh 4-14 Hnh 4-15 S t chc B xy dng v cc V/Cc lin quan S t chc MONRE v cc b phn lin quan v QLCTR Khung th ch v qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam H thng thu gom v vn chuyn CTRT ti Tp. H Ch Minh S t chc ca S Xy Dng H Ni Quy hoch c s QLCTR ti H Ni C cu ngn sch qun l cht thi rn ti URENCO H Ni V tr c s x l CTR ti H Ni S lu chuyn cht thi ti H Ni V tr cc c s x l QLCTR ti Hi Phng Lu chuyn rc Hi Phng V tr cc c s x l cht thi rn ti Hu Dng lu chuyn cht thi rn ti Hu V tr 11 trm trung chuyn ti Nng V ch bi chn lp cht thi rn ti Nng Dng lu chuyn cht thi rn ti Nng H thng QLCTRT ti Tp, HCM V tr cc khu x l CTR ti Tp. HCM Dng lu chuyn cht thi rn th ti Tp.HCM H thng qun l mi trng hin hnh cc khu cng nghip H thng thanh tra ti cc KCN Xu hng v t l cc doanh nghip ti Vit Nam Pht trin KCN v t s dng cho KCN V tr cc KCN c thnh lp V tr KCN ti thnh ph H Ni V tr KCN ti thnh ph Hi Phng V tr cc KCN ti Tnh Tha Thin Hu V tr cc KCN ti Nng V tr cc KCN ti Tp.HCM V tr cc KCN ti tnh ng Nai V tr cc KCN ti tnh B Ra Vng Tu V tr cc KCN ti tnh Bnh Dng S v tr im kho st bng hi Phng php x l cht thi cng nghip thng thng Phng php x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi Kh khn ca cc doanh nghip p dng v thc hin ISO/CSR C cu hnh chnh v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t cp trung ng v a phng C cu t chc B Y t V d v nc thi y t ti mt s bnh vin S rt gn mt s cng ngh x l nc thi C cu s lng ging bnh ti cc bnh vin kho st Thng ng cht thi sc nhn phn loi Cc phng tin thu gom cht thi trong phm vi bnh vin Ni lu tr tm thi ti cc bnh vin kho st Phng php x l cht thi ly nhim ti cc bnh vin c kho st Cc phng php x l cht thi ho cht ti cc bnh vin kho st Phng php x l cht thi phng x Ph x l cht thi y t nguy hi thu ngoi Ph x l cht thi thng thng thu ngoi S lng cn b, nhn vin ph trch qun l cht thi ti cc bnh vin kho st Thi im lp t h thng x l nc thi
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Hnh 4-16 Hnh 4-17 Hnh 4-18 Hnh 4-19 Hnh 4-20 Hnh 4-21 Hnh 4-22 Hnh 4-23
L do khng hot ng ca h thng x l nc thi Cc h thng x l nc thi ti cc bnh vin c kho st Chi ph ban u cho h thng x l nc thi T l c cu chi ph ban u cho h thng x l nc thi Chi ph vn hnh & duy tr h thng x l nc thi Qun l nc thi ti cc bnh vin kho st Cc chng trnh nng cao nhn thc cho cn b y t Tp hun/ Chng trnh gio dc cho nhn vin (khng phi cn b y t)
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Danh mc nh nh 2-1: nh 2-2: nh 2-3: nh 2-4: nh 2-5: nh 2-6: nh 2-7: nh 4-1: nh 4-2: nh 4-3: nh 4-4: nh 4-5: nh 4-6: H thng thu gom rc xe y tay v thu gom bng thng Phn loi rc ti ngun ti H Ni Thng thu gom v h thng trm trung chuyn ti Nng Cht thi rn ti cc lng ngh ti ch Bc Ninh Trm trung chuyn ti thnh ph Nng Trm trung chuyn ti thnh ph H Ch Minh Ngy hi ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh Mt s v d v h thng x l nc thi ti cc bnh vin Vit Nam Cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin L t cht thi y t ti URENCO Hi Phng L t cht thi y t ca URENCO H Ni L t cht thi y t ti Tha Thin Hu Cc l t cht thi y t ca CITENCO thnh ph H Ch Minh.
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Danh mc vit tt MSW IW MW MONRE MOC WEPA VEA EIA MOH MPI MOF MOIT PPCs DOF DOC DONRE URENCO MSWM ISWM MWWM SWM HPC HEPCO IP ISO CSR JICA WHO UNDP ODA Cht thi rn th (CTRT) Cht thi cng nghip (CTCN) Cht thi y t (CTYT) B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (BTNMT) B Xy dng (BXD) Cc qun l cht thi v Ci thin mi trng Tng cc Mi trng nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) B Y t B K hoch u t B Ti chnh B Thng tin Truyn thng y ban nhn dn (UBND) S Ti chnh S Xy dng S Ti nguyn Mi trng (S TNMT) Cng ty Mi trng th Qun l cht thi rn th (QLCTRT) Qun l cht thi rn cng nghip (QLCTRCN) Qun l cht thi rn y t (QLCTRYT) Qun ly cht thi rn (QLCTR) y ban nhn dn thnh ph H Ni Cng ty Mi trng v Cng trnh th Hu Khu Cng nghip (KCN) International Organization for Standardization/ T chc Tiu chun Quc t Corporate Social Responsibility/ Trch nhim x hi Japan International Cooperation Agency/ C quan hp tc quc t Nht Bn World Health Organization/ T chc y t th gii United Nations Development Program/ Chng trnh pht trin Lin hip quc Official Development Assistance/ H tr pht trin chnh thc
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CHNG 1 QUN L CHT THI RN VIT NAM

1.1 Thng tin chung v Vit Nam
Vit Nam l quc gia nm pha ng bn o ng Dng ng Nam . Vit Nam tip gip vi Trung Quc pha bc, Lo pha ty bc, Campuchia pha ty nam v Bin ng pha ng. Din tch ca Vit Nam khong 330,000km2, l quc gia ln th 65 trn th gii. Nm 2009, dn s khong 85.7 triu ngi, a Vit Nam ng th 14 v quc gia ng dn trn th gii nhng cng gy p lu di i vi ngun li t nhin. Trong nhng nm tip theo, d on t l th ho Vit Nam tip tc tng. c tnh dn s nm 2015 vng th l 35 triu ngi (chim 38% tng s dn c nc), n nm 2025 l 52 triu ngi (chim 50% tng s dn c nc). 1.2. Thng tin chung v cht thi Vit Nam Theo Ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-CP ngy 9 thng 4 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph, qun l cht thi Vit Nam c chia thnh cht thi rn thng thng v cht thi rn nguy hi. V h thng qun l, cht thi rn c chia thnh ba loi: cht thi rn sinh hot, cht thi cng nghip v cht thi y t. Theo s liu thng k ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Vit Nam pht sinh hn 15 triu tn rc thi t nhiu ngun khc nhau. Trn 80% (12.8 triu tn/nm) l t ngun thi sinh hot, gm h gia nh, nh hng, ch v cc c s kinh doanh. Ngnh cng nghip pht sinh ra hn 2.6 triu tn rc thi (17 phn trm) mi nm, y l ngun quan trng ng th hai. Khong 160.000 tn/nm (1 phn trm) cht thi ca Vit Nam c coi l cht nguy hi, gm cht thi y t nguy hi t bnh vin, cht thi nguy hi hoc d chy t qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, thuc tr su v cht bo v thc vt trong nng nghip. Nu khng c qun l tt, cc cht thi y t, c hi, d gy ung th v cc cht c hi khc trong rc thi s l mi e do ln i vi sc kho v mi trng cng cng. Cc con s ny c m t ti Bng 1.1 v 1.2. Bng 1-1. Tng quan qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam
Pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot (tn/nm) Ton quc Vng th Nng thn Pht sinh cht thi c hi t ngnh cng nghip (tn/nm) Pht sinh cht thi khng c hi t ngnh cng nghip (tn/nm) Pht sinh cht thi y t c hi (tn/nm) Pht sinh cht thi sinh hot (kg/ngi/ngy Ton quc Vng th Nng thn Thu gom cht thi% cht thi pht sinh) Vng th Nng thn Cc h ngho th S n v chn lp cht thi rn C s x l trung gian (bao gm ch bin phn hu c) Chn lp v bi chn lp khng t tiu chun Chn lp hp v sinh Nng lc x l cht thi y t c hi% tng s Ngun: World Bank [2004], sp xp s liu bi JST 12,800,000 6,400,000 6,400,000 128,400 2,510,000 21,000 0.4 0.7 0.3 71% <20% 10-20% 12 74 17 50%
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Bng 1-2 Lng cht thi pht sinh Vit Nam

Hng mc CTR sinh hot Cht thi cng nghip (khng nguy hi) Cht thi cng nghip (nguy hi) Cht thi y t (nguy hi) Ngun x thi Khu thng mi, khu dn c, ch Cng nghip Cng nghip Bnh vin Loi cht rn cht thi nh bp, nha, giy, thu tinh v.v kim loi, g v.v. du t, bn thi, ho cht hu c giy, mu, kim tim v.v. S lng (tn/nm) Nng th Tng s thn 6,400 1,740 126 8,266 Cht trng trt N.A. 6,400 770 2.4 7,172 64,560 12,800 2,510 128 21.5 15,459 64,560
Tng (khng bao gm cht thi nng nghip) Cht thi nng nghip Ngun: World Bank [2004] Trng trt, chn nui
c tnh lng cht thi Vit Nam c th hin bng di y. c tnh cht thi sinh hot v cht thi cng nghip s tng nhanh trong vng t 10 n 15 nm ti. Bng 1-3 c tnh lng cht thi pht sinh Vit Nam
(n v: triu tn)
Nm/loi 2015 2020 2025 Cht thi sinh hot 22.2 35.2 51.7 Cht thi rn Cng nghip 9.6 20.8 27.8 Cht thi y t 0.2 0.3 0.3 Cht thi rn nng thn 9.8 8.8 7.6 Cht thi t cc lng ngh 1.8 2.5 3.6 Tng cng 43.6 67.6 91.0
Ngun: Chin lc quc gia v qun l cht thi rn tng hp n nm 2025 v tm nhn ti nm 2050
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CHNG 2 QUN L CHT THI RN TH (QLCTRT)

2.1 2.1.1 Thc trng QLCTRT Vit Nam C ch hnh chnh (1) Cp quc gia Nhn chung, c quan nh nc qun l mi trng Vit Nam l B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (MONRE) vi ba n v hnh chnh chnh c giao quyn qun l nh nc v cht thi, trong bao gm Cc qun l cht thi v ci thin mi trng (WEPA), Tng cc mi trng Vit Nam (VEA). Tuy nhin, v qun l cht thi sinh hot (QLCTRT), B Xy dng (MOC) l c quan u mi v qun l QLCTRT. Ngoi ra, cc b khc v U ban nhn dn cp tnh (c quan hnh chnh a phng tnh/thnh ca Vit Nam) cng tham gia trc tip vo cc hot ng qun l cht thi.
B Xy dng (MOC): l c quan trung ng ph trch trc tip v vn qun l cht thi rn th v cc khu x l cht thi. Trch nhim v thm quyn ca b v qun l cht thi rn nh sau: S t chc ca MOC c th hin ti Hnh 1.1 di y.
o Xy dng chnh sch v th ch, quy hoch v xy dng cc c s x l cht thi rn.
o Xy dng v qun l k hoch xy dng c s h tng v cht thi cp quc gia v

tnh.
Hnh 2-1 S t chc B xy dng v cc V/Cc lin quan
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (MONRE): l c quan chu trch nhim v qun l v bo v mi trng Vit Nam. Vai tr ca b v qun l cht thi l phi hp
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vi cc b khc ban hnh hng dn, quy nh, tiu chun v qun l cht thi, xy dng k hoch qun l cht thi hng nm v di hn, xy dng chnh sch v chin lc, k hoch v phn b ngn sch nghin cu v phat trin cho cc d n x l cht thi v ph duyt, ph chun bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (EIA). S t chc MONRE nh sau:
Hnh 2-2 S t chc MONRE v cc b phn lin quan v QLCTR
B Y t (MOH): MOH tham gia qun l cht thi y t. Trch nhim ca b v qun l cht thi ch yu l nh gi tc ng cht thi rn i vi sc kho con ngi, thanh tra, gim st hot ng x l cht thi bnh vin. B K hoch v u t (MPI): l c quan ban hnh chnh sch c nh hng nht cp b v nhim v ca b l xut Chnh ph ph duyt phn b ngn sch nh nc ni chung. V qun l cht thi, B K hoch v u t cng B Ti chnh xem xt cp vn v ti chnh cho cc b, c quan ca chnh ph v a phng thc hin k hoch qun l cht thi trn c s k hoch qun l cht thi di hn. Ngoi ra, B K hoch v u t phi hp vi B Ti chnh xy dng cc u i v kinh t thc y hot ng qun l cht thi; nh l u i thu, khu hao ti sn c nh v u i s dng t. B Ti chnh (MOF): cng vi B K hoch v u t phn b ngn sch cho cc hot ng qun l cht thi.Tuy nhin, c quan ny tp trung vo cc vn ti chnh v gi c. B Thng tin Truyn thng (MOIT): hng dn tuyn truyn ph cp ti liu php lut v qun l cht thi nng cao nhn thc v trch nhim ca cng ng v bo v mi trng.
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Bo co tin (2)
Mi quan h gia cc c quan chnh ph Vit nam v qun l cht thi rn c th hin ti Hnh 2-3. Tham kho thng tin v chc nng, vai tr ca tng c quan ti Ch th s 199/1997/CT-TTg.
MONRE
MOC
MOH
MPI & MOF
Cht thi rn cng nghip

Nguy hi Khng nguy hi
Cht thi rn th
Cht thi rn y t
Nguy hi Khng nguy hi : Qun l trc tip : Qun l gin tip : Quan h v ti chnh
Hnh 2-3 Khung th ch v qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam (2) Cp a phng Hi ng nhn dn: l i din ca c quan quyn lc ca nh nc a phng. Hi ng nhn dn do dn a phng bu v c quyn lc cao nht cp a phng. U ban nhn dn: l c quan chp hnh ca Hi ng nhn dn, chu trch nhim qun l nh nc a phng. Trch nhim qun l cht thi ca c quan ny nh sau: o Thc hin quy nh qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng a phng, ch o cc c quan chc nng t chc, phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng trung c xy dng k hoch thng nin v di hn v qun l cht thi, p dng cc bin php gip a phng thc hin tt nhim v ca mnh v v sinh mi trng. Ph duyt cc d n x l cht thi a phng trn c s iu kin dn s, kinh t x hi v iu kin cng nghip tng a phng. Huy ng vn u t t cc ngun khc nhau xy dng bi chn rc v xy dng c ch khuyn khch cc t chc phi chnh ph tham gia qun l cht thi. Ch o DOC v/hoc DONRE cp tnh/a phng thc hin cc d n x l cht thi gm thit k, xy dng, gim st, EIA v.v theo tiu chun mi trng v xy dng ca Vit Nam. Ch o TUPWS v URENCO cp tnh/a phng t chc thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc thi, ph duyt ph thu gom v x l rc thi theo khuyn ngh ca S Ti chnh tnh/a phng (DOF).
o o o
S xy dng (DOC): l c quan cp tnh, hot ng theo ch o ca c PPC v MOC. Trch nhim v qun l cht thi rn sinh hot v vng chn lp rc thi gm: gim st vic thc hin quy hoch th ca tnh hoc thnh ph c Th tng ph duyt, t chc thit k v xy dng cc d n chn lp rc thi theo tiu chun mi trng v xy dng, h tr PPC ra quyt nh v cc d n c s x l cht thi, phi hp vi DONRE bo co v xut vng chn lp rc thi ph hp cho PPC ph duyt. 5
Bo co tin (2)
S Ti nguyn v mi trng (DONRE): tng t nh DOC, c quan ny hot ng theo ch o ca hai cp: PPC v mt hnh chnh v chnh tr v MONRE v mt phi hp, h tr v hng dn k thut. DONRE c vai tr quan trng trong qun l cht thi, v gim st cht lng mi trng, qun l v thc hin cc chnh sch v quy nh v qun l cht thi do MONRE v PPC ban hnh, ph duyt EIA cho cc d n x l cht thi, phi hp vi DOC xem xt v la chn cc bi chn lp rc thi, sau xut vi PPC ph duyt bi chn lp ph hp nht. Tuy nhin, vai tr ca DOC v DONRE trong qun l cht thi rn ph thuc vo tnh cht v t chc ca tng tnh thnh v gia chng c th c khc bit. Cng ty mi trng th (URENCO) (c th mi tnh thnh c tn gi khc nhau tu theo chc nng v vai tr ca cng ty): l cng ty nh nc chu trch nhim thu gom, vn chuyn, x l cht thi tnh hoc thnh ph. V cc d n chn lp rc thi, URENCO thng c giao lm ch d n chn lp rc thi ng thi qun l, vn hnh bi chn lp. Ngoi ra, URENCO c th chu trch nhim thu gom rc thi rn, gi v sinh cng cng, chiu sng th, trng cy xanh v chm sc cy trn cc tuyn ph. 2.1.2. Khung php l Chnh ph Vit Nam ban hnh nhiu cng c php l quy nh v qun l cht thi rn, gm danh sch sau: Bng 2-1 Khung php l v qun l cht thi rn
Vn bn php l Lut bo v mi trng ni chung Lut bo v mi trng Quyt nh s 64/2003/Q-TTg ngy 22 thng 4 nm 2003 ca Th tng chnh ph ph duyt k hoch qun l cc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng Ngh nh s 117/2009 ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2009 do chnh ph ban hnh quy nh quy ch x pht vi phm hnh chnh v bo v mi trng Cc vn bn php l v cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi Quyt nh s 2149/2009/QD-TTg ngy 17 thng 12 nm 2009 ca Th tng chnh ph ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp cht thi rn n nm 2015, tm nhn n nm 2050 Ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-CP ngy 9 thng 4 nm 2007 ca chnh ph ban hnh quy nh v hot ng qun l cht thi rn, quyn hn v trch nhim ca cc c nhn, t chc lin quan n qun l cht thi rn Quyt nh s 152/1999/Q-TTg ngy 10 thng 7 ca Th tng chnh ph ph duyt chin lc quc gia v qun l cht thi rn ti cc khu cng nghip v khu th n nm 2020 Ch th s 199/TTg ngy 3 thng 4 nm 1997 ca Th tng chnh ph v cc bin php khn cp qun l cht thi rn th khu cng nghip v khu th C quan xy dng Quc hi MONRE, MOST C quan thc hin
Chnh ph quy nh chi tit lut ny MONRE, MOST Chnh quyn a phng c cc c s gy nhim MONRE B cng an v cc b lin quan, y ban nhn dn cc tnh
MONRE
MOC and MONRE
MONRE, MOC, MARD, MOIC, MOH, MOET v cc b lin quan
MOC
MOC, MONRE v cc b lin quan
MOC
MOC, MOSTE MOPI, MOF, MOI, MOH v cc b lin quan MOC, MOI, MOH, MOPI, MOF, MOT, MOSTE, MOCI y ban nhn dn tnh
n/a
Bo co tin (2)
Vn bn php l Vn bn php l v ti ch Quyt nh s 03/2004/Q-BTNMT ngy 2 thng 4 nm 2004 ca B ti nguyn v mi trng v nhp khu ph liu lm nguyn liu sn xut trong nc Cc c s h tng qun l cht thi Quyt nh s 1440/2008/QD-TTg ngy 6 thng 10 nm 2008 ca Th tng chnh ph ph duyt k hoch cc c s x l cht thi ti ba vng kinh t trng im min Bc, Trung, Nam n nm 2020 Thng t lin b s 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ngy 18 thng 1 nm 2001 hng dn cc quy nh v bo v mi trng i vi vic chn la a im , xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn Ph v l ph qun l cht thi rn Ngh nh s 174/2007/ND-CP ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2009 ca chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn Thng t s 39/2008/TT-BTC ngy 19 thng 5 nm 2008 ca b Ti chnh hng dn vic thi thnh Ngh nh s 174/2007/ND-CP ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2008 ca chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn Thng t s 45/2006/TT-BTC ngy 25 thng 5 ca b Ti chnh iu chnh, b sung thng t s 63/2002/TT-BTC v ph v l ph Thng t s 121/2008/TT-BTC ngy 12 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti chnh hng dn c ch u i v h tr ti chnh i vi hot ng u t cho qun l cht thi rn Thng t lin tch s 45/2010/TTLT-BTC-BTNMT ngy 30 thng 03 nm 2010 hng dn qun l qu mi trng Tiu chun QCVN 07:2010/BXD H tng k thut th, chng 9 SWM QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi bi rc
C quan xy dng MONRE
C quan thc hin
DONREs, VEPA (MONRE)
MOC
MOC, MOPI, MONRE, MOST, MOF y ban nhn dn tnh MOSTE, MOC
MOSTE, MOC
MOF
MOF, MONRE cc b lin quan v y ban nhn dn tnh MOF, MONRE cc b lin quan v y ban nhn dn tnh
MOF
MOF
MOF
MOF
MOF, MONRE
MOF, MONRE
MOF,MONRE, cc B lin quan v cc y ban nhn dn tnh
MOC MONRE
MOC, cc B lin quan v cc y ban nhn dn tnh MONRE, cc B lin quan v cc y ban nhn dn tnh
Ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-CP Ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-TTg ngy 9 thng 4 nm 2008 ca Th tng chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn. Ngh nh ny ban hnh quy nh ca chnh ph t giai on lp k hoch n giai on x l, quan trc v thanh tra trong ngnh qun l cht thi rn. Lp k hoch: Quy hoch x l cht thi rn c chia thnh hai cp l cp lin th hoc cp cc vng kinh t trng im v cp tnh. cp tnh, ch tch y ban nhn dn tnh s t chc vic xy dng v ph duyt k hoch qun l cht thi rn. B Xy dng s hp tc vi y ban nhn dn tnh xy dng quy hoch qun l cht thi rn ca tng vng hoc quy hoch cht thi rn lin tnh. u t: Nh nc khuyn khch nhiu dng u t vo ngnh qun l cht thi rn nh BBC, BOT, BTO, BT v v.v nh quy nh trong Lut u t. Nh u t cn c h tr bng cc chnh sch u i nh: min ph s dng t, h tr bi thng t, u i v tn dng Phn loi ti ngun: Quyt nh ny quy nh nhiu ni dung v phn loi cht thi ti ngun. Quyt nh ny quy nh rng cht thi phi c phn loi ti ngun v x l ng cch. V qun l cht thi rn, nhng i tng pht thi phi phn loi v x cht thi ng quy nh. Cht thi
Bo co tin (2)
nguy hi phi c tch ra khi cht thi thng thng theo ng cch. Danh mc cht thi nguy hi cng c MONRE ban hnh. Thu gom, lu tr v vn chuyn: cc doanh nghip hot ng thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi nguy hi phi ng k vi cc c quan c thm quyn. Cc i tng pht thi cht thi nguy hi ch c k hp ng x l vi cc doanh nghip c cc c quan c thm quyn cp php. Hng dn v qun l cht thi nguy hi c MONRE ban hnh. X l:Ph thuc vo tnh cht, thnh phn ca cht thi rn v iu kin a phng la chn cng ngh x l ph hp. Tuy nhin, khuyn khch la chn cng ngh tin tin v ti ch rc thi, x l rc thi gim kch c bi rc, sn sinh nng lng v m bo v sinh mi trng. Chi ph qun l cht thi rn: v qun l cht thi rn, ngoi ngn sch thu c t ph v sinh, chi ph cn c tr gi mt phn t chnh ph. Trong khi , chi ph qun l cht thi nguy hi nn thu t cc i tng pht thi da trn cc hp ng gia bn pht thi v cc cng ty thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi. y ban nhn dn tnh cn ban hnh cc quy ch v dch v cng theo hng dn ca B Xy dng. Quan trc, iu tra v x l vi phm: Cc c quan iu tra mi trng cc cp thc thi chc nng quan trc, iu tra v x l vi phm trong ngnh qun l cht thi rn. Nguyn tc qun l cht thi rn: 1. Cc t chc, c nhn pht thi cht thi rn hoc c cc hnh ng lin quan n pht thi cht thi rn phi tr ph thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi 2. Cht thi rn phi c phn loi ti ngun, ti ch, ti s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut v to ra nng lng 3.u tin p dng cng ngh x l cc cht thi khng phn hy gim din tch bi rc, tit kim khng gian 4. Khuyn khch x hi ha vic phn loi rc thi, thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc thi
2.1.3
Chnh sch v chin lc v QLCTR (1) Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp cht thi rn Chin lc quc gia v qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam ban hnh theo Quyt nh ca Th tng chnh ph s 2149/QD-TTG v vic ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp cht thi rn ti nm 2025 v Tm nhn ti nm 2050 (sau y gi tt l Chin lc v QLCTR) c xy dng bi MOC v MONRE trong nm 2009. Chin lc v QLCTR a ra mc tiu qun l cht thi rn, bao gm cht thi sinh hot, cht thi cng nghip, cht thi y t, trong cc nm mc tiu 2015, 2020 v 2025. Tm nhn n nm 2050 v mc tiu nm 2020 c nu trong Chin lc QLCTRCN nh sau: Tm nhn n nm 2050
Phn u ti nm 2050, tt c cc loi cht thi rn pht sinh u c thu gom, ti s dng v ti ch v x l trit bng nhng cng ngh tin tin, than thin vi mi trng v ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca tng a phng, hn ch khi lng cht thi rn phi chn lp ti mc thp nht.
Bo co tin (2)
Mc tiu n nm 2020
+ 90% tng cht thi rn t h gia nh v th c thu gom v x l bo v mi trng, trong 85% s c ti ch, ti s dng, ti to nng lng hoc sn xut phn bn hu c. + 80% tng cht thi rn trong xy dng x thi t cc thnh ph s c thu gom, trong 50% c thu gom ti s dng hoc ti ch. + 50% phn bn b pht t cc th loi 2 tr ln v 30% cc th cn li s c thu gom v x l an ton vi mi trng. + Gim s dng 65% ti nilon ti siu th v cc trung tm thng mi so vi nm 2010. + 80% cc thnh ph c im ring ti ch cht thi rn c phn loi t tng h gia nh. + 90% tng lng cht rn cng nghip khng nguy hi s c thu gom v x l bo v mi trng, trong 75% c thu gom ti s dng v ti ch. + 70% tng lng cht rn nguy hi t khu cng nghip c x l bo v mi trng. + 100% cht thi rn khng nguy hi v cht thi rn nguy hi t ngnh y t c thu gom v x l bo v mi trng. + 70% tng lng cht rn t vng nng thn v 80% t lng ngh c thu gom v x l bo v mi trng.
Trong chin lc v QLCTR, MOC v MONRE l cc b c trch nhim xy dng chnh sch v QLCTR v/hoc 3R (gim thiu, ti s dng v ti ch) cng nh vic thc hin QLCTR thuc v U ban nhn dn cp a phng. Mt khc, l cc n v h tr, vai tr ca MPI, MOF, MOIT, MOH, MARD, MIC cng c quy nh. Ngoi ra, t c mc tiu ca Chin lc v QLCTRCN, chng trnh hnh ng gm 10 chng trnh c xy dng km theo Chin lc trong bng sau.
Bo co tin (2)
Bng 2-2 Chng trnh hnh ng v vai tr ca cc b/ngnh c lin quan v Qun l tng hp cht thi rn
TT Tn chng trnh Thc y phng nga, gim thiu, ti ch, ti s dng cht thi rn Thc y phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun Thi gian C quan hon thnh ch tr - Xy dng v thc hin cc bin 2020 MONRE php v ngn chn, gim thiu, ti s dng v ti ch cht thi rn - Xy dng ngnh cng nghip ti ch - Xy dng vn bn v phng 2015 MONRE hng phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun - Xy dng m hnh v phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun Mc tiu Xy dng vng x l cht thi rn cp khu vc 2020 MOC C quan phi hp MOC, MOIT, MOH, cc b, ngnh hu quan v U ban nhn dn (PC) MOC, MOIT, MOH, MOF, PC
X l bi chn lp cht thi gy nhim mi trng theo quy nh ti Quyt nh s 64/2003/Q-TTg. - Khi phc v ci thin cc vng chn lp cht thi trn ton quc theo tiu chun mi trng Tng cng qun Tng cng QLCTRCN ti vng l cht thi rn nng thn v lng ngh vng nng thn v lng ngh Xy dng h Xy dng cc h thng c s d liu thng c s d hu quan v gim st cht thi trn liu v quan trc ton quc nng cao hiu qu m cht thi rn hnh qun l cht thi rn t cp trung ng n a phng Gio dc nng Nng cao nhn thc v phn loi, cao thc cng gim, ti ch, ti s dng cho mi ng tng lp dn nhn thng qua o to v gio dc
u t xy dng cng trnh x l cht thi rn cp vng X l cht thi rn sinh hot th trong giai on 2009-2020 Phc hi mi trng C s x l v chn lp cht thi
MOIT, MOH, MPI, MOF, MONRE, MOST, PC MPI, MOF, MONRE, MOST, PC
Xy dng cc nh my p dng cng ngh hn ch lp t x l cht thi rn sinh hot ti 64 tnh
2020
MOC
2020
MONRE
MOC, MOF, MPI, PC
2020
MARD1
MONRE, MOC, PC
2020
MONRE
MOC, MOIT, MOH, PC
2015
MIC
MOET, MOIT, MOH, MOC, MONRE
Xy dng h Hon thin h thng tiu chun, quy 2015 MOC MONRE, MOIT, MOH, MOF, MPI, thng chnh sch, nh, vn bn hng dn k thut, php lut v th chnh sch, th ch v QLCTRCN MOST 9 ch v qun l tng hp cht thi rn X l cht thi - m bo n nm 2025, 100% x 2025 MOH MONRE, MOC, rn y t trong thi cht thi rn t c s y t c MOF 10 giai on 2009 - thu gom v x l theo tiu chun 2025 mi trng Ngun: Chin lc quc gia v qun l cht thi rn tng hp n nm 2025 v tm nhn n nm 2050
L c quan chu trch nhim chnh v tin hnh ISWM, chun b tin hnh chin lc v ISWM, MOC trin khai cc haotj ng di dy trong nm 2010:
Trch nhim qun l cht thi rn vng nng thn vn ang c cc b MARD, MOC, MONRE tho lun. Trong quyt nh s 2149/QD-TTg, c ni rng nhim v cng c vic qun l cht thi rn cc vng nng thn v cc lng ngh thuc v MARD , phi hp vi MONRE v MOC. Tuy nhin, bo co cp a phng cho thy cha c c ch r rng v c quan no s chu trch nhim qun l cht thi rn nng thn. Trong cc quy nh v qun l cht thi rn, vai tr ca cc bn lin quan cha c trnh by r. V d nh ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-CP v quy ch qun l cht thi rn c quy nh v qun l cht thi rn c vng th v nng thn nhng khng nu r trch nhim ca MARD
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Bo co tin (2)
o o o o o o
Nghin cu cng ngh gim thiu cht thi ti cc bi rc: (Bao gm cht thi rn t cc h gia nh th v vng nng thn; cht thi rn y t v cht thi rn nguy hi) nh gi k hoch qun l cht thi rn ti cc tnh trong nc Xy dng hng dn k thut v lp k hoch qun l cht thi rn R sot v nh gi ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-CP v qun l cht thi rn Xy dng cc quy nh cho bo co nh k v qun l cht thi rn v cc thng s cn bo co Xy dng c s d liu; thu thp, phn tch v nh gi s liu v cht thi rn trn ton quc. Hng dn la chn nh u t x l cht thi rn cc khu vc lin tnh
(2) Lp k hoch cc c s x l cht thi rn Cng vi s iu phi ca MOC, k hoch quc gia v u t c s x l cht thi lin tnh ba vng kinh t trng im min bc, trung v nam n nm 2020 c th hin ti "Quyt nh s 1440/2008/QD-TTg ngy 6 thng 10 nm 2008 ca Th tng chnh ph. K hoch c tm tt ti bng sau. Bng 2-3 K hoch xut 7 vng x l CTR lin tnh
TT I Khu x l CTR lin tnh V tr Din tch Phm vi hot ng
Vng kinh t trng im pha Bc Khu x l CTR Nam Sn X Nam Sn, huyn ng Anh, H Ni - i vi CTR cng nghip: H Ni, Vnh Phc, H Ty, Bc Ninh, Hng Yn - i vi cht thi sinh hot: H Ni Khu x l CTR Sn Dng X Sn Dng, huyn Honh B, Qung Ninh - i vi CTR cng nghip: Qung Ninh, Hi Phng, Hi Dng - i vi CTR sinh hot: Qung Ninh
140-160 ha
100 ha
II
Vng kinh t trng im min trung Khu x l CTR Hng Vn X Hng Vn, huyn Hng Tr, Tha Thin Hu - i vi CTR cng nghip: Tha Thin Hu v Nng - i vi CTR sinh hot: thnh ph Hu - i vi CTR cng nghip: Qung Nam, Qung Ngi - i vi CTR sinh hot: Qung Ngi Khu x l CTR Ct Nhn X Ct Nhn, huyn Ph Ct, Bnh nh - i vi CTR cng nghip: Bnh nh v mt s tnh min ty v nam - i vi CTR sinh hot: Bnh nh
40 ha
Khu x l CTR Bnh Nguyn
X Bnh Nguyn, huyn Bnh Sn, Qung Ngi
70 ha
70 ha
III 1 2
Vng kinh t trng im pha Nam Khu x l CTR Tn Thanh Khu x l CTR C Chi X Tn Thanh, huyn Th Tha, Long An huyn C Chi, tp H Ch Minh 1.760ha 822 ha - i vi CTR sinh hot v cng nghip: Long An v Tp. H Ch Minh - i vi CTR cng nghip v c hi: Tp.H Ch Minh, Bnh Dng, Ty Ninh
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Bo co tin (2)
2.1.4
Cc nh ti tr v khu vc t nhn c lin quan ODA l ngun vn chnh cho cc d n mi trng ti Vit Nam ni chung v cc d n qun l cht thi rn ni ring. Cc nh ti tr chnh ngun vn ODA trong lnh vc qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam bao gm C quan hp tc quc t Nht Bn (JICA, bao gm tin thn ca JICA l JBIC), Ngn hng th gii (WB) v Ngn hng Pht trin Chu (ADB). (1) Tng quan v h tr ODA ca Nht Bn Cc d n ODA ch yu ca Nht lin quan n lnh vc qun l cht thi rn th c trnh by trong bng di y .
Bng 2-4 Cc d n ODA ch yu ca Nht c lin quan n lnh vc qun l cht thi rn th ti cc thnh ph nghin cu
D n/chng trnh H Ni D n nghin cu ci thin mi trng ti H Ni ti nc CHXHCN Vit Nam D n cung cp thit b qun l cht thi ti H Ni D n h tr cho sng kin 3R ti thnh ph H Ni Chng trnh pht trin th ton din ti thnh ph H Ni (bao gm qun l cht thi rn) Hi Phng Nghin cu v quy hoch ci thin v sinh ca thnh ph Hi Phng ti nc CHXHCN Vit Nam D n ci thin mi trng ti t hnh ph Hi Phng (I) D n ci thin mi trng ti t hnh ph Hi Phng (II) Hu Chng trnh cho nhn vin tp s t thnh ph Shizuoka ti thnh ph Hu Nng Nghin cu chin lc pht trin tng hp cho thnh ph Nng v khu vc ph cn DS 06.2008 ~ 11.2009 Khng c thng tin GTC 04.2006 ~ 03.2009 Khng c thng tin DS LA LA 05.2000 ~ 06.2001 04.2005 ~ 12.2011 03.2009 ~ 09.2013 Khng c thng tin 15.2 213.1 DS GA TC 07.1998 ~ 05.2000 01.2002 ~ 08.2003 11.2006 ~11.2009 Khng c thng tin 9.0 Khng c thng tin Khng c thng tin Loi h tr Giai on Vn
DS
12.2004 ~05.2006
Ngun: Hot ng ca JICA v cc d n ti tr ti Vit Nam , (2002.5, Vn phng JICA ti Vit Nam); http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/note/; do Nhm nghin cu JICA sp xp v cp nht. Ch thch: DS Nghin cu pht trin GA Vin tr khng hon li PTTC Hp tc k thut theo d n ETD C chuyn gia L A Vn vay u i GTC Hp tc k thut cp c s
(2) Chng trnh ca cc nh ti tr khc Bn cnh Nht Bn, Ngn hng Th gii v ADB vi t cch l cc nh ti tr c vai tr quan trng trong lnh vc qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam. ADB l lnh o ca mt nhm cc nh ti tr a quc gia, v lnh vc qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam cng tip nhn cc ngun ti tr song phng t cc quc gia khc nh: Thu in, Thu S, Canada, Hn Quc, vv.
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Bo co tin (2)
Cc d n ODA chnh ti Vit Nam, bao gm d n ti cc thnh ph nghin cu, c trnh by trong bng i y : Bng 2-5 Cc d n ch yu v qun l cht thi rn th ti Vit Nam ca cc nh ti tr khc
Nh ti tr D n/Chng trnh Chin lc qun l cht thi rn v K hoch hnh ng cho H Long/Cm Ph v Hi Phng X l nc thi v cht thi rn ti min Bc ca Vit Nam Nc thi v v sinh mi trng ti thnh ph Nng Nc thi v v sinh mi trng ti thnh ph Hi Phng ADB Ci thin mi trng ti thnh ph H Ch Minh Tng cng kim sot nhim v qun l cht thi rn ti khu th v khu cng nghip ti Vit Nam D n mi trng Vit Nam Canada (Giai on 2) D n kinh t rc thi (WasteEcon) Pht trin th ti Hu C quan thc hin U ban nhn dn tnh Hi Phng v Qung Ninh UBND tnh Nng UBND tnh Hi Phng UBND thnh ph HCM Loi h tr Khng c thng tin D n ng ng LA LA LA &GA Giai on Vn (triu US$) 0.65
1999-1999
Ngn hng Th gii
n/a 1999-2004 1999-2005 2000-2006
8.69 33.83 41 64.75 (LA) 1.80 (GA) 0.31
Thu in/ SIDA
N/A
GA
1996-1997
Canada/ CIDA
MONRE MOSTE UBND tnh Tha Thin Hu US-AEP, iCMA, TAF URENCO H Ni URENCO Hai Phong
GA GA GA
2000-2005 2000-2004 1996 -1999 2002-2003 1998 2000 2003 2009
11.5 n/a 5.07
Thu S/ SDC USA/USAID Ty Ban Nha Hn Quc/ KOICA
X hi ho cng tc qun l cht thi rn ti thnh ph H Ch Minh Nh my ch bin rc Cu Din Qun l v x l cht thi rn ti thnh ph Hi Phng
GA LA LA
0.14 4.00 19.61
Ngun: B K hoch v u t; B TNMT; do Nhm nghin cu JICA tng hp Ch thch: LA H tr vay vn GA Trao vin tr n/a: Khng c thng tin
(3) Khu vc t nhn Trong cc quy nh lin quan n qun l CTR (CTR th ni ring) ti Vit Nam, x hi ho l mt chnh sch c u tin pht trin ti c cp trung ng v a phng. Chnh ph khuyn khch mnh m khu vc t nhn tham gia vo thu gom, vn chuyn, x l cht thi rn. y cn ch rng, x hi khc khc vi t nhn kho. Khu vc t nhn phi hon ton chu ri ro trong qu trnh trin khai thc hin. Trong khi , i vi x hi ho, n i hi c s hp tc gia cc thnh phn kinh t t nhn v chnh ph, ni cch khc, trch nhim v ri ro c chia s gia cc cng ty x hi ha (khng do nh nc s hu) v chnh ph, v s tng tc gia hai bn l rt cn thit trong qu trnh thc hin. Chnh sch x hi ho ny c thc hin nhiu thnh ph ti Vit Nam ni m CTR th l mt vn u tin ca chnh quyn a phng. Cng vi chnh sch ny, s 13
Bo co tin (2)
lng cc cng ty cng nh lnh vc m cc cng ty ny tham gia vo trong qun l cht thi rn ang ngy cng c m rng. Trong thi gian gn y, trong lnh vc qun l CTR, cc cng ty theo x hi ha tham gia ch yu vo cng tc thu gom cht thi rn. Mt khc, cc cng ty t nhn cng tham gia vo lnh vc x l cht thi rn. Mt s c s x l cht thi rn ti cc thnh ph nghin cu c u t v vn hnh bi khu vc t nhn. Bng 2-6 Cc c s x l do khu vc t nhn u t ti cc thnh ph nghin cu
STT C s x l Ch s hu Cng ty c phn cng ngh Seraphin Green Cng ty c phn tin b Quc t (AIC) Nm bt u 2008 Cng sut 200 tn/ngy Cng ngh -Phn hu c - Ti ch nha - Vin nhin liu RDF - ng gch -Phn hu c - Ti ch - p rc v xut khu. Ch H Ni 1 Nh my x l rc Sn Ty a im: x Xun Sn, th x Sn Ty, H Ni. 2 Nh my x l rc Nam Sn a im: Khu x l CTR Nam Sn, huyn Sc Sn, H Ni.
- Khi cng xy dng vo thng 9 nm 2010. - D kin hot ng: Cui nm 2011 2006
2,000 tn/ngy
ang xy dng
Hu 1
Nh my x l rc Thu Phng a im: x Thu Phng, huyn Hng Thu, tnh TT Hu Nh my x l cht thi Hng Tr a im: x Hng Van, huyn Hng Tr, tnh TT Hu
Cng ty CP pht trin Tm Sinh Ngha LEMNA International., Inc
200 tn/ngy
-c ph duyt u t vo nm 2010 - D kin hot ng: cui nm 2012 - Bt u tip nhn cht thi t 2007 - hon thin vo nm 2010 Cui nm 2009
-Giai on 1: 300 tn/ngy -Giai on 2 (~ 2025) 600 tn/ngy 3,000 tn/ngy
Ansinh-ASC - - ti ch - l t rc nh - -Ti ch nha -Chn lp v sinh
Quy hoch theo vng kinh t trng im min Trung theo quyt nh 1440/2008/QD-T Tg
Thnh ph H Ch Minh 1 Khu lin hip x l cht thi rn a Phc a im: x a Phc, huyn Bnh Chnh, Tp.H Ch Minh 2 Nh my x l cht thi Vietstar a im: x Thi M, huyn C Chi, Tp.HCM (Khu lin hip x l cht thi Phc Hip) Nh my x l cht thi Tm Sinh Ngha a im: x Hip Phc, huyn C Chi, TP.HCM (trong khu lin hip x l CTR Phc Hip) Khu lin hip x l CTR Long An a im: x Tn Thnh, huyn Th Tha, tnh Long An
Cng ty gii php cht thi Vit Nam (Vietnam Waste Solutions.,Inc) Vietstar.,Jsc (Cng ty con ca LEMNA International., Inc) Cng ty CP u t pht trin Tm Sinh Ngha
-Chn lp v sinh - - Ti ch
-Giai on 1: 600 t/ng -Giai on 2: 1,200t/ng 1,000 tn/ngy
- -Ti ch nha
Cng ty gii php cht thi Vit Nam (Vietnam Waste Solutions.,Inc (VWS))
- Bt u xy dng vo thng 4 nm 2008 -D kin hot ng: cui nm 2010 B Xy dng va ph duyt la chn VWS lm ch u t
- -Ti ch nha
1,760 ha
n/a
Quy hoch theo vng kinh t trng im min Trung theo quyt nh 1440/2008/QD-T Tg
Danh sch cc cng ty khng thuc s hu nh nc c tham gia vo thu gom v vn 14

Bo co tin (2)
chuyn cht thi ti H Ni v Hi Phng c lit k trong Bng 2-7. Bng 2-7 Cc cng ty khng thuc s hu nh nc tham gia thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn th ti H Ni v Hi Phng
TT Tn cng ty H Ni 1 Cng ty CP Mi trng Thng Long 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cng ty CP Mi trng Ty Cng ty CP Green Cng ty CP mi tng v cng ngh Sinh Thi Hp tc x Thnh Cng Cng ty CP mi trng H ng Cng ty CP mi trng v cng trnh th Sn Ty Loi hnh cng ty Cng ty c phn Cng ty c phn Cng ty c phn Cng ty c phn Hp tc x Cng ty c phn Cng ty c phn Qun H ng TX Sn Ty Khu vc hot ng Qun: Hong Mai, Ty H, Cu Giy, Long Bin, Thanh Xun theo hnh thc u thu
Hi Phng 1 Hp tc x Thnh Vinh
Hp tc x
Huyn Dng Kinh
Ti Hu v Nng, khu vc t nhn tham gia vo thu gom CTR ch yu ti vng nng thn. H thng t chc cc i nh v lin lc vi UBND x hoc huyn. Hin nay cha c s liu thng k cng nh thng tin v cc i thu gom rc ny. Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, h thng thu gom c mt s im khc bit so vi cc thnh ph khc. H thng thu gom ca Tp.HCM c m t trong hnh di y v c gii thch nh sau;
(1) Cht thi c thu gom trc tip bi cc xe p (cc xe p ln hn 4 tn) t cc khu dn c v vn chuyn n cng trng x l rc. (2) Cht thi c thu gom bi cc xe p <4 tn c vn chuyn n cc trm trung chuyn. Cht thi c thu gom bng xe tay, thng gn cc trm trung chuyn cng c vn chuyn n y. (3) Rc thi c thu gom bng xe tay, thng c a n im hn thu gom a ln xe p. Ti y, (6)- xe p <4 tn s vn chuyn rc n cc b trung chuyn rc a rc ln cc xe p c cng sut ln hn, m khng cn qua trm trung chuyn p rc kn; V, (8)- xe p <4 tn s vn chuyn rc trc tip n ni x l rc; hoc (5)-n b trung chuyn rc (vi my p) v chuyn rc vo vo xe cng ten n. (7)- Ti cc trm trung chuyn, cht thi s c a vo cc xe cng ten n (vi trng ti l 15 tn) v vn chuyn n ni x l. (4) Cht thi thu gom bi xe tay hoc thng c em n b trung chuyn a ln xe p hoc xe ti. (9)-sau , xe p >4 tn hoc xe ti > 7 tn s vn chuyn rc n cc cng trng x l CTR.
1 2 3 5 8 4 6 9
Xe p>4 tons; xe ti<7tons
(Ngun: trang web ca CITENCO)
Hnh 2-4 H thng thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn th ti Tp.H Ch Minh
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Bo co tin (2)
Cng ty thu gom chnh ti Tp.HCM l CITENCO, mt cng ty nh nc. Ngoi ra, c khong 22 cng ty dch v cng ch di s qun l ca UBND cc qun/huyn cng hot ng v thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn th. Khu vc t nhn tham gia tch cc vo vic thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, v d nh cc i thu gom, hp tc x v sinh mi trng, vv. Hot ng chnh ca h l thu gom rc t cc h gia nh v cc ng hm. Cc hot ng chnh trong thu gom v vn chuyn CTR th ca khu vc cng v t c trnh by trong Bng di y. Bng 2-8 Phm vi hot ng chnh ca cc cng ty v sinh mi trng ti Tp.HCM
Loi Cng ty Cng ty mi trng th (CITENCO) Cc hot ng chnh - m bo v sinh ti cc ng chnh . -Vn chuyn rc t cc trm trung chuyn n cc cng trng x l - Qut v thu gom rc thi trn ng ph. - Thu gom rc t ch, cc khu vc cng cng . - Thu gom khong 30% rc thi ca cc h gia nh. - K hp ng vi CITENCO vn chuyn rc n ni x l. - Thu gom khong 70% rc thi ca cc h gia nh . - Qut v thu gom rc ti cc ng hm, cc con ph nh. - Vn chuyn rc n cc b trung chuyn rc chuyn ti cc cng ty vn ti . Ch - Ch yu ti giai on 1, 5, 7, 8, 9 ca h thng trong m hnh 2.4 -Ch yu ti giai on 2, 5, 6 ca h thng trong m hnh 2.4
Khu vc cng cng
Cc cng ty dch v cng ch thuc cc qun/huyn: 22 cng ty
Khu vc t nhn
Cc i thu gom: khong 30 i HTX v sinh mi trng: 5 hp tc x
- Ch yu ti giai on 3, 4 ca h thng trong m hnh 2.4
2.2 2.2.1
Hin trng qun l cht thi rn th ti cc thnh ph nghin cu Tng quan Khi qut v qun l cht thi rn th ti nm thnh ph nghin cu, bao gm I: thng tin chung, II. Hin trng h thng qun l cht thi rn th, III. K hoch tng lai, IV> cc vn khc c trnh by trong Bng 2-7 di y. Cc thng tin ng ch bao gm. C quan qun l cht thi rn th trc thuc UBND l S Xy dng ca H Ni, Hi Phng, Hu; trong khi , v ti Tp. H Ch Minh v Nng l S Ti nguyn v Mi trng . Ti tt c cc thnh ph nghin cu, chn lp v sinh u c ph bin. l mt cng on x l trung gian chnh ti 4 thnh ph nghin cu, ngoi tr Nng Ti tt c cc thnh ph nghin cu, quy hoch tng th v cht thi rn u cha c xy dng Bng 2-9 a ra danh sch v c quan qun l cc c s cht thi rn th ti nm thnh ph nghin cu.
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Bo co tin (2)
Bng 2-9 S lc QLCTRT ti cc thnh ph nghin cu

TT I 1 2 3 4 5 tph Mc Thng tin chung Din tch (km2) Dn s S phng, x Mt (Ngi/ km2) Ghi ch H Ni 3,344.7 6,500,000 29 districts 1,943 -Th ca Vit Nam -Thnh ph trc thuc trung ng (cp c bit) Hi Phng 1,507.57 1,884,685 15 districts 1,207 - Thnh ph trc thuc trung ng (cp 1) - Thnh ph cng min bc 83.3 333,004 27 wards 3,997 - Thnh ph trc thuc tnh (tnh Tha Thin Hu) - L thnh ph du lch, Di sn th gii t nm 1993 DOC Hu 1.283,42 822,178 8 districts 640 - Thnh ph trc thuc trung ng (cp 1) -Thnh ph du lch Nng 2,095 7,123,340 24 districts 3,401 - Thnh ph trc thuc trung ng (cp c bit) -Trung tm kinh t ln v l thnh ph ln nht VN Tp.H Ch Minh
II 1 2
H thng QLCTRT hin ti C quan DOC qun l H thng php lut Quy hoch ang xy dng
DOC
DONRE
DONRE
Quy nh v QLCTR
1/ Quyt nh s 11/2010/QD-UB ND v quy nh v QLCTRT thng thng ti H Ni 2/ Quyt nh s 111/2007QD-UB ND v thu ph v sinh
Ch a c Ti liu hng dn : 1/Ngh quyt s 04/2005/NQ-HDND v i mi qun l QLCTRT ti Hi Phng giai on 2005-2010 2/ K hoch s 6444/2005/UBND-GT v thc hin ngh quyt s 4/2005/NQ-HDND 1/ Quyt nh s.139/2008/QD-UBND v Quyt nh s 431/2008/QD-UBND v chnh sa ph v sinh
K hoch v h thng thu gom v x l rc thi rn ca tha Thin Hu cho n nm 2010 tm nhn n nm 2020.
Cha c Ti liu hng dn: 1/Quyt nh s No.41/2008/QD-UBND v xy dng chng trnh: Xy dng nng thnh ph mi trng
Cha c ( bt u xy dng t nm 2004 nhng chac ph duyt)
1/ Quyt nh s .10/2010/Q-UBND v xy dng Quy nh m bo v sinh mi trng trong cc hot ng du lch ti sng Hng 2/Quyt nh s 576/2009/QD-UBND ca tnh Tha Thin Hu ban hnh quy ch np sng mi th ca tnh Tha Thin Hu. Trong , nu r trch nhim ca c nhn, t chc v gi gn v sinh ~202 tn 1 cng ty HEPCO 0
3 4
5 6
III 1
S lng x ~4.000 tn thi Cng ty thu 17 cng ty v gom hp tc x Cng ty thu URENCO Hanoi gom chnh Trm trung 0 chuyn C s x l rc thi 4 (1 hin tm Chn lp thi ng ca) Nh my 3 compositing K hoch trong tong lai C s/cng 1/M rng bi ngh x l chn lp Nam rc thi Sn, giai on II, tng din tch l 83.5 ha 2/Trm trung chuyn QLCTRT
~980 tn 5 cng ty URENCO Hai Phong 0
1/ Quyt nh s 3903/QD-UB: quy nh v QLCTR ti thnh ph nng 2/ Quyt nh s 142/200/Q-UB: quy nh v bo v mi trng Nng 3/ Quyt nh s 63/2007/Q-UBND v thu ph v sinh v qun l Nng 4/ Quyt nh s 27/2008/Q: Quy ch qun l, phn b, thanh ton dch v v sinh mi trng theo mu quy nh ~660 1 cng ty URENCO Da Nang 11 nos (quy m nh)
1/ Quyt nh s 130/2002/ QD-UBND v ban hnh quy ch qun l QLCTRT thnh ph H Ch Minh ngy 18 thng 11 nm 2002. Trong nu r trac nhim ca cc thnh phn i tc lin quan, tuy nhin khng quy nh v x pht
~6.300 tn Nhiu cng ty, hp tc x v nhm t nhn CITENCO 2 nos (quy m ln)
6 (4 l khu chn lp m) 1
1 1
1 0
2 1
1/A bi chn lp v sinh ti khu lin hp jx l cht thi Gia Minh (vay vn JICA)
1/ M rng khu chn lp hin ti 2/ Thm 2 khu chn lp ti hai khu lin hp x l rc t hi
1/ D n CDM ti bi chn lp Khnh Sn ang dc thc hin. PC Nng c MONRE ph duyt v PIN. PDD ang c tin hnh vi cng ty ca Italy (Pangea Energy Co.,Ltd) 2/ u t vo nh my x l rc thi c PC Nng ph duyt. Nh my ny do lin doanh mi trng Vit Nam u t : ti ch rc (nha v cao su) thnh du t. D n ny ang trong giai on gii to mt bng (tnh n thng 4 nm 2010)
1/ M rng khu chn lp hin c khu lin hp x l rc thi phc Hip 2/ Khu lin hp x l rc thi chung vi tnh Long An (730 ha) 3/ Nh my VWS ch bin phn hu c (ang xy dng) 4/ Nh my cmpositing plant (Seraphin, ang trong giai on gii phng mt bng) 5/ Nh my compositing ca CITENCO 6/L t QLCTRT (cng su: 2,000 t/d) c PC HCM ph duyt. Nh u t l Keppel Seghers Engineering Co., Ltd (Singapore)
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Bo co tin (2)
TT IV 1
tph H Ni Mc Cc vn khc Phn ngun SS angc duy (SS) Kinh tr ti d n 3R: nghim 1.Quy m: xp x 17.000 h gia nh 2.Thi gian: t 7/2007 3.Nh t chc: URENCO Hanoi (thuc ch o ca PC H Ni) vi s h tr ca JICA 4.Phng php: Cht ri hu c, v c, c th ti ch 5. kin ngi dn: rt ng h chng trnh ny 6. Hin trng: Duy tr v nghin cu m rng bi URENCO Hanoi
Hi Phng SS c th nghim ti phng An Bien huyn L Chn. Tuy nhin, m hin nh v ngng v khng c ngun ti chnh duy tr v nhiu l do khc.
Hu Khng c kinh nghim
Nng SS dc thchin nghin cu ti phng Nam Dng: 1.Quy m: 2.000 h gia nh 2.Thi gian: 2 thng t 6/2007~7/2007, 8/2007 ~9/2007) 3.Nh t chc: Nng URENCO vi kinh ph do Cc BVMT 4.Phng php: hai loi rc thi: v c v hu c 5. kin ngi dn: Rt ng h chng trnh ny. Tuy nhin do kh khn v h thng thu gom nn ngi dn cn h nghi v chng trnh 6. HIn trng: dng li do: -Khng c kinh ph -Cht thi sau khi phn loi c thu gom cng nhau, khng c thit b x l kp thi 7. K hoch trong tng lai: tip tc thc hin SS K hoch SS trnh UBND Nng nhng cha c ph duyt v thiu kinh ph. 1.Chng trnh Ngy ch nht xanh (ngy dn v sinh: ngi dn dn dp khu ph) 2. Thu gom cht c th ti ch gy qu cho cc hot ng ca Hi Ph n, Cng on ca cc phng nh Thanh Binh, Ngha Dng 3. a v sinh thnh mt trong cc tiu ch chn gia nh vn ho
Tp.H Ch Minh SS c thc hin nghin cu ti qun 6 1.Quy m: 9 phng /14 phng 2.Thi gian: 3/2006 ~ cui nm 2007 3.Nh t chc: DONRE v PC qun 6 4. Phng php: Thc n tha v rc (Tn ca rc thi i t rc hu c v v c ngi dn d hiu) 5. kin ngi dn: rt ng h chng trnh 6. Hin trng: dng do - Khng ph hp gia h thng thu gom v vn chuyn - Khng c nh my ch bin phn hu c vo thi im 7. K hoch trong tng lai: Duy tr li t thng 7-8 nm 2010. K hoch phn ngun do DONRE chun b.
Hot ng ca cng ng v v sinh
1. Dn sch v chiu th su v sng th by 2. 10 nm thc hin chin dch ph n v ngi dn th khng vt rc ra ng v va h 3. Nhiu s kin c t chc b on thanh nin v cc lin on khc v gi gn v sinh
1. ti rc ca ngi gi (ngi gi l thnh vin ca Cng on mang ti gom rc trn ph vo sng ch nht
1. Hot ng ca on Thanh nin, Hi ph n v chin dch v sinh ca thnh ph 2. Hot ng ca on Thanh nin/tnh nguyn vin trng i hc v bo v mi trng (c 5 trng H Hu)
1. Ngy ch nht xanh (ngi dn dn dp khu ph) 2. Ngy trao i c th ti ch (DONRE t chc), cng dn mang cht c th ti ch v cht c hi i ly qu
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Bo co tin (2)
Bng 2-10 C s QLCTRT ti nm thnh ph nghin cu

Thnh ph TT 1 2 3 1 2 3 Hi Phng 4 5 6 Hu Nng 1 1 1 2 H Ch Minh 1 Trm trung chuyn Quang Trung Bi chn lp cht thi rn Tn V tr C quan qun l Nam Sn Huyn Sc URENCO H Sn Ni Xun Sn Sn Ty UBND Huyn Sn Ty Kiu K Gia Lm X nghip MTT Gia Lm Trng Ct Huyn Hi An URENCO Hi Phng nh V Huyn Hi An URENCO Hi Phng Sn Huyn Sn UBND Huyn Sn Tin Lng Huyn Tin UBND huyn Lng Tin Lng Thy Huyn Thy UBND Huyn Nguyn Nguyn Thy Nguyn Vnh Bo Huyn Vnh UBND Huyn Bo Vnh Bo Thy Huyn Hng HEPCO Phng Thy Khnh Sn Huyn Lin URENCO Chiu Nng a Phc Phc Hip Khu lin hip x l cht thi a Phc Khu lin hip x l cht thi Phc Hip Phng 11, Qun G Vp Cng ty TNHH Vit Nam Waste Solution CITENCO Nh my ch bin phn hu c /Trm trung chuyn TT Tn V tr C quan qun l 1 Cu Din T Lim URENCO H Ni 2 Gia Lm Kiu K, Gia X nghip Lm MTT Gia Lm 3 Xun Sn Sn Ty UBND huyn Sn Ty 1 Trng Ct Huyn Hi An URENCO Hi Phng
H Ni
1 11 1
Tm Sinh Ngha Trm trung chuyn rc Vietstar
Huyn Hng Thy Thnh ph Nng Khu lin hip x l cht thi Phc Hip
Cng ty TNHH Tm Sinh Ngha URENCO Nng Cng ty TNHH Vietstar
Trm trung chuyn CITENCO 2 Tng Trn
Vn
S 1 Tng Vn Trn, Phng 5, Qun 11
CITENCO
Trong khun kh Nghin cu Qun l Mi trng th Vit Nam, nhm nghin cu JICA tin hnh thc hin kho st thc t v tnh hnh Qun l cht thi rn th ti nm a bn mc tiu. Cc thng tin lin quan n khi lng v thnh phn cht thi rn th ti cc cc a bn ny c xc nh thng qua cuc kho st ny. Kt qu kho st thc t v cc tnh ton i kn c th hin trong cc bng 2-11, 2-12 v 2-13. S liu nu trong bng 2-11 biu hin t l pht sinh cht thi rn o th ti tng thnh ph nghin cu trong bao gm c lng rc pht sinh t cc h gia nh v t cc c s kinh doanh. Cc con s nu ra y c tnh ton da trn cc thng tin thu thp t kho st v t cc nghin cu khc. Trong khi , t l pht sinh nu trong bng 2-12 ch nhm ti lng rc pht sinh t cc h gia nh. S liu trong bng ny c thu thp bng kho s trc tip ti ngun pht sinh cht thi. Bng 2-11 T l pht sinh cht thi rn th ti cc thnh ph nghin cu
TT 1 2 3 4 5 Mc Khi lng thu gom (tn/ngy) T l thu gom (%) Khi lng phy sinh (tn/ngy) Dn s (ngi) T l pht sinh (kg/ngi/ngy) H Ni 3,971 83.2 4,773 6,451,909 0.74 Hi Phng 1,024 80 1,280 1,837,173 0.70 Hu 202 90 224 337,169 0.67 Nng 662 90 736 887,437 0.83 Tp.HCM 6,343 90 7,048 7,162,864 0.98
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Bo co tin (2)
Bng 2-12 T l pht sinh cht thi rn ti cc h gia nh

n v: kg/ngi/ngy T.Ph Thu nhp Cao Thng Thp R 0.04 0.03 0.03 H Ni W 0.40 0.44 0.47
2
Hi Phng3 T 0.44 0.47 0.50 W 0.52 0.51 0.13 R 0.01 0.01 0.01
Hu W 0.38 0.31 0.27 T 0.39 0.32 0.28 0.33 R 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Nng W 0.43 0.27 0.24 0.31 T 0.44 0.28 0.25 0.32
Tp.H Ch Minh R 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 W 0.53 0.37 0.29 0.42 T 0.55 0.38 031 0.43
TB 0.03 0.44 0.47 0.46 0.01 0.32 Ghi ch: R Ph liu/ Rc ti ch; W Rc b; T Tng
i vi thnh phn cht thi t cc h gia nh, cht thi nh bp chim t l cao nht tt c cc thnh ph vi t l t 55% n 77%. Cht thi chim t l cao th hai l nha, trong phn ln ch yu l ti nilon. c bit, i vi kho st ti Hu, khng pht hin x than trong rc thi h gia nh d loi rc ny rt ph bin Vit Nam. Bng 2-13 Thnh phn cht thi h gia nh
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tng Loi rc Rc nh bp Giy Vi G Nha Da v cao su Kim loi Knh Snh s v ct X than Nguy hi Bm Cc loi khc H Ni 70.9 3.8 1.6 1.3 9.0 0.7 0.4 1.3 6.8 0.5 3.3 0.28 100
4
Hi Phng5 55.51 3.45 0.95 12.85 6.10 0.29 0.44 0.29 4.66 15.46 100
Hu 77.25 2.30 1.21 1.70 13.99 0.40 0.49 0.48 0.25 0.01 0.00 0.01 1.87 0.05 100
n v: % Nng Tp.HCM 63.92 1.97 2.40 2.57 13.82 1.68 0.77 1.84 2.15 3.18 2.46 0.50 2.17 0.58 100 65.40 6.77 1.78 3.96 16.07 0.81 0.68 0.51 0.18 0.35 0.69 0.11 2.55 0.14 100
Kho st v thnh phn cht thi khng ch c thc hin ti ngun pht sinh l cc h gia nh m cn c thc hin i vi cht thi u vo ti cc c s x l cht tahri rn ca tng thnh ph nghin cu. Kt qu ny s c th hin trong phn kt qu chi tit cho tng thnh ph. 2.2.2 H Ni (1) Khung th ch Di s ch o ca UBND thnh ph H Ni, QLCTRT ti thnh ph c giao cho S Xy dng S Xy Dng l c quan c chc nng qun l quy hoch v xy dng c s h
2 S liu tham kho t kho st v hin trng qun l cht thi rn th ti H Ni, D n 3R-HN, thng 7/2009 3 S liu tham kho t Nghin cu K hoch Ci thin iu kin VSMT Thnh ph Hi Phng- Nc CHXHCN VN, thng 7/2001 4 S liu tham kho t kho st v hin trng qun l cht thi rn th ti H Ni, D n 3R-HN, thng 7/2009 S liu tham kho t Nghin cu K hoch Ci thin iu kin VSMT Thnh ph Hi Phng- Nc CHXHCN VN, thng 7/2001 : Mu khng c ly trc tip t cc h gia nh m t cc xe thu gom. Kt qu c c tnh bi nhm nghin cu JICA.
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tng th nh cp thot nc, x l nc thi, chiu sng, cy xanh v cng vin, ngha trang, qun l cht thi rn vv....6 S t chc ca S Xy Dng c th hin ti Hnh 2-4 di y. "Phng qun l cng trnh ngm v c s h tng k thut mi trng l b phn ph trch chnh v cng tc qun l QLCTRT ca thnh ph. Gim c
8 Ph Gim c
Phng K hoch Hnh chnh Phng T chc cn b Phng qun l k thut v gim nh cht lng Phng qun l kinh t
Vn phng Phng php ch Thanh tra S Phng thm nh Ban 61
Phng Qun l v cp php xy dng Phng pht trin nh Phng qun l kinh doanh bt ng sn v nh
Phng qun l h tng k thut cp thot nc Phng qun l h tng k thut mi trng v cng trnh ngm
Hnh 2-5 S t chc ca S Xy Dng H Ni V thu gom, vn chuyn rc thi, x l v tiu hu ti H Ni, URENCO (Cng ty mi trng th) l cng ty nh nc chnh hot ng trong lnh vc ny. (2) Th ch Quy nh v qun l cht thi rn Quyt nh s 11/2010/QD-UBND ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2010 ban hnh Quy nh v rc thi rn th thng thng H Ni. (Quyt nh ny thay th Quyt nh 3093/1996/QD-UBND ban hnh nm 1996.) Ph v l ph: Quyt nh s111/2007QD-UBND ngy 22 thng 10 nm 2007 v thu ph v sinh ti H Ni (3) Quy hoch v QLCTR H Ni cha c Quy hoch QLCTR. Gn y, quy hoch thnh ph v H Ni mi ang c xy dng v yu t QLCTR s c a vo quy hoch. D kin quy hoch c ph duyt vo cui nm 2010. Bn cnh , quy hoch c s QLCTR do URENCO H Ni xy dng c th hin ti hnh 2-6 di y;
6 Quyt nh s 1597/Q-UBND ngy 06/5/2008 ca UBND thnh ph H Ni b sung vai tr v chc nng v C s h tng k thut th cho S Xy dng t S Giao thng cng chnh.
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Hnh 2-6 Quy hoch c s QLCTR ti H Ni
(4) Hin trng QLCTR 1) Thng tin chung Hin nay, tng lng CTRT pht sinh ti H Ni khong 4,000tn/ngy. Trong , khong 3,500 3,700 tn pht sinh t vng th ca thnh ph.
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Bng 2-14 Lng cht thi QLCTRT pht sinh ti H Ni7

2007 Kh lng (tn/ngy) 2,800 Kh lng (tn/nm) 1,008,000 Kh lng (tn/ngy) 3,500 2008 Kh lng (tn/nm) 1,277,500 Kh lng (tn/ngy) 4,100 2009 Kh lng (tn/nm) 1,493,500
2) Thu gom v vn chuyn C 18 cng ty8 tham gia thu gom v vn chuyn QLCTRT ti H Ni. Danh sch cc cng ty thu gom v vn chuyn c th hin trong Bng 2-15; Bng 2-14 Cc cng ty thu gom ti H Ni
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Tn cng ty Cng ty TNHH mi trng th mt thnh vin (URENCO) Cng ty C phn mi trng Thng Long Cng ty C phn mi trng Ty Cng ty C phn mi trng Xanh Cng ty C phn Cng ngh v Mi trng Sinh Thi Hp tc x Thnh Cng Cng ty c phn Mi trng H ng Cng ty Mi trng v Cng trnh th Sn Ty Cng ty Mi trng th Xun Mai Cng ty c phn mi trng Sng Hng Cng ty c phn thng mi Ni Bi Hp tc x Mai Dinh X nghip MTT T Lim X nghip MTT Thanh Tr X nghip MTT Gia Lm X nghip MTT ng Anh X nghip MTT Sc Sn Cng ty TNHH Mt thnh vin thot nc M hnh cng ty Cng ty nh nc Cng ty c phn Cng ty c phn Cng ty c phn Cng ty c phn Cng ty c phn Cng ty c phn Cng ty c phn Cng ty nh nc Cng ty c phn Cng ty c phn Hp tc x Cng ty Nh nc Cng ty Nh nc Cng ty Nh nc Cng ty Nh nc Cng ty Nh nc Cng ty Nh nc Qun H ng Th x Sn Ty Huyn Chng M Huyn M Linh Huyn Sc Sn Huyn Sc Sn Huyn T Lim Huyn Thanh Tr Huyn Gia Lm Huyn ng Anh Huyn Sc Sn Khng c thng tin Qun: Hong Mai, Ty H, Cu Giy, Long Bin, Thanh Xun. Khu vc dch v 4 qun chnh (Hon Kim, Ba nh, Hai B Trng, ng a)
V h thng thu gom hin nay, H Ni ang trong qu trnh thay i h thng thu gom t xe y sang thu gom bng thng
Xe y rc : y l h thng dch v thu gom ti ch , cng nhn y xe n khu dn c v g kng thu rc (h thng g kng ) H thng thng cha rc: thng cha rc bng nha (nhiu kch c) c t khu dn c ng rc.
7 Ngun: Hanoi URENCO 8 Ngun: Bo co ca H Ni v hin trng mi trng, S TN&MT v S Xy Dng H Ni
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nh 2-1 H thng thu gom rc xe y tay v thu gom bng thng Kha cnh ti chnh Nh trnh by trn y, chi ph SWM ti H Ni v cc vng khc trn c nc ch yu c bao cp t ngn sch nh nc. Theo s liu ca cng ty URENCO H Ni, ngn sch nh nc h tr hn 60% chi ph SWM. Trong khi , ph v sinh t cc h gia nh ch trang tri 10% chi ph SWM, xem hnh 2-7 di y.
Hnh 2-7 C cu ngn sch qun l cht thi rn ca URENCO9 3) Hot ng phn loi cht thi ti ngun Phn loi cht thi ti ngun(SS) c p dng ti H Ni vo nm 2003 & 2004 vi khu vc nghin cu ti phng Phan Chu Trinh. D n ny do URENCO H Ni thc hin v c cp kinh ph t U ban Nhn dn thnh ph H Ni. Theo d n ny, ngi dn c pht min ph hai loi ti nilon mi ngy phn loi rc thnh hai loi: rc hu c v rc v c. Tuy nhin, do mt nhiu kinh ph phn pht ti nilon nn nghin cu b ngng li. C nhiu d n nghin cu khc c thc hin ti H Ni. Tuy nhin, l d n nh v mang tnh t pht. Do , phn ln cc d n b ngng sau mt thi gian nht nh. Nm 2006, D n H tr thc hin sng kin 3R ti thnh ph H Ni gp phn pht trin x hi bn vng (d n 3R-HN)" c thc hin ti H Ni vi s gip k thut ca C quan hp tc quc t Nht Bn (JICA). Phn loi cht thi ti ngun c p dng l mt hp phn ca d n, ngay c khi d n kt thc vo nm 2009, hot ng phn loi cht thi ti ngun vn c duy tr do Hanoi URENCO v chnh quyn a phng thc hin. Thng 2 nm 2010, UBND thnh ph H Ni (HPC) ban hnh quy nh mi v QLCTR ti
Source: URENCO Hanoi
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H Ni trong m rng hot ng phn loi cht thi ti ngun cng l mt trong nhng mc tiu c nu ra. M hnh phn loi cht thi ti ngun 3R-HN c nu s lc ti Bng 2-16 v nh c th hin ti nh 2-2. Bng 2-16 Khi qut m hnh phn loi ngun H Ni (m hnh ti H Ni)
TT 1 2 3 Hng mc Quy m C quan thc hin Hng mc rc thi Chi tit 4 phng ca 4 qun, khong 17,000 h gia nh URENCO H Ni v UBND cc phng hu quan 1. Rc hu c: c ch bin phn hu c 2. Rc v c: chuyn ti khu chn lp Nam Sn 3. Rc ti ch c: bn/cho ngi mua ng nt Ti ngun: h gia nh c cp hai thng cha rc c mu sc khc nhau phn loi rc t ngun Ti im thu gom: H thng 240l thng cha rc Thi gian rc: 6.00pm~8.30pm im thu gom quy nh Khong 5,000 tn cht thi hu c c thu gom t 4 vng nghin cu v chuyn n nh my ch bin phn hu c Cu din V sinh c ci thin r rt (khong 90% ngi dn cng nhn) C s ng h ln t ngi dn v chnh quyn a phng
H thng thu gom
Kt qu
nh 2-2 Phn loi rc ti ngun ti H Ni V vn chuyn, hin ti thnh ph H Ni cha c trm trung chuyn cht thi rn th. Do , rc thu c c chuyn trc tip v bi chn lp Nam Sn (cch thnh ph 50km) hoc ti nh my ch bin phn hu c . Hot ng ni trn l h thng chnh thc v thu gom rc thi H Ni, Bn cnh , h thng thu gom khng chnh thc khc tn ti H Ni gom cht ti ch/ph liu nh giy, nha, kim loi 4) Cc hot ng xc tin 3R Qua d n 3R H Ni, ngi dn ti thnh ph c c hi tip cn vi khi nim 3R. Mc d d n kt thc vo cui nm 2009, nhng cc hot ng xc tin 3R vn c ngi dn v chnh quyn thnh ph tin hnh. Mt s hot ng v v sinh cng cng H Ni c trnh by bn di y:
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Bng 2-17 Ni dung cc hot ng 3R ti H Ni

i tng DONRE Hot ng Ngy ch nht khng ti ni lng. c t chc u tin vo ngy 8 thng 8 nm 2010 nhm khuyn khch ngi dn s dng ti sinh thi , gim s dng ti ni lng - Ngy v sinh vo sng th by v ti th Su do y ban nhn dn phng v cc t chc on th ca phng t chc - Chng trnh pht thanh v sinh pht vo mi sng th By Hi ph n - Phong tro Ph n th khng vt rc ra ng v ni cng cng c trin khai v duy tr sut 10 nm qua ti thnh ph H Ni -Cng tc vi cng ty URENCO H Ni t chc cc kha o to cho cc thnh vin hi ph n ti khu vc nng thn v 3R v sn xut phn bn ti gia URENCO - Phi hp vi chnh quyn a phng, hi ph n t chc gio dc mi trng v 3R cho cng ng nh t chc gio dc lu ng (chiu phim), gio dc mi trng ti cc nh my sn xut phn bn C nhiu cu lc b tnh nguyn v mi trng ang hot ng H Ni nh cu lc b 3R, Go green, C4E Cc cu lc b ny phi hp t chc nhiu chng trnh gio dc mi trng cho cng ng v cc trng hc. Mt trong nhng hot ng ni bt l t nm 2008 t chc hi ch Mottainai hai ln/ nm. Thanh nin H Ni, ngi dn H Ni Thnh vin hi ph n (cc b ni tr) Mc tiu Siu th, ngi mua hng, doanh nghip Cc h dn, c s kinh doanh
y ban nhn dn phng
Cu lc b tnh nguyn
Gio dc mi trng ti nh my sn xut phn bn
Gio dc mi trng ti cc nh my sn xut phn bn
nh 2-3 Cc hot ng xc tin 3R ti H Ni 5)Ti ch Hot ng ni trn l h thng chnh thc v thu gom rc thi H Ni. Ngoi ra cn c h thng khng chnh thc thu gom cht ti ch nh giy, nha, kim loi. Sau khi thu gom, ph liu c chuyn n cc lng ngh ti ch x l. Quanh H Ni c nhiu lng ti ch vi nhiu loi ph thi c ti ch c th hin ti Bng 2-18.10
10 Ngun: ng Kim Chi, Vin KH CN v MT
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Bng 2-18 Cc lng ngh trong v xung quanh H Ni

Thnh ph/tnh H Ni V tr/lng Nguyn liu ti ch S lng ti ch Phn trm (%)* 42 35 95 95 90 90 85 61
Triu Khc Nha 77 Trung Vn Nha 43 Dng Giy 350 Bc Ninh Ph Lm Giy 13 a Hi Kim loi 1,500 Hng Yn Minh Khai Nha 716 Vn Chng Kim loi 615 Nam nh Xun Tin Kim loi (ng) 2,015 Vnh Phc L Nhn Kim loi 670 Ghi ch: * t l h gia nh tham gia hot ng ti ch tnh theo tng s h gia nh ca lng
Tnh trng mi trng ti cc lng ti ch ang mc bo ng. Theo Bo co quc sgia v hin trng mi trng nm 2008, cht thi rn l m t trong nhng vn ca cc lng ngh song song vi nhim nc v nhim khng kh. c bit l lng ti ch giy v ti ch nha th thi ra mt lng ln cht thi rn hng ngy. Thnh phn cht thi rn ca cc khu vc ny thng bao gm nhn hng, bt giy, cao su Theo kt qu kho st ca Vin Khoa hc v cng ngh mi trng nm 200411, khi lng cht thi ti lng ti ch giy Dng Bc Ninh l khong t 4.0 n 4.5 tn/ngy. Tuy nhin, hu ht khi lng rc thi c thu gom v vn chuyn n cc bi rc l thin ca x/ huyn, hoc vt ngay cc bi t trng quanh lng. Theo kt qu ghi nhn c t t kho st thc a cc lng ngh ti tnh Bc Ninh, phng php ph bin nht x l cht thi rn ca cc hot ng ti ch l t rc, xem hnh 2-4.
Cht thi rn t cc lng ngh ti ch giy
t cht thi trn sngNg Huyn Kh
nh 2-4 Cht thi rn t cc lng ti ch Bc Ninh
6)X l Cc c s x l cht thi rn th ti H Ni c nu ti Bng 2-1712 v v tr cc c s c th hin ti Hnh 2-8.
11 Source: National report on Status of Environment: Environment of craft villages, 2008 12 Ngun: Bo co ca H Ni v hin trng mi trng, 2008
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Bng 2-19 Danh mc c s x l v tiu hu rc H Ni

TT C s Bi chn lp 1 2 Khu x l rc thi rn Nam Sn C quan qun l Vng dch v Hin trng - Tip nhn: ~3.000tn/ngy - Thi gian duy tr d kin: 12/ 2011 - Tip nhn: ~100 tn/ngy -Tm thi ng ca do nhim -Tip nhn: ~100 tn/ngy
URENCO Hanoi
T 10 qun v 5 huyn ngoi thnh Cc vng thuc huyn Gia Lm H ng, Chng M, Thanh Oai Th x Sn Ty, Huyn Ba V Rc h c t 4 qun chnh (ch yu l t cc ch) Rc t qun Gia Lm Rc t qun H ng v Hp tc x thu gom Thnh Cng
Bi chn lp Kiu X nghip MTT Gia Ky Lm Bi chn lp Ni X nghip MTT Xun 3 Thoong Mai Bi chn lp Xun Cng ty c phn MTT 4 Sn Sn Ty Nh my Ch bin phn hu c 1 2 3 Nh my Cu Din Nh my Kiu K Nh my Seraphin URENCO H Ni X nghip MTT huyn Gia Lm Cng ty C phn Cng ngh Mi trng Xanh SERAPHIN
- Nhn: 50 tn/ngy - Lm phn hu c: 8tn/ngy
- Nhn: 50 60 tn/ngy - Lm phn hu c: 6 tn/ngy - ng than: 23 tn/ngy
Hnh 2-8 V tr c s x l CTR ti H Ni 28

Bo co tin (2)
(5) Kt qu kho st hin trng qun l cht thi rn th ti H Ni Lng rc nhn c mi c s x l c th hin ti Bng 2-20. iu ny cho thy bi chn lp Nam Sn l c s QLCTR chnh H Ni tip nhn gn 90% lng rc. Bng 2-20 Lng rc thi ti cc c s QLCTR H Ni
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 C s x l Bi chn lp Nam Sn Bi chn lp Gia Lm (Kiu K) Bi chn lp Xun Sn Nh my ch bin phn hu c Kiu K Nh my ch bin phn hu c Cu Din Nh my ch bin phn hu c Seraphin Tng cng Khi lng ( tn/ngy) 3,468 118 227 49 53 56 3,972
Bng 2-21 cho thy thnh phn rc trong lng rc ti cc c s QLCTR ti H Ni Ti cc c s x l, rc nh bp chim t l cao nht, chim 53% n 73% v ng th hai l nha chim 8-13%. C s khc nhau v thnh phn chim t l cao th ba gia cc bi chn lp v nh my ch bin phn hu c. Ngoi ra, ta thy rng t l rc thi nh bp/rc hu c ti nh my phn hu c Cu Din chim thnh phn cao nht trong cc c s x l CTR. L do c th do rc v c s Cu Din c la chn t cc ngun nhiu rc hu c nh cc ch hoc rc c phn loi t 4 phng trung tm H Ni cng c a v y. Bng 2-21 Thnh phn rc n cc c s x l QLCTR H Ni
Unit: % TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Giy Vi G Nha Da v cao su Kim loi Thu tinh Snh s v ct X than Nguy hi Bm Cc loi khc Loi rc Rc nh bp Nam Sn 53.81 6.53 5.82 2.51 13.57 0.15 0.87 1.87 0.39 6.29 3.10 0.17 4.34 0.58 100 Gia Lm 56.00 3.91 2.65 4.17 12.93 0.09 0.26 1.50 1.39 7.08 7.15 0.13 2.30 0.44 100 Xun Sn 60.79 5.38 1.76 6.63 8.35 0.22 0.25 5.07 1.26 5.44 2.34 0.82 1.63 0.05 100 Kiu K 61.73 3.98 1.66 2.38 13.07 0.18 0.27 1.64 0.92 4.16 4.24 0.07 4.94 0.77 100 Cu Din 73.42 3.46 0.89 1.87 9.72 0.45 0.27 0.80 1.65 1.78 0.89 0.06 3.80 0.94 100 Seraphin 62.79 5.68 5.79 3.25 13.14 0.09 0.57 0.69 2.16 4.62 0.76 0.46 100
Tng s
Dng rc thi ti H Ni c th hin ti Hnh 2-9. Theo hnh ny, lng rc thi tip nhn ti tng c s x l CTR l s liu c o thc s qua kho st. Trong khi , s liu v ti ch, phn hu c v b thi l con s c tnh.
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Bo co tin (2)
X l v Tiu hy (3,974)
CP: (8)
Thu gom (4,139) Pht thi

1.Cng ty TNHH mi trng th mt thnh vin (URENCO) 2.Cng ty C phn mi trng Thng Long 3.Cng ty C phn mi trng Ty 4.Cng ty C phn mi trng Xanh 5.Cng ty C phn Cng ngh v Mi trng Sinh Thi 6.Hp tc x Thnh Cng 7.Cng ty c phn Mi trng H ng 8.Cng ty Mi trng v Cng trnh th Sn Ty 9.Cng ty Mi trng th Xun Mai 10.Cng ty c phn mi trng Sng Hng 11.Cng ty c phn thng mi Ni Bi 12.Hp tc x Mai Dinh 13.X nghip MTT T Lim 14.X nghip MTT Thanh Tr 15.X nghip MTT Gia Lm 16.X nghip MTT ng Anh 17.X nghip MTT Sc Sn 18.Cng ty TNHH Mt thnh vin thot nc
Cu Din (53) (3,454)
(16) Nam Sn (3,470)
CP: (5) Gia Lm (49) (88) (30) Kiu K (118)
*H gia nh *C s kinh doanh *Vn phng, c quan *ng ph
CP: (6) Seraphin (58) Than (23)
Sn Ty (222) (165) (20) Lng ngh ti ch

(348)
Ca hng ph liu
Ti ch (330)
(165)
Ngi nht rc
Thu mua ng nt
Chn nui gia sc

(2)
Ghi ch:
1. n v: tn/ngy 2. Khi lng b thi c c tnh da trn t l thi (Cu Din: 40%, Gia Lm, Seraphin: 60%) 3. Khi lng phn hu c c c tnh da trn t l thnh phm (Cu Din: 15%, Gia Lm 10%, Seraphin:10%) 4. Khi lng ph liu thu gom c c tnh da trn nghin cu ca JICA thc hin ti Hi Phng nm 2001 = 8.3% khi lng thu gom
Hnh 2-9 S lu chuyn cht thi ti H Ni 2.2.3 Hi Phng Ging nh H Ni, c quan chu trch nhim chnh v qun l QLCTRT Hi Phng l S Xy dng. URENCO Hi Phng l cng ty nh nc chnh chu trch nhim thu gom, vn chuyn, x l rc thi thnh ph Hi Phng. (1) Th ch Quy nh v qun l cht thi rn: Khng c quy nh c th v qun l rc thi rn Hi Phng. Tuy nhin, UBND thnh ph Hi Phng v Hi ng nhn dn ban hnh nhiu ngh quyt hng dn QLCTR ti Hi Phng gm: Ngh quyt s 22/NQ-TU ngy 24 thng 3 nm 2005 ca Ban cn s ng v bo v mi trng n nm 2010 v tm nhn n nm 2020. Ngh quyt s 09/2010/NQ-HND ph duyt Chng trnh thu gom rc thi rn nng thn, giai on 2010 -2020.
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Ph v l ph: Quyt nh s 2564/QD UBND ngy 21/12/2009 sa i ph v sinh thnh ph Hi Phng (2) Quy hoch QLCTR Hi Phng cha c quy hoch QLCTR. Tuy nhin, nm 2001 JICA thc hin Nghin cu c tn Nghin cu k hoch ci thin v sinh thnh ph Hi Phng ti Hi Phng. Mc ch ca nghin cu l: i) nh gi tnh hnh v sinh Hi Phng ii) thc hin mt s d n nghin cu chuyn giao cng ngh v iii) xut phng hng ci thin v sinh thnh ph hi Phng. nh hng trong tng lai v QLCTR c nu trong im iii). (3) Thc trng QLCTR 1) Thng tin chung 13 Lng CTRT Hi Phng khong trn 1,000 tn/ngy. Trong , c trn 800 tn/ngy pht sinh t 5 qun chnh ca thnh ph. 2) Thu gom v vn chuyn Nh nu trn, URENCO Hi Phng l cng ty nh nc chu trch nhim thu gom v vn chuyn QLCTRT thnh ph. Hot ng ca URENCO Hi Phng bao gm ch yu cc qun ni thnh l ni pht sinh nhiu rc thi nht. Ngoi ra, c mt vi cng ty thu gom v vn chuyn QLCTRT. Cc cng ty ny do UBND huyn thnh lp v qun l. Phng thc thu gom chnh ti thnh ph Hi Phng l phng php thu gom trc tip ti ch bng xe thu gom th cng (h thng g kng). Bn cnh , vic thu gom rc c th ti ch mt cch khng chnh thc c b phn t nhn thc hin thnh ph Hi Phng. 3) X l C hai phng php x l rc thi Hi Phng l ch bin phn hu c v chn lp. C su bi chn lp Hi Phng. Trong ch c duy nht mt bi chn lp hp v sinh. Danh sch cc c s x l QLCTRT v v tr c trnh by theo th t ti Bng 2-22 v Hnh 2-10. Bng 2-22 Danh sch cc c s x l QLCTRT Hi Phng
TT C s Vng dch v Bn qun chnh v qun Kin An Bn qun chnh v qun Kin An Qun Sn Huyn Tin Lng Huyn Thy Nguyn Huyn Vnh Bo Bn qun chnh Bi chn lp 1 Bi chn lp Trng Ct 2 3 4 5 6 Bi chn lp nh V Bi chn lp Sn Bi chn lp Tin Lng Bi chn lp Thy Nguyn
14
Ghi ch bi chn lp hp v sinh bi chn lp m bi chn lp tm thi bi chn lp tm thi bi chn lp tm thi bi chn lp tm thi Cng sut tn/ngy thit k: 200
Bi chn lp Vnh Bo Nh my ch bin phn hu c 1 Nh my ch bin phn hu c Trng Ct
13 Ngun: URENCO Hi Phng 14 Khng bao gm s liu ti hai huyn o ca Hi Phng
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Bo co tin (2)
Hnh 2-10 V tr cc c s x l QLCTR ti Hi Phng
(4) Kt qu kho st hin trng qun l cht thi rn th ti Hi Phng Thnh ph Hi Phng c 6 bi chn lp v 1 nh my phn hu c. Tuy nhin, trong s 6 bi chn lp, ch c Trng Ct l bi chn lp hp v sinh. Bn bi chn lp l Thu Nguyn, Vnh Bo, Tin Lng v Sn l bi rc m. Bi chn lp Trng Ct v nh V tip nhn hn 70% tng lng rc gom c Hi Phng. Khi lng rc thi trung bnh tip nhn ti tng c s c m t Bng 2-23. Bng 2-23 Lng rc n tng c s x l rc Hi Phng
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n v x l Trng Ct nh V Thy Nguyn Vnh Bo Tin Lng Sn Trng Ct (6ngy/tun)) Tng S lng ( tn/ngy) 455 307 41 9 7 28 158 1,005
Bng 2-24 cho thy thnh phn rc thi tip nhn ti cc c s x l QLCTR Hi Phng. V thnh phn rc tip nhn tng c s x l CTR Hi Phng, thnh phn cao nht l rc nh bp chim t l 51.0% - 60.7%, tip theo l nha chim 11.3% - 15.1%. T l rc nh bp nh my ch bin phn hu c Trng Ct cao hn mt cht so vi cc c s khc.
32
Bo co tin (2)
Bng 2-24 Thnh phn rc tip nhn ti cc c s QLCTR Hi Phng

n v: % TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Loi rc Rc nh bp Giy Vi G Nha Da v cao su Kim loi Knh Snh s v ct X than Nguy hi Bm Loi khc Trng Ct 55.18 4.54 4.57 4.93 14.34 1.05 0.47 1.69 1.27 3.08 5.70 0.05 2.29 1.46 100 nh V 57.56 5.42 5.12 3.70 11.28 1.90 0.25 1.35 0.44 2.96 6.06 0.05 2.75 1.14 100 Thy Nguyn 54.59 7.04 6.81 3.74 12.93 0.42 0.47 2.29 1.81 2.11 5.15 0.06 1.93 0.66 100 Vnh Bo 56.09 6.07 3.40 4.70 19.64 0.54 0.47 1.24 0.53 1.85 2.50 0.05 2.17 0.75 100 Tin Lng 51.03 5.58 6.46 4.59 15.13 0.55 0.35 1.74 2.43 2.43 5.06 0.18 3.55 0.92 100 Sn 51.03 5.58 6.46 4.59 15.13 0.55 0.35 1.74 2.43 2.43 5.06 0.18 3.55 1.68 100
NM x l rc Trng Ct
60.67 4.87 3.48 4.49 11.66 0.27 1.37 2.80 0.91 1.72 2.75 0.14 3.69 1.20 100
Tng s
Dng rc thi Hi Phng c c tnh v tm tt ti Hnh 2-11. Theo chu trnh ny, nh H Ni, lng rc tip nhn mi c s QLCTR l s o thc qua kho st. Trong khi s liu v ti ch, sn phm phn hu c v b thi l s liu c tnh.
X l v Tiu hy (1,005)
CP: (16)
Thu gom (1,046)
Trng Ct CP (158)
(95) Trng Ct (455) nh V (307)
Pht thi
1.Cng ty MTT Hi Phng 2. Cng ty Cng trnh th Sn 3. Cng ty Cng trnh th Tin Lng 4. Cng ty Cng trnh th Thy Nguyn 5. Cng ty Cng trnh th Vnh Bo
*H gia nh *C s kinh doanh *C quan, ni cng cng *ng ph
Sn (28) Tin Lng (7)

Thy Nguyn (40)
(41)
Vnh Bo (9) (5) C s ti ch (86.5) Nng tri (0.5)
Ti ch (82)
(41)
Ngi nht rc
Ca hng ph liu
Thu mua ng nt
Lu :
1. n v: tn/ngy 2. Khi lng b thi c tnh da trn t l pht sinh b thi = 40% 3. Khi lng phn hu c c tnh da trn t l thnh phm = 10% 4. Khi lng cht thi ti ch c c tnh da trn t l thu c t kho st ca JICA ti Hi Phng nm 2001 = 8.3% khi lng thu gom
Hnh 2-11 Dng lu chuyn CTRT Hi Phng 33

Bo co tin (2)
2.2.4
Hu (1) T chc Hu l thnh ph trc thuc tnh Tha Thin Hu. Do vy, cc hot ng lin quan n QLCTRT ti thnh ph Hu c tin hnh di s ch o ca UBND Tnh Tha Thin Hu v cc c quan chc nng ca tnh; S Xy dng: l c quan ch tr trc tip qun l QLCTRT tnh Tha Thin Hu S Ti nguyn v Mi trng phi hp vi S Xy dng qun l QLCTRT S Ti chnh cp vn ngn sch nh nc cho cc hot ng qun l QLCTRT (2) Th ch K hoch chung v bo v mi trng: K hoch s 94/KH-UBND v thc hin cc chng trnh trng im v bo v mi trng nm 2009 K hoch s 03/KH-UBND ngy 05/01/2010 ca UBND tnh v vic thc hin cc chng trnh trng im v bo v mi trng nm 2010. Quy nh v qun l QLCTRT: Quyt nh s 10/2010/Q-UBND ngy 22 thng 3 nm 2010 ban hnh quy nh v m bo v sinh i vi cc hot ng du lch ti sng Hng. Ph v l ph: Quyt nh s 4581/2004 QD-UBND ca UBND tnh Tha Thin Hu v thu ph v sinh tnh Tha Thin Hu (3) Quy hoch QLCTR Cha c quy hoch tng th v QLCTR Hu nhng nh hng pht trin trong tng lai c th hin ti cc quyt nh sau: Quyt nh s 2298/Q-UBND ngy 6 thng 10 nm 2008 ph duyt k hoch v h thng thu v x l cht thi rn Tha Thin Hu n nm 2010, tm nhn ti nm 2020. (4) Hin trng QLCTR 1) Thng tin chung15: Hin ti, lng rc thi pht sinh thnh ph Hu theo bo co vo khong 200 tn/ngy. 2) Thu gom v vn chuyn16 Cng ty mi trng v cng trnh cng cng Hu (HEPCO) l cng ty nh nc duy nht thu gom v vn chuyn rc thi thnh ph Hu. C hai phng php thu gom ang c p dng ti Hu: H thng xe y: Cng nhn thu gom rc thi y xe thu gom rc ngi dn ra va h hoc trc tip vo xe v a ti im rc cho ln xe (h thng g kng). H thng thng cha rc: Cc thng cha rc c t ti v tr c nh. Ngi dn mang rc thi vo cc thng c nh ny. Xe ti s thu gom rc trc tip t cc thng c nh
15 Ngun: DONRE Thua Thien Hue Bo co qun l mi trng Vit Nam 16 Ngun: HEPCO, DONRE
34
Bo co tin (2)
ny ti cc c s x l H thng thng cha rc c p dng nghin cu t nm 1999. Sau thi gian nghin cu, nhiu u im ca h thng c bit v ci thin v sinh mi trng c khng nh. Chnh v th, m hnh c nhn rng ra ton min bc ca sng Hng. 3) X l rc thi C mt c s x l rc thi v mt bi chn lp rc Hu. S lc v cc c s x l QLCTR v v tr c trnh by ln lt ti Bng 2-25 v Hnh 2-12. Bng 2-25 C s x l CTR Hu
TT 1 C s Bi chn lp Thy Phng C quan qun l HEPCO Din tch 10 ha Ghi ch - Bi chn lp hp v sinh - Nhn rc thi vo cui tun do c s x l rc thi Thu Phng ng ca - Nhn khong 200 tn/ngy 2 Nh my x l cht thi rn Thy Phng Tm Sinh Ngha 4.2 ha - Sn phm phn hu c: 14 tn/ngy - Hot ng 5 ngy/tun (ng ca vo ch nht v th by)
Hnh 2-12 V tr cc c s x l QLCTR Hu (5) Kt qu kho st hin trng qun l cht thi rn th ti Hu Lng cht thi rn th thu gom c ti Hu khong 200 tn/ngy. V cng sut ca nh my Tm Sinh Ngha khong 200 tn/ngy nn hu ht lng rc pht sinh c chuyn ti x l ti nh my ny. Tuy nhin, do nh my ng ca Th by v Ch nht, nn rc trong hai ngy ny s c chuyn sang bi chn lp Thy Phng. Lng rc trung bnh tip nhn ti mi c s QLCTR c th hin Bng 2-26 di y 35
Bo co tin (2)
Bng 2-26 Lng rc tip nhn ti c s x l Hu

TT 1 2 Thy Phng Tm Sinh Ngha Tng C s x l Khi lng ( tn/ngy) 60 141 202
Bng 2-27 cho thy thnh phn rc ca lng rc tip nhn ti cc c s x l CTR Hu. Nh nu, rc tip nhn ti hai c s ny c ngun nh nhau nn thnh phn rc cho thy tng t nhau. Rc nh bp chim a s khong 78% v theo sau l nha chim 12%. Bng 2-27 Thnh phn rc tip nhn ti cc c s x l CTR thnh ph Hu
n v: % TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tng Loi rc Rc t bp Giy Vi G Nha Da v cao su Kim loi Knh Snh s v ct X than Nguy hi Bm Loi khc Thy Phng 77.11 1.92 2.89 0.59 12.47 0.28 0.40 0.39 0.79 1.70 1.46 100 Tm Sinh Ngha 78.03 2.12 2.74 1.09 12.45 0.56 0.31 0.33 0.51 0.71 0.01 1.13 0.01 100
Dng lu chuyn rc thi ti Hu c c tnh v tm tt Hnh 2-13. Ti nh my ch bin phn hu c Tm Sinh Ngha, trong thi gian kho st khng c b thi c chuyn ra ngoi
36
Bo co tin (2)
Thu gom (210)
X l v Tiu hy (202)
CP: (14) Tm Sinh Ngha (142)
Pht thi
1.Cng ty Cng trnh th Hu (HEPCO)
T x l (56)
*H gia nh *C s kinh doanh *C quan, ni cng cng *ng ph (8)

Ngi nht rc
Thy Phng (60)
(8)
Ti ch (16)
CH ph liu
(1) C s ti ch (16.9) Nng tri (0.1)
Thu mua ng nt
Lu :
1. n v: tn/ngy 2. Khi lng b thi c tnh da trn t l pht sinh b thi = 40% 3. Khi lng phn hu c c tnh da trn t l thnh phm = 10% 4. Khi lng cht thi ti ch c c tnh da trn t l thu c t kho st ca JICA ti Hi Phng nm 2001 = 8.3% khi lng thu gom 5.Thc t, Nh my ca Cng ty Tm Sinh Ngha tip nhn hu ht lng rc pht sinh ti thnh ph Hu. Ch trong ngy th by v Ch Nht, bi chn lp Thy Phng mi tip nhn cht thi do nh my ng ca. S liu cp y c tnh trung bnh cho 7 ngy trong tun.
Hnh 2-13 Lu chuyn rc thnh ph Hu
2.2.5
Nng (1) Khung th ch Nng, S TN&MT l c quan chu trch nhim chnh v QLCTRT. Trong khi S Xy dng chu trch nhim trong vic lp k hoch v cc c s x l rc thi. (2) Cc quy nh lin quan Quyt nh s 3903/Q-UB ngy 22/10/1997 ca UBND thnh ph nng ban hnh quy nh v qun l cht thi rn thnh ph. Quyt nh s 142/200/Q-UB ngy 29/12/2000 ca UBND thnh ph Nng v cc hot ng chung bo v mi trng. Quyt nh s 63/2007/Q-UBND ngy 16/11/2007 ca UBND thnh ph Nng v thu ph v sinh Quyt nh s 27/2008/Q-UBND ngy 14/5/2008 ra quyt nh quy nh vic qun l, phn b, k ton hng ho. Quyt nh s 41/2008/Q-UBND ngy 21/8/2008 v ban hnh k hoch xy dng Nng thnh ph mi trng. (3) Quy hoch QLCTR: Nng cha c quy hoch QLCTR. Tuy nhin, c nghin cu do JICA tin hnh vi tn gi nghin cu chin lc pht trin tng hp thnh ph Nng v khu ln cn vo nm 2009. Kt qu ca nghin cu ny l k hoch qun l mi trng. 37
Bo co tin (2)
Ngoi ra, k hoch Xy dng Nng thnh ph mi trng do UBND Nng thc hin c cp ti mt s ch tiu v QLCTR ca thnh ph, v d t l thu gom mc tiu vo nm 2020 l trn 90% , v..v.. (4) Hin trng17 v QLCTR 1) Thng tin chung Lng cht thi pht sinh Nng theo bo co vo khong 630 tn/ngy. 2) Thu gom v vn chuyn URENCO Nng l c quan nh nc chu trch nhim thu gom v vn chuyn CTRT Nng. Nm 2009, lng cht thi rn trung bnh khong 574 tn/ngy c Nng URENCO thu gom, t l thu gom t khong 90%. Trong by qun, su qun c t l thu gom trn 95%. Tuy nhin, huyn Ho Vang, CTRT ch c gom vng dn c gn quc l, tnh l v ch. Lng rc thi thu gom v t l QLCTRT Nng c th hin ti bng 2-28. Bng 2-28 T l thu gom rc thi Nng
Nm 2007 2008 2009 Thu gom (tn/ngy) 497 532 574 T l thu gom (%) 85 - 86 86 - 87 88 - 90
V h thng thu gom rc thi Nng, c hai phng php c p dng l: h thng thu gom bng thng 240l & 660l. Rc c thu vo cc thng cha v vn chuyn v cc im trung chuyn (h thng trung chuyn). Phng php th hai l thu gom trc tip. H thng trung chuyn c u t v pht trin bi d n ca ngn hng th gii c tn gi D n ci thin v sinh mi trng ca thnh ph Nng nm 2002. T l ca tng phng php thu gom c th hin ti Bng 2-29; Bng 2-29 T l thu gom rc thi theo tng phng php
TT I Phng php thu gom Thu gom bi 240l, 660l xe ch rc 97 392 85 574 17 68 15 100 ngoi than 88% tng lng thu gom 11 trm trung chuyn Lng thu gom (tn/ngy) T l (%) Ghi ch
I.1 Thu gom ti trm trung chuyn I.2 Thu gom chuyn t xe gom rc n xe cha rc II Thu gom trc tip n xe Tng
Hu ht cc trm trung chuyn ti Nng u nm trong trung tm thnh ph nn gp kh nhiu kh khn vi s phn i t ngi dn. Theo kt qu ghi nhn c th s phn i ca ngi dn ch yu do mi hi, ting n ca cc trm trung chuyn gy ra. Hin nay, thnh ph ang c nghin cu v vic b tr hot ng ca cc trm trung chuyn ny. V tr ca 11 trm trung chuyn hin ti c th hin trong hnh sau:
17 Ngun: URENCO Nng, S TN-MT Nng bo co VEA
38
Bo co tin (2)
Hnh 2-14 V tr 11 trm trung chuyn ti Nng
nh 2-5 Trm trung chuyn v h thng xe cha rc Nng 3) X l Nng, khng c nh my x l trung gian. Cch duy nht x l QLCTRT l bi chn lp v sinh Khnh Sn. Bi chn lp Khnh Sn c nng cp t nm 2002 theo d n ca ngn hng th gii nu trn. Bng 2-30 th hin mt s thng tin khi qut v bi chn lp ny. Bng 2-30 S lc bi chn lp Khnh Sn Nng
Bi chn lp Khnh Sn c Khnh Sn mi V tr qun Lin Chiu Cch bi c 1km Din tch 9,8 ha 48,3 ha Cng sut 15 nm 15 - 20 nm Cng ngh Chn lp Chn lp hp v sinh Ghi ch Bt u nm 1992 v ng ca vo cui nm 2006 Bt u t nm 2007
39
Bo co tin (2)
Hin ti c kho st s b ti bi chn lp ny xc nh lng kh bi rc ti Ha Khnh. Kt qu l, d n CDM bi chn lp Khnh Sn c thc y. Hin ti, D n CDM ny ti Nng c MONRE ph duyt PIN. PDD ang c thc hin cng vi cng ty ca Italy (Pangea Energy Co.,Ltd). V tr bi chn lp c th hin ti Hnh2-15 di y .
Hnh 2-15 V tr bi chn lp Nng
(5) Kt qu kho st hin trng qun l cht thi rn th ti Nng C mt bi chn lp Nng l bi chn lp Ha Khnh. Do , tt c lng rc thi thu gom thnh ph Nng c chuyn ti bi chn lp ny. Lng cht thi trung bnh tip nhn hng ngy bi chn lp ny c th hin ti Bng 2-31. Bng 2-31 Lng cht thi tip nhn bi chn lp Ha Khnh Nng
TT 1 Ha Khnh LF Tng C s x l Khi lng ( tn/ngy) 661 661
Thnh phn rc tip nhn c kho st bi chn lp Ha Khnh trong ba ngy thng 5 nm 2010. Bng 2-30 th hin thnh phn rc thi ca lng rc tip nhn ti bi chn lp Nng. Kho st cho thy rc t bp chim khi lng ln nht, 68.5%, tip theo l nha chim 11.4%, v ct chim 6.8% v giy chim 5.1%. Cn lu rng thnh phn ln nht trong nha ph thi l ti nilon, c gi tr thp i vi ngi mua ng nt hoc ngi nht rc Nng.
40
Bo co tin (2)
Bng 2-32 Thnh phn rc tip nhn ti bi chn lp Ha Khnh

n v: % STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Giy Vi G Nha Da v cao su Kim loi Knh Snh s v ct X than Nguy hi Bm Cc loi khc Loi rc Rc nh bp Ha Khnh 68.47 5.07 1.55 2.79 11.36 0.23 1.45 0.14 0.79 6.75 0.00 0.02 1.35 0.03 100
Tng cng
Lu chuyn rc thnh ph Nng c c tnh v tm tt Hnh 2-16.
Pht thi
Thng c nh *H gia nh *C s kinh doanh (27) *C quan, ni cng cng (27) *ng ph
Ngi nht rc
Thu mua ng nt
Thu gom (688)
X l v Tiu hy (661)
Bi rc Khnh Sn (661)
Xe thu gom
11 Trm trung chuyn
Xe ti thu gom
Ti ch (54)
CH ph liu
(3) C s ti ch (56.7) Nng tri (0.3)
Lu :
Hnh 2-16 Lu chuyn rc thi Nng
41
Bo co tin (2)
2.2.6
Thnh ph H Ch Minh (1) T chc Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, S TN&MT c giao qun l cc vn v qun l cht thi rn. H thng QLCTRT thnh ph H Ch Minh thuc s qun l ca DONRE, th hin ti hnh 2-17:
DONRE
Ban qun l cc khu x l cht thi
Phng qun l mi trng
Phng qun l cht thi rn
Qu ti ch
Thanh tra S
Chi cc BVMT
UBND qun
Phng ti nguyn v mi trng (cp qun)
Cn b mi trng
Hnh 2-17 H thng qun l QLCTRT ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh
(2) Cc quy nh lin quan Cc quy nh: Quyt nh s 103/2004/QD-UB ban hnh k hoch qun l cht thi rn thnh ph H Ch Minh (3) Quy hoch QLCTR Quy hoch qun l cht thi rn thnh ph H Ch Minh n nm 2020 ang c xy dng. (4) Hin trng18 v QLCTR 1) Thng tin chung Tng lng CTRT pht sinh thnh ph HCM vo khong 6,200-6,400tn/ngy. c tnh t l rc thi tng khong 8-10%/nm Ngun pht sinh rc thi v t l rc thi a phng c th hin bng 2-33;
18 Ngun: DONRE Ho Chi Minh City
42
Bo co tin (2)
Bng 2-33 Ngun pht sinh rc thi QLCTRT Tp.HCM

TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 H gia nh ng ph C s kinh doanh Rc thi thng mi Rc thi pht sinh t ch Tng cng Ngun Phn trm (%) 57.9 14.3 2.8 13.0 12.0 100
2) Thu gom v vn chuyn Thu gom: c ba nhm c quan tham gia thu gom rc thi HCMC: Cng ty nh nc: CITENCO v 22 cng ty cng cng Nhm thu gom dn lp: khong 30 nhm. Nhm ny hot ng da ph thu c t ngi dn. Nhm ny hot ng ch yu l thu gom rc thi t h gia nh, c bit ng v ph nh. T l rc thi sinh hot c thu gom bi nhm ny khong 70%. 30% cn li do nhm cng ty nh nc v hp tc x thu gom. Hp tc x thu gom rc thi: c 5 hp tc x Phn loi cht thi ti ngun: Trong nm 2006, phn loi cht thi ti ngun c thc hin thnh ph HCM theo d n nghin cu ca S TN&MT. Khi qut v d n ny c trnh by ti Bng 2-34. Bng 2-34 S lc d n nghin cu phn loi ti ngun ti thnh ph HCM
TT 1 2 3 4 5 Hng mc Quy m Thi gian C quan thc hin Loi rc thi Kt qu 9 phng/14 phng ca Qun 6 t 3/2006 n cui 2007 DONRE v UBND qun 6 1. Thc n tha 2. Rc cn la -Ngi dn v chnh quyn ng h - B dng do: (1) H thng thu gom v vn chuyn khng ph hp (2) Khng c nh my ch bin phn hu c ti thi im - S khi phc li t thng 7-8/2010, k hoch phn loi ngun angc DONRE xy dng. Chi tit
Vn chuyn: thnh ph H Ch Minh l ni duy nht c cc trm trung chuyn quy m ln do CITENCO vn hnh. H thng ny khc vi Nng. Ti cc trm trung chuyn Nng, rc thi c chuyn cc thng thu gom vo cc container cha rc ri. tp HCM, rc thi c chuyn t cc xe ti thu gom loi nh vo cc container cha rc ri ln hn. S lc v trm trung chuyn v nh c th hin ln lt ti bng 2-35 v nh 2-6. Bng 2-35 S lc cc trm trung chuyn ti thnh ph HCM
TT 1 2 C s Trm Quang Trung Trm Tng Vn Trn C quan qun l CITENCO CITENCO Din tch 9693 m
2
Thi gian bt u -
Cng su 630 tn/ngy 850 tn/ngy
9811 m2
43
Bo co tin (2)
nh 2-4 Cc trm trung chuyn ti thnh ph H Ch Minh
Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngoi hai trm trung chuyn ni trn, c mt s trm trung chuyn quy m nh do CITENCO vn hnh V vn chuyn rc thi, c ba n v tham gia vn chuyn rc thi ti thnh ph H Ch Minh nh th hin ti bng 2.-36. CITENCO chim hn 50% lng rc thu gom. Bng 2-36 T l thu gom rc thi rn thnh ph HCM
TT 1 2 3 CITENCO Cc cng ty cng cng mt s qun HTX Cng Nng n v Phn trm (%) 53 30 17
3) X l C hai cch x l CTRT thnh ph HCM l ch bin phn hu c v chn lp hp v sinh. Bng 2-37 v Hnh2-18 th hin khi qut cc c s x l v chn lp rc thi ti thnh ph HCM. Bng 2-37 S lc hot ng ca cc c s QLCTRT tp HCM
TT Bi chn lp 1 Khu lin hip x l cht thi rn Phc Hip (Bi chn lp s 2) 2 Khu lin hip x l cht thi rn a Phc VWS Co.,Ltd (Cng ty M ) 128 ha Thng 9/2007 3.000 tn/ngy CITENCO 19.7 ha Thng 2/ 2008 2.500 tn/ngy C s C quan qun l Din tch Thi gian bt u Cng sut
Nh my ch bin phn hu c 1 Nh my x l cht thi rn Vietstar Cng ty Vietstar (Cng doanh) ty lin 28.5 ha Thng 12/ 2009 600 tn/ngy (S tng ln 1.200 tn/ngy trong giai on tip theo)
44
Bo co tin (2)
Hnh 2-18 V tr cc c s x l CTR ti Tp HCM (5) Ngnh ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh Qu ti ch cht thi thnh ph H Ch Minh Cc hot ng ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh rt a dng. Tuy nhin, ging nh cc thnh ph khc Vit Nam, ngnh ti ch ti thnh ph vn pht trin khng chnh thc. thc y pht trin ngnh cng nghip ti ch, y ban nhn dn thnh ph H Ch Minh ban hnh Quyt nh s 5488 ngy 30 thng 11 nm 2006 v thnh lp Qu ti ch cht thi thnh ph H Ch Minh (REFU). REFU l mt t chc ti chnh phi li nhun trc thuc S Ti nguyn v Mi trng thnh ph H Ch Minh. Qu c chc nn h tr, cp vn vay cho cc chng trnh, d n, nghin cu v qun l, ti ch v gim thiu cht thi. Cc thng tin s b v REFU c trnh by trong bng di y 45
Bo co tin (2)
Bng 2-38 Gii thiu v REFU

Ni dung Tn gi: Thi gian thnh lp Vn Ngun ti chnh Cc hot ng chnh Din gii Qu ti ch cht thi thnh ph H Ch Minh (HCMC-REFU) Ngy 30 thng 11 nm 2006 theo Quyt nh s 5488/QD-UBND ca y ban nhn dn thnh ph H Ch Minh 50 t ng (VND 50,000,000,000) Ngn sch thnh ph o o Xc tin cc d n CDM ti thnh ph H Ch Minh Xc tin cc hot ng ti ch: Nghin cu th trng ti ch, lin h vi doanh nghip trong ngnh ti ch, y mnh cng ngh mi v ti ch, iu ph thnh lp cc hip hi ti ch Cc hot ng nn cao nhn thc cng ng
o Khu hiu Thng tin lin h
Ti ch hm nay bn vng mai sau Gim c : Tin s L Vn Khoa a ch: Tng 10, 35-37 Bn Chng Dng, Phng Nguyn Thi Qun 1, thnh ph H Ch Minh Tel: +84-8-39.151.9876 Bnh,
n nay, thnh ph H Ch Minh l ni duy nht thnh lp qu ti ch Vit Nam. Qu vn gp kh khn v thiu vn. Mc d c thnh lp t nm 2006, nhn qu nhn c 20% h tr vn t ngn sch thnh ph. Nhng t , REFU t chc rt nhiu hot ng pht trin cc hot ng ti ch ti thnh ph. Khng ch tp trung vo cc doanh nghip ti ch, m qu cn tin hnh cc hot ng khc nng cao nhn thc v qun l cht thi ni chung v ti ch ni ring. Cc hot ng ti ch Nh cp trn y, cc hot ng ti ch thnh ph H Ch Minh rt a dng, nhng khng tp trung v khng chnh thc. Nghin cu v hin trng ngnh ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh nm 2006 do DOST tin hnh cho thy rng cc hot ng ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh tp trung vo nm (5) loi vt liu ti ch chnh l giy, knh, kim loi, nha v cao su. Bng 2.39 cho thy t l phn b cc c s ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh
Loi Tng cng T l Cao su 2 0,7 Nha 67 22,2 Kim loi 9 3,0 Giy 7 2,3 Knh 15 5,0
19
Bng 2-39 Thng k v cc c s ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh

Tng cng 302 100
Theo kt qu ca nghin cu ny, hu ht cc doanh nghip ti ch u nm Qun 11. Tuy nhin, thnh ph c tc th ha nhanh nn cc doanh nghip ny c xu hng di chuyn ra xa trung tm thnh ph. (theo ghi nhn ca JST trong chuyn kho st thc a vo thng 2 nm 2011.) K hoach pht trin ngnh ti ch: y ban nhn dn thnh ph H Ch Minh ph duyt k hoch m rng Khu lin hip x l cht thi rn Phc Hip, trong c c nhng c s ti ch. Ngoi ra, CITENCO pht trin mt phn khu lin lip ng Thnh xy dng cc c s x l cht thi cng nghip v cc c s ti ch. Ni dung ca hai k hoch ny c trnh by trong Bng 2-40;
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Ngun: Bo co cc hot ng ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh,
HCMC DOST, Thng 8/2006
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Bo co tin (2)
Bng 2-40 Ni dung k hoch ti ch ti Phc Hip v ng Thnh

TT 1 2 Ni dung V tr Din tch Phc Hip Huyn C Chi, thnh ph Ch Minh H ng Thnh Huyn Hooc Mn, thnh ph H Ch Minh 15 ha (bao gm l t cht thi cng nghip, kho lu tr v cc c s ti ch) Ch yu l cht thi cng nghip (Cht thi in t, nha) ang x l ( hon thnh l t. Kho lu tr v cc c s vn trong qu trnh xy dng) Nghin cu cng ngh ti ch
200 ha (i vi tng din tch m rng. Khng r din tch dnh cho ti ch) Vt liu ti ch khng c nu r Vn cn ang cha gii quyt do cc vn v s dng t
3 4
Cc loi hnh c u tin Tnh hnh
Cc hot ng xc tin 3R Nh trnh by trn y, thnh ph H Ch Minh tin hnh nhiu hot ng nng cao nhn thc v qun l cht thi ging nh d n 3R. Mt trong nhng hot ng ni bt c trin khai hng nm t nm 2008 ti thnh ph l ngy hi ti ch. Ngy ti ch c REFU t chc nhm gii thiu khi nim ti ch v khuyn khch ngi dn x l cht thi. Ni dung c bn v ny ti ch c trnh by ti bng 2-41 v nh 2-7 Bng 2-41 Ni dung ca ngy hi ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh
TT 1 Ni dung n v t chc Chi tit Qu ti ch cht thi thnh ph H Ch Minh phi hp vi on thanh nin thnh ph H Ch Minh, cc doanh nghip trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh Hng nm Cng dn thnh ph H Ch Minh (thu ht khong 2000 ngi tham d hi ch trong ny ti ch) 4 5 Ngn sch Hot ng Ngn sch thnh ph (ch yu) Ti tr o o o o Trao i cht thi ly cc hng ha khuyn mi Tranh nh, bng rn v ch rc thi Cc cuc thi v ch lin quan n ti ch cht thi Ca nhc, trnh din v ch ti ch
2 3
Tn sut i tng
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Bo co tin (2)
nh 2-7 Ngy hi ti ch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh (6) Kt qu kho st hin trng qun l cht thi rn th ti Tp.HCM Thnh ph H Ch Minh l ni c lng rc pht sinh ln nht trong s nm thnh ph mc tiu. C hai bi chn lp cht thi sinh hot th ang hot ng v mt nh my ch bin phn hu c thnh ph. Lng rc tip nhn trung bnh cc c s x l CTR c th hin ti Bng 2-42. Bng 2-42 Lng rc tip nhn ti cc c s QLCTR tp HCM
TT 1 2 3 a Phc LF Phc Hip LF Vietstar CP Tng C s x l Khi lng ( tn/ngy) 3,170 2,802 371 6,343
C hai trm trung chuyn quy m ln thnh ph HCM tip nhn rc thi thnh ph c thu gom bi cc cng ty thu gom rc v/hoc cc c s dn lp t khu dn c. Ti cc trm trung chuyn, rc tip nhn c chuyn vo xe container di bng h thng my p. Trn 30% rc thu gom c x l thng qua cc trm trung chuyn ny thnh ph HCM. Lng rc tip nhn trung bnh ti cc trm trung chuyn v im n/cc c s x l CTR c th hin ti Bng 2-43 Bng 2-43 Lng rc tip nhn v trung chuyn ti trm trung chuyn Tp.HCM
n v: tn/ngy im n Trm trung chuyn Quang Trung Tng Vn Trn Tng a Phc 557 620 1,177 Phc Hip 512 166 678 Vietstar 5 34 39 Tng 1,084 820 1,904
iu tra thnh phn cht thi c tin hnh hai bi chn lp v nh my ch bin phn hu c thnh ph. Thnh phn ln nht l cht thi hu c chim 62.9% n 70.4%, tip theo l nha chim 12.4% - 14.6%. T l rc nh bp nh my ch bin phn hu c VietStar cao hn cc ni khc. Bng 2-44 th hin thnh phn rc tip nhn ti cc c s QLCTR tp HCM.
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Bo co tin (2)
Bng 2-44 Thnh phn rc tip nhn ti cc c s QLCTR Tp.HCM

n v: % TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tng Giy Vi G Nha Da v cao su Kim loi Thu tinh Snh s v ct X than Nguy him Bm Loi khc Loi rc Rc t bp a Phc LF 64.50 8.17 3.88 4.59 12.42 0.44 0.36 0.40 0.24 1.39 0.44 0.12 2.92 0.14 100 Phc Hip LF 62.83 6.05 2.09 4.78 15.96 0.93 0.59 0.86 1.27 2.28 0.39 0.05 1.89 0.04 100 VietStar CP 70.43 2.86 3.10 1.83 14.62 0.49 0.32 0.65 1.08 2.45 0.62 0.05 1.41 0.09 100
Dng lun chuyn rc thnh ph HCM c c tnh v tm tt ti Hnh 2-19. Theo hnh ny, tng t nh H Ni v cc thnh ph khc, lng rc tip nhn ti tng c s x l CTR l con s thc c o qua kho st, trong khi s liu v ti ch, sn phm v rc tha l con s c tnh.
Thu gom (6,606)
Thng/ Xe gom (4439) Xe ti thu gom Trm trung chuyn (1905) (371) *H gia nh (1511) *C s kinh doanh *C quan, ni cng cng *ng ph Thu gom dn lp bng xe ba gc/ xe ti nh (393) Quang Trung (1085) (1534) Tng V. Trn (820) (46) Vietstar (371) Nha (20)
X l v Tiu hy
(6,343)
Phc Hip (2802)
Pht thi
CP: (37)
a Phc (3170)
(263)
(32) C s ti ch (554) Nng tri (3)
Ti ch (526)
(263)
Ngi nht rc
Thu mua ng nt
CH ph liu
Lu :
Hnh 2-19 Lu chuyn rc thnh ph H Ch Minh
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Bo co tin (2)
2.2.7 Cc vn chnh trong qun l cht thi rn th (1) Cc vn khi qut v cc bin php c th p dng
Cc vn khi qut Bi cnh Cc bin php
Vn -1: Chin lc quc gia v qun l cht thi rn cng nghip (ISWM) vn cha c thc hin.
"Ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-CP quy nh v qun l cht thi rn v Quyt nh ca Th tng CP s 2149/2009/QD-TTG v Chin lc quc gia v ISWM n nm 2025 v tm nhn n nm 2050 c ban hnh ln lt vo nm 2007 v 2009. Tuy nhin, c cp trung ng v a phng, cng tc qun l cht thi rn theo cc quy nh ny vn cha c thc hin mt cch hp l.
Vn -2: Thiu thng tin/d liu v qun l cht thi rn c cp trung ng v a phng.
Vn -3: Quy hoch tng th ISWM cp chnh quyn a phng ca Vit Nam vn cha hon thin.
Vn -4: Chnh sch quc gia v 3R/ti thiu ha v ti ch cht thi vn cha c thc hin.
Ti Vit Nam, cc thng tin/d liu ng tin cy v SWM c cp trung ng v a phng u thiu. C s d liu SWM l phn khng th thiu trong qu trnh xy dng chin lc, quy hoch tng th v k hoch hnh ng ca SWM c cp trung ng v a phng. Trong khi , thc hin qun l CTR hiu qu, cn phi cng b thng tin v SWM cho cng ng v thu ht s tham gia ca ngi dn v cng ng. Nhn chung ti Vit Nam, c bit l chnh quyn a phg c quy m va v nh, cng tc cht thi rn c tin hnh trong phm vi kinh ph ti thiu. Cc c quan ny thng vi v trong cng tc thu gom rc thi hng ngy v cc bi rc khng c trang b v vn hnh hp l. Ti cc chnh quyn ca a phng c quy m va v ln, cc c s lin quan n qun l CTR c u mt cch thiu quy hoch do khng c quy hoch tng th v SWM, v n dn n s thiu nht qun trong qun l CTR. thc hin c qun l CTR cng nghip nh c quy nh trong Quyt nh ca Th tng CP s 2149/2009/QD-TTg v chin lc quc gia v ISWM, cn xy dng quy hoch tng th v SWM ph hp vi cc quy hoch chung v bo m ngun kinh ph v nhn lc cn thit, v u t vo c s vt cht v trang thit b cn thit. Vng i ngn ca cc bi chn lp rc l vn ln mang tnh cht x hi trong qun l CTR ti Vit Nam v n c nu r trong cc quy nh php l lin quan n qun l CTR. Trong khi , ti mt s bi rc, do s phn i ca ngi dn xung quanh, b ng ca. Theo , vic p udngj ti thiu ha cht thi v ti ch theo sng kin 3R, nh c xc nh trong chin lc ISWM,
K hoch hnh ng cho tng b lin quan, nh: MONRE, MOC, MARD, MIC v MOH cn xy dng v thc hin k hoch hnh ng ca ring B mnh. Ti liu hng dn v ISWM; v d nh Ti liu hng dn xy dng quy hoch tng th ISWM, Ti liu hng dn x l v ch bin MSW, Ti liu hng dn v 3R, Ti liu hng dn v phn loi ngun thi, vv. B TNMT v B Xy dng nn xy dng v ph bin cc ti liu hng dn cho chnh quyn a phng. Cc quy nh hin hnh/c v SWM ca chnh quyn a phng cn c xem xt li v ban hnh cc quy nh mi ph hp vi "Ngh nh 59/2007/ND-CP v qun l cht thi rn v Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh Ph s 2149/2009/QD-TTG v chin lc quc gia v ISWM". thc hin mt cch hiu qu qun l CTR cng nghip ti cc chnh quyn a phng th cn m bo ngun nhn s, trang thit b v kinh ph cn thit. Quy trnh hot ng ca qu mi trng v xc nh ph v sinh cn c xem xt v chnh sa. Thu thp v tng hp d liu v SWM v cn xy dng c s d liu cp tnh v/hoc cp huyn. C s d liu v SWM cp tnh v/hoc cp huyn cn c tng hp vo c s d liu quc gia. Thng tin/d liu SWM cn c chnh ph v chnh quyn a phng ph bin n cng chng di dng sch trng ". Theo tinh thn ca "Quyt nh ca Th tng CP s 2149/2009/QD-TTG v chin lc quc gia v ISWM, n tng th v ISWM cn c cc chnh quyn a phng xy dng c tinh n 3R, phn loi ngun, cng ngh x l v ch bin thch hp. Theo n tng th ISWM, cn thc hin qun l cn thit v u t vo cc c s vt cht. thc hin quy hoch tng th ISWM ti cp a phng, chnh quyn trung ng cn cung cp h tr k thut v phn b ngun ngn sch cn thit.
Cc hot ng qung b v 3R trn quy m ton quc cn c khi xng bi B TNMT. Cc hot ng qung b cho 3R ti cp a phng cn c tin hnh bi lnh o tnh ph. Sng kin 3R lin quan n nhiu i tc v cn c thc y c cp trung ng v a phng.
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Bo co tin (2)
Cc vn khi qut
Bi cnh
Cc bin php
cn phi c thc hin ti cp quc gia.
Vn -5: Cn c s h tr t chnh ph cho cc hot ng ti ch
Ti Vit Nam, hot ng ti ch ch yu do cc c s khng chnh thc thc hin v d nh ngi nht rc, bn st vn, cc lng ngh trn c s t pht. Ti cc lng ngh, cc hot ng ti ch c thc hin trong iu kin c s vt cht ngho nn. Da trn thng tin , thc y ti ch rc theo sng kin 3R, h tr t pha chnh ph nh ci thin mi trng cc lng ngh, v khch l cc hot ng ti ch, vv l cn thit.
Vn -6: Cn c ci tin k thut v x l v ch bin rc ti Vit Nam
i vi cng tc gim thiu cht thi qua x l s b CTR, B XD ch yu y mnh phng php ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, nhiu c s rc ang gp phi kh khn trong qu trnh hot ng. i vi thu gom v vn chuyn CTR, vic xem xt h thng thu gom v/hoc trang thit b, ng dng cc trm trung chuyn rc cn c cn nhc bi chnh quyn cp a phng m bo hiu qu hot ng. Da trn hiu bit , c th thy vic ci thin v ph bin cng ngh ph hp v trang thit b l rt cn thit ti Vit Nam. Chnh quyn cc a phng ang gp kh khn v cch thc x l/p dng cng ngh ca khu vc t nhn, v do , trong mt vi trng hp, cc c s x l rc thi c u t mt cch t pht. Vit Nam, ngi dn ni chung thng x rc ra ng, cng rnh, vv dn n vic ng ngp khi c ma to, v cng gy ra nhng tc ng tiu cc n v sinh v cnh quan ca thnh ph. Lin hip ph n Vit Nam v ang pht ng v thc y phong tro khng x rc ra va h trong vng 10 nm qua, tuy nhin, hiu qu cn gii hn. khc phc vn ny, r rng cn phi nng cao nhn thc v s tham gia ca cng ng.
Sng kin 3R cn c thc hin vi s hp tc gia B TNMT v B XD cp trung ng v gia S TNMT v S XD cp a phng. Hin trng v cc vn v ti ch cn c xc nh r ti cp chnh quyn a phng. Cn xc nh hot ng ti ch bi khu vc t nhn trong quy hoch tng th ISWM ca chnh quyn d da phng v/hoc chin lc v ISWM cp trung ng. Nhm thu ht cc khu vc t nhn tham gia vo lnh vc ti ch, c ch h tr ca chnh ph v d nh phn b ngana sch, min thu, khuyn khch ti chnh, min ph cho thu t vv cn c thit lp. C ch h tr bi chnh ph cho cc hot ng tnh nguyn/ NGO vv cn c xy dng. Ti liu hng dn k thut v ISWM bao gm lu gi v thi ra, thu gom v vn chuyn, x l s b, 3R/ gim thiu v ti ch rc, ch bin giai on cui cn c xy dng v ph bin bi B XD v B KH&CN. Pht trin k thut v ISWM cn c thc hin cp trung ng v phi hp vi cc trng i hc, cc vin nghin cu nh nc, vv.
Vn -7: Cn phi nng cao nhn thc v 3R & v sinh cng cng v nhn thc ca cng ng v SWM.
Vn -8: Cn tng cng qun l v t nhn ha/x hi ha
Nhng nm gn y, khu vc t nhn ngy cng tham gia nhiu vo lnh vc SWM v ch yu ti cc tnh pha Nam ca Vit Nam bao gm H Ch Minh, v n lm gim bt gnh nng ti chnh cho ngn sch nh nc. ng thi, min Bc v min Trung xu hng ny ang c nhn rng. Mt khc, vic a vo s dng cc cng ngh v/hoc cc c s x l ring bit ca khu vc t nhn cng c th to ra tnh trng hn lon v qun l CTR; v d: khi chnh quyn a phng thc y phn loi cht thi ti ngun, th khu vc t nhn li phn i thu gom nha t cht thi hn hp ti cc nh my, vv. c th qun l CTR mt cch bn vng, Vit Nam cn qun l qu trnh t nhn ha mt cch hp l.
Thc y vic nng cao nhn thc v lu tr v x rc cng lc vi vic xc tin 3R v/hoc gii triu v phn loi cht thi ti ngun. Gio dc v mi trng v qung b v 3R cho ngi dn v hc sinh cn c thc hin nh l mt phng thc nng cao nhn thc. Nhiu i tc c lin quan cn tham gia v cn kin to mi quan h hp tc gia cc i tc c lin quan ny. Ti ch v/hoc phn loi cht thi ti ngun trn c s cng ng cn c gii thiu v nhn rng. cp trung ng, cn xy dng v ph bin cc ti liu hng dn k thut t c cc yu cu ca cc chin lc/chnh sch. Chnh quyn trung ng cn t chc v thc hin cc kha o to v cc cng ngh x l SWM cho cc nhn vin a phng v SWM, nhn vin ca URENCO, vv. S tng thch ca cc cng ngh do khu vc t nhn xut cn c nh gi cn thn v vic n c p ng yu ca quy hoch tng th ISWM ca thnh ph v/hoc cc hng dn ni trn.
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Bo co tin (2)
(2) Cc vn c th ca cp trung ng v tng thnh ph nghin cu 1) Cp trung ng

Hng mc Php lut, chin lc v quy hoch T chc Cc vn chnh Php lut v chin lc v SWM cp trung ng ti Vit Nam tng i y . Tuy nhin, vn chnh l vic thc hin. Mi b hu quan cn xy dng v thc hin k hoch hnh ng ca ring b mnh. Mt khc, cp tnh, quy hoch SWM cng cn c xy dng, v cc quy nh hin hnh/c v SWM cn c chnh sa ph hp vi php lut v chin lc cp quc gia. Vai tr ca B XD l c quan chnh ph trch v qun l CTR c xc nh trong Ngh nh 59 v trong Chin lc Quc gia v ISWM. Tuy nhin, cp tnh/thnh ph, c S XD (H Ni, Hi Phng v Hu) v S TNMT ( Nng, H Ch Minh) u ph trch v qun l CTR ty thuc vo tng tnh/thnh ph. Ngoi ra, i vi cht thi sinh hot vng nng thn, vn cha xc nh r b no s chu trch nhim, B XD hay B NN &PTNT. V qun l CTR vng nng thn c xem l mt ch nng hi trong qun l CTR trong thi gian gn y, vic xc nhn cc b chu trch nhim cn c thc hin sm c hnh ng gii quyt vn ny kp thi. Vic thiu thng tin/d liu v SWM l mt im yu ca Vit Nam. D liu v lnh vc SWM ri rc ti nhiu c quan v khng bao gi c tng hp li. c cp trung ng v a phng, c s d liu v SWM l mt yu t cn thit xy dng k hoch qun l CTR trong tng lai. cp trung ng, khng r b no, c th l B XD hay B TNMT s ph trch v c s d liu qun l CTR. Ph bin thng tin v SWM n qun chng rt quan trng trong vic thu ht s tham gia ca cng ng vo qun l CTR. Do . c s d liu v SWM c cp trung ng v a phng u cn phi c xy dng ti Vit Nam. Chin lc quc gia v ISWM xc nh rng cng ngh x l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam s c pht trin theo hng gim thiu ti a lng rc thi chn lp v tng cng t l ti ch. Gn y, c nhiu nh u t t nhn n Vit Nam em theo cc cng ngh a dng v mt s cng ngh khng p ng yu cu. B XD cp giy php cho mt s cng ngh ni a thc y cc cng ngh ph hp. Hin nay khng c ti liu hng dn k thut no xc nh r cng ngh tng t nh th do cc b hu quan ban hnh. Nhn chung, cc cn b cp tnh/thnh ph ph trch qun l CTR khng c nng lc xc minh cc cng ngh nh th. Nh my c p dng ph bin ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc nh my ang gp kh khn trong hot ng. Theo bo co, tr cp t chnh quyn a phng vn hnh cc nh my rc thp hn khan tr cp dnh cho chn lp. Chc nng ca nh my rc cn c xem xt v lm r hn vai tr ca nh my vi t cch l mt c s gim thiu rc thi. Nhm p ng yu cu v chin lc quc gia v ISWM gim thiu lng cht thi chn lp, cc bin php ti chnh h tr vic vn hnh nh my l rt cn thit ti Vit Nam. Qu Bo v mi trng: Mc d qu mi trng c thnh lp nm 2002 v p dng cho lnh vc bo v mi trng; v d nh kh thi, CTR, khai thc m vv. Tuy nhin, doanh nghip cn gp nhiu kh khn trong ng k v vic tip cn vi qu ny. Nhng l do chnh l th tc xin vay vn t qu bo v mi trng phc tp v tn nhiu thi gian gii ngn khan tin ny. Ph v sinh: Ngun ngn sch cho MSWM l ph v sinh v tr cp t chnh quyn a phng. Ph v sinh ch chim mt phn ca kinh ph MSWM, khong 30 n 50%. y l mt gnh nng ln cho chnh quyn a phng v phn b ngn sch cho MSWM. Do chnh sch x hi ha/t nhn ha c p dng ti Vit Nam, nn c nhiu khu vc t nhn tham gia x l MSW. V n gim bt gnh nng ti chnh cho chnh quyn a phng, Tuy nhin, mt tri ca n chnh l cc khu vc t nhn lun u tin li nhun hng u. Gn y, vic x rc tri php ca mt s cng ty x l t nhn b cnh st mi trng pht hin. Cn lu rng nng lc ca khu vc nh nc gim st v kim tra cc hnh ng x rc tri php nh vy l rt hn ch. Ti Vit Nam, theo bo co hu ht cc bi chn lp rc vn l cc bi l thin. Hu ht cc bi rc ny khng c c s x l nc r rc v do nh hng n cuc sng v sc khe ca dn c xung quanh. Theo bo co, nhiu bi chn lp b ng ca do s phn i mnh m ca ngi dn xung quanh. Vt rc ra ng l mt thi quen rc ti Vit Nam c th gy nh hng n h thng thot nc th v v sinh, m quan ca thnh ph. Nh c xc nh trong chin lc ISWM, B TNMT c vai tr chnh v chu trch nhim thc y 3R ti Vit Nam. Trong d n 3R ca JICA, nhn thc ca ngi dn thng qua hot ng quan h cng chng, gio dc mi trng, vv l nhng bin php quan trng. Chin lc c ban hnh vo nm 2009, v cc hot ng thc y d n 3R dng nh vn cha c bt u. thc y s tham gia ca khu vc t nhn vo cc hot ng bo v mi trng, Ngh nh s 04/2009/ND-CP v u i, h tr hot ng bo v mi trng c ban hnh. Tuy nhin, thng t hng dn thc hin ngh nh ny vn cha c b ch qun ban hnh. Do , Ngh nh ny vn cha pht huy tc dng. Nh trnh by trn, nhiu cng ngh c xut trong lnh vc SWM do cc nh u t a phng v nc ngoi. Chnh quyn cc a phng c th gp kh khn trong vic xc minh v la chn cng ngh ph hp do thiu thng tin v ngun lc. Mt iu ng lo ngi c th xy ra l cc cng ngh khng ph hp c u t v tnh hnh QLCTR cc thnh ph tr nn phc tp.
K thut
Ti chnh
Mi trng
Nhn thc
X hi ha/ t nhn ha
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Bo co tin (2)
2) H Ni
Hng mc Php lut v quy hoch Bi cnh - UBND thnh ph H Ni mi ban hnh Quyt nh 11/2010/QD-UBND ngy 23/02/2010 ban hnh cc quy nh v MSWM UBND thnh ph H Ni, v cng tc qun l CTR ang c thc hin da theo Quyt nh ny. - Quy hoch tng th v SWM ca thnh ph H Ni vn cha c xy dng - D tho quy hoch v vic xy dng cc c s x l rc thi ti H Ni c a vo Quy hoch thnh ph n nm 2020 nhng n nay vn cha c ph duyt. - S XD mi c giao nhim v qun l cht thi rn ti H Ni, theo quyt nh s 59/2007/ND-CP. - Cng ty URENCO H Ni ang m nhim vai tr quan trng trong qun l CTR thnh ph vi t cch l mt cng ty nh nc. K thut H thng thu gom - Rc thi ch yu c vn chuyn trc tip t khu dn c n bi rc Nam Sn cch trung tm H Ni khong 50 km. - Cc trm trung chuyn d kin c thc hin bi Ngn hng Th gii ti H Ni. - Thnh ph H Ni ang dn thay i h thng thu gom t phng thc n tng nh (xe tay v chung) thnh h thng ni x rc v thi gian x rc nht nh (cng ten n v ti a im/thi gian c nh). - Thnh ph H Ni ng dng phn loi ngun rc t nm 2007 thng qua d n 3R ca JICA v ang ln k hoch nhn rng khu vc p dng. - khu vc nng thn, t l thu gom rc rt thp (khong 40%) v n gy ra vn nhim mi trng nghim trng. X l trung gian v ti ch - rc c ng dng ti H Ni t u nhng nm 1990 vi nh my rc Cu Din. Hin nay, ti H Ni c ba nh my rc. - Bi v vic thu gom v vn chuyn ti H Ni cn thiu hiu qu nn chi ph vn chuyn rc thi rt cao, v chi ph vn chuyn khng th c chi tr bng ph v sinh. - Thiu phng tin vn chuyn v thit b h tr l nhng kh khn cho vic chuyn i h thng thu gom rc sang h thng mi. - H thng thu gom cho ng v ng nh m xe ti khng th tip cn c vn cn c kh khn trong vic thu gom rc. Do , ch c h thng truyn thng (thu gom tng nh vi xe tay v h thng chung) c p dng. - Hu ht rc vng nng thn b vt ra ng, bi t trng, v vt xung sng gy ra thit hi nghim trng i vi mi trng v sc khe cng ng. vng nng thn, rt kh thu gom rc v mt dn c thp. - Cht lng cht thi a n nh my l mt vn ln i vi vic bo m cht lng ca sn phm , bi v phn loi ngun rc ti im pht thi khng c thc hin rng ri ti H Ni. nh my rc Gia Lm v Seraphim, cht thi a n hon ton l cht thi hn hp. - Ti cc lng ngh, do vn t nn cng ngh c s dng thng rt lc hu - ng thi, qun l trong lnh vc ny vn cn thiu. Tt c cc hot ng t thu thp n x l c thc hin mt cch khng chnh thc. iu gy ra nhim mi trng v nh hng n sc khe cng ng. - iu ny c th gy ra trnh trng phc tapj trong qun l CTR ti H Ni, bi v khng r h thng ny c ph hp vi nh hng qun l CTR hay khng. ng thi, chnh quyn trung ng v UBND cng bi ri v h thng x l s b ca CTR th. - Vic x cht thi xy dng ba bi ti cc cng trng quy m nh l mt vn ln ca H Ni. y l mt trong nhng kh khn chnh m Cng ty URENCO H Ni phi i mt. Vn chnh - Quyt nh v SWM mi c ban hnh. Trong , cc vai tr v trch nhim ca tng bn cng nh hnh pht c xc nh r. Tuy nhin, vic thc hin quyt nh trn thc t vn l mt kh khn. L do chnh l thiu ngun nhn lc v ti chnh vv cho vic thc hin. - Thiu quy hoch tng th l mt trong nhng kh khn trong vic a ra nh hng ph hp cho cng tc qun l CTR ti thnh ph H Ni. V d, AIC s u t vo mt khu lin hip x l rc Nam Sn, tuy nhin, iu ny c th khng khuyn khch vic phn loi ngun ti khu vc thnh ph. - S XD gp kh khn trong vic quan l v kim sot hot ng ca cc cng ty thu gom (17 cng ty ti H Ni). S cng gp kh khn trong vic xy dng quy hoch tng th SWM ti H Ni. - Vai tr ca cng ty URENCO H Ni vi t cch l cng ty nh nc ngy cng gim st do cc nh u t t nhn ng vai tr ln hn trc y.
T chc
- Ti ch rc ang c cc lng ngh thc hin mt cch khng chnh thc. Nhiu lng ngh nm nhng vng ph cn H Ni v d nh lng Triu Khc, lng Khaoi, lng giy Dng , vv
- Cc nh u t tip cn vi cng ty URENCO H Ni, S XD v/hoc UBND v bt u xy dng c s x l rc bng cng ngh ring (v d nh AIC) - Cht thi xy dng c t do x ra cc cng trng quy m nh.
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Hng mc Bi chn lp
Bi cnh - H Ni hin c 3 bi chn lp. Bi chn lp Nam Sn d kin s y vo cui nm 2011. Bi chn lp ny ang trong qu trnh m rng. Tnh trng tng t cng din ra bi chn lp Xun Sn, ni tip nhn rc t th trn Sn Ty. - Hin nay, cc phng tin thng tin ch vo s phn i ca ngi dn xung quanh bi chn lp Ni Thoong. Bi chn lp Ni Thoong gy ra nhng vn mi trng cho khu vc xung quanh v gn y dng hot ng. - Theo d liu ca S TNMT, H Ni vn cn hng trm bi chn lp l thin - Cc vn mi trng gy ra do cht thi rn th ti H Ni ang mc bo ng,c bit tc ng ca cc bi rc nhim, bi rc l thin, rc vt ngoi ng ph, h thng cng, vv.
Vn chnh - Vng i ca bi chn lp l mt vn ch yu trong qun l CTR ti H Ni.
- Kim sot cht lng mi trng ca bi chn lp l mt vn trc tin cn phi thc hin c c s ng thun t pha nhng ngi dn a phng xung quanh khu vc bi chn lp.
Mi trng
- Cht thi vt ra ng, nhng ni cng cng v i khi gy ngp ng v nh hng nghim trng n m quan ca H Ni. - Cc bi rc l thin c kh nng nh hng n ngun nc ngm v nc mt, nhim mi trng kh xung quanh, lm pht sinh k sinh trng, mi kh chu, vv. Cc bi rc ny thng nm gn khu dn c. - Thiu ngn sch vn hnh nh my . Vn ny c ch s hu cc nh my . y l mt trongnhng l do m hu ht cc nh my rc ang hot ng di cng sut thit k.
Ti chnh
- UBND H Ni yu cu i vi ch cc nh my rc l chi ph vn hnh nh my rc nn c chi tr bng doanh thu t bn phn . Hin nay khng c chnh sch r rng v tr cp nh my x l rc thi t ngn sch thnh ph. - Nhn thc ca cng ng v/hoc ngi dn v qun l CTR ang nng cao mt s khu vc ca H Ni thng qua d n 3R, tuy nhin, nhn chung vn cn thp. - Nhn thc rt thp nhng vng nng thon. - Chnh quyn cc a phng khng nhn thc c vai tr v trch nhim ca mnh i vi qun l cht thi rn - Theo chnh sch x hi ha ti Vit Nam, cng ty URENCO H Ni tr thnh cng ty TNHH nh nc mt thnh vin t thng 7 nm 2005. - Gn y, cng ty AIC tha thun u t vo khu lin hip x l rc Nam Sn.
Nhn thc
- Thng thng ngi dn H Ni cho rng trch nhim thuc v cc cng ty thu gom v x l, ch khng phi l trch nhim ca ngi dn. - Ngi dn khng nhn thc c trch nhim l ngun pht sinh rc v nhim v gi v sinh. iu ny dn n vic x rc ba bi trn ng ph, h thng cng rnh.
X hi ha/t nhn ha
- Cng ty URENCO Hi Phng c mt s hn ch trong hot ng qun l CTR. Nhng cng ty ny li c vai tr quan trng vi t cch l mt cng ty nh nc. - Cc bin php i vi cc im pht thi v c s x l khng c s iu phi. V d, CDCP yu cu s phn loi ngun rc v cc cht hu c cho CDCP, trong khi , nu nh c p dng ti nh my AIC ti Nam Sn cch trung tm thnh ph 50km, th i hi cn c s u t nhiu hn. - S XD ang gp nhng kh khn qun l s lng cc cng ty thu gom H Ni.
- H Ni c 18 cng ty t nhn tham gia thu thp v vn chuyn ti H Ni.
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3) Hi Phng
Hang mc Php lut v quy hoch Bi cnh - Quy nh v SWM ti thnh ph Hi Phng vn cha c xy dng v ban hnh . - Hin tay khng c quy hoch tng th v SWM. Qun l cht thi rn Hi Phng ang c thc thi theo Ngh quyt s 09/2010/NQ-HDND ngy 15/07/2010 v nhim v v gii php i vi thu gom v x l CTR ti vng nng thn, giai on 2010 2020 ca thnh ph Hi Phng, Hi ng Thnh ph Nhim k VIII, Kho 18. - UBND Hi Phng giao cho cng ty UNRENCO Hi Phng thc hin 3R ti Hi Phng. K thut H thng thu gom - Cng ty URENCO Hi Phng l cng ty c trch nhim hng u trong vic thu gom rc thi ti cc qun trung tm ca thnh ph Hi Phng theo phng thc n tng nh. - 4 cng ty khc cung cp dch v thu gom rc thi ti Hi Phng, ch yu ti vng ngoi thnh v khu vc nng thn. - Ch c mt nh my rc mi c xy dng Hi Phong do ngun vn ODA ca Hn Quc vi cng sut thit k 200 tn/ngy. Nh my ny ang giai on th nghim v c vn hnh bi URENCO Hi Phng. - Bi chn lp Trng Ct v nh V l hai bi chn lp chnh Hi Phng v vng i ca hai bi chn lp ny ch cn vi nm na. - Su bi chn lp ang hot ng Hi Phng. Trong s , ch c bi chn lp Trng Ct l hp v sinh. - Hi Phng s sm nhn c ngun vn ODA (vay vn bng yn) xy dng bi chn lp hp v sinh ti nh V vi din tch 20 ha. - Trong qu kh, Hi Phng phi i mt vi nhng vn to ln do ngi dn xung quanh bi rc Trng Ct a ra. H tin hnh nh cng v chn cc xe thu gom rc chuyn rc vo bi rc do s nhim mi trng nghim trng ca bi rc ny. Ch sau khi tnh hnh nhim c ci thin, ngi dn mi chp thun cho bi rc tip tc hot ng. - URENCO Hi Phng tin hnh thu gom, x l v ch bin rc. Phn b ngn sch cho URENCO Hi Phng c c cu gm 50% t ph v sinh v 50% t ngun tr cp. - Thnh ph Hi Phng sn sng tin hnh phn loi ngun rc rng ri nhm m bo cht lng ca cc cht thi hu c v hiu qu ca nh my phn. - Hi Phng, c nhiu phong tro v gi gn v sinh do cc c quan cng ng t chc. Tn dng cc t chc ny s l mt gii php tt nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng - Ph hp vi chnh sch x hi ho ca Vit Nam, URENCO Hi Phng tr thnh cng ty TNHH nh nc mt thnh vin t thng 7 nm 2010. - Khng c nh u t t nhn no tham gia vo x l CTR ti Hi Phng. Vn chnh - Vic thiu cc quy nh gy kh khn cho thnh ph ny trong vic xc nh vai tr ca cc c quan/bn hu quan v cc s hp tc gia cc i tc, bao gm hnh pht - Thng tin/d liu v CTR rt hn ch. - Khng c quy hoch tng lai (quy hoch tng th) v qun l CTR Hi Phng.
- Thiu phng php/cch tip cn ph bin 3R. - Thiu phng tin vn chuyn v trang thit b bo m hiu qu ca vic thu gom cht thi, c bit vng nng thn. Theo bo co, nhiu hnh vi x rc phi php b pht hin khu vc nng thn. (Theo bo co iu tra phng vn cc cng ty thu gom cc khu vc ny, tt c u a ra kh khn do thiu phng tin thu gom) - Cc im lu tr rc ti thnh ph vn cha c qun l v gy ra cc vn mi trng - Rc a n nh my Trng Ct l rc hn hp do cng ty URENCO Hi Phng thu gom. Rc thi c a n di dng hn hp to ra kh khn trong vic m bo cht lng ca sn phm phn v s vn hnh hiu qu ca nh my, vv. - S ngn hn ca vng i bi chn lp l mt vn ln Vit Nam. - Cc vn mi trng gy ra bi 5 bi chn lp l thin ang hot ng ti Hi Phng. Khng c bin php i ph no c p dng vi cc bi chn lp ny.
X l trung gian v ti ch
Bi chn lp
Mi trng
- Cc bi rc l thin ti Hi Phng gy nhim mi trng ti vng xunh quanh .
Ti chnh
- 50 % ca hot ng qun l cht thi c chi tr bi s ti tr ca UBND Hi Phng. Ph v sinh ch l 18,000VND/h gia nh/thng. - Mc d nh my phn Trng Ct mi ch giai on th nghim, nhng n cng gy ra vn ti chnh cho hot ng ca nh my. - Nhn chung, nhn thc ca cng ng v gi gn v sinh khu vc sinh sng vn cn thp, mc d cc hot ng v sinh c t chc Hi Phng. - URENCO Hi Phng cn c nhiu hn ch trong hot ng qun l CTR. - Mt khc, cng ty ny c vai tr quan trng l mt cng ty nh nc.
Nhn thc
X hi ho/t nhn ho
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4) Hu
Hang mc Php lut v quy hoch Bi cnh - Vic qun l CTR c thc thi cn c theo Quyt nh 2298 v Quy hoch h thng thu gom v x l ti Tha Thin Hu n nm 2010 v tm nhn n nm 2020 Vn chnh - Quyt nh 2298 c coi l quy hoch tng th cho qun l CTR ti Tha Thin Hu. Cn phi c k hoch hnh ng c th thc tin ph hp vi Quyt nh ny.
K thut H thng thu gom - Ti Hu, gn y h thng thu gom mi gm cc a im thu gom quy hoch thay th cho h thng thu gom n tng nh ang c y mnh. - H thng mi ny c xc nh l mt cch hiu qu sau qu trnh th nghim v ang trong giai on nhn rng. X l trung gian v ti ch - C mt nh my phn vi cng sut 200 tn/ngy ang hot ng ti thnh ph Hu (Cng ty TNHH Tm Sinh Ngha) - Mt nh my phn mi vi cng sut 600 tn/ngy c cng ty TNHH Lemna u t v c tnh Tha Thin Hu ph duyt vo thng 6 nm 2010. Bi chn lp - Hin nay Hu ch c mt bi chn lp hp v sinh. Tuy nhin, hu ht cht thi c x l ti nh my x l rc thi Tm Sinh Ngha. Bi chn lp ny tip nhn rc thi hai ngy mt tun (th 7 v ch nht). - Cht tn d t quy trnh phn ti nh my Tm Sinh Ngha c x l bi nh my. - T l thu gom cht thi ti thnh ph Hu theo bo co l khong 90% v rc c vt trn thnh ph. Ti chnh - Thnh ph Hu d kin m rng h thng thu gom - ng thi d nh u t vo nh my x l nc r rc ti bi rc Thu Phng hin ti. Nhn thc - So vi cc thnh ph khc, ngi dn Hu c thc kh tt v gi gn v sinh. - Mt nh my rc ca cng ty TNHH Tm Sinh Ngha ang hot ng. - Mt nh my rc mi ca cng ty TNHH Lemna c tnh Tha Thin Hu ph duyt vo thng 6 nm 2010. - Vn cn tin hnh gio dc v mi trng v qung b nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn v vn v sinh. - Hai nh my rc s hot ng cng thi im trong khi khng c hng dn r rng no v qun l CTR ti Hu v dng thi v h thng thu gom cht thi. - Do nh my Tm Sinh Ngha tip nhn rc thi hn hp t thnh ph nn n gp mt s kh khn trong vic ci thin cht lng phn . - Vn tng t c th s xy ra vi nh my phn Lemna. - Thiu phng tin v thit b tng cng h thng thu gom rc mi: cc cng ten n v phng tin c bit vi h thng bc d.
- X l nc r rc l vn nng ti bi chn lp ny. - D n ODA ca Php d nh s xy dng nh my x l cht thi ti bi chn lp ny, tuy nhin, iu ny vn cha c thc hin. - Cht tn d pht sinh trong qu trnh phn c th c kh nng gy ra cc vn mi trng. - Vic vt rc ra ng gy nh hng nghim trng n m quan ca thnh ph Hu, trong kh Hu l thnh ph duy lch v di sn ca th gii. - Thiu ti chnh m rng h thng thu gom mi v xy dng nh my x l nc r rc
Mi trng
X hi ho/t nhn ho
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5) Nng
Hang mc Php lut v quy hoch Bi cnh - Thnh ph Nng ang thc hin qun l CTR theo quyt nh s 3903/QD-UB ngy 22/10/1997 v qun l CTR v Pht trin Nng Thnh ph mi trng". Vn chnh - Quy nh v qun l CTR ti Nng tng i lc hu. - Da theo phng hng Pht trin Nng thnh ph mi trng, quy hoch tng th v qun l CTR v k hoch hnh ng bao gm chin lc ti ch cn c xy dng v thc hin. - Nng l mt khu th mi v vn ang giai on pht trin. S tt hn nu nh quy hoch tng th v qun l CTR c xy dng ph hp vi quy hoch ca thnh ph - Qun l CTR c thc hin bi S TNMT, thay cho S XD
T chc
- Vit Nam, theo Ngh nh 59, B XD c giao trch nhim ph trch qun l CTR. Do , cp a phng, S XD l c quan chnh ph trch qun l CTR. - Vi s h tr ca Ngn hng Th gii t nhng nm 2000, h thng thu gom ca Nng tng i pht trin vi h thng cc thng rc - Cng thi im , h thng trm trung chuyn quy m nh cng c Ngn hng Th gii a vo p dng. - S TNMT Nng v URENCO ang xem xt chuyn h thng thu gom bng thng sang h thng thu gom bng ti. - Khu vc nng thn t x l rc thi. - Khng c cc nh my x l trung cp no ti thnh ph Nng . - D n CDM v thu gom kh GHG ti bi rc Khnh Sn ang trong qu trnh thc hin ti Nng. - Phn loi ngun c a vo p dng ti thnh ph, tuy nhin, khng thnh cng. - Nng hin nay ch c mt bi chn lp hp v sinh l bi chn lp Khnh Sn c xy dng bi d n ca Ngn hng Th gii. Khu vc c ca bi chn lp Khnh Sn b lp y vo cui nm 2007 v khu vc mi bt u i vo hot ng sau . D n CDM v thu gom kh GHG ang c thc hin ti y. - Hin nay, ton thnh ph c 11 trm trung chuyn quy m nh. Tuy nhin, cc trm ny nm trong cc khu dn c v gy tc ng xu n ngi dn xung quanh, c bit l mi kh chu. (Mt s h thng x l mi c lp t ti cc trm ny dng hot ng do hng hoc thiu kinh ph duy tr.) - Thnh ph Nng sn sng p dng phn loi rc. Thnh ph chun b k hoch chi tit vi lch trnh thc hin t giai on nghin cu n giai on m rng. - Ngi dn Nng c thc cao v gi gn v sinh. - Chnh quyn a phng c trch nhim trong cng tc qun l CTR. - Cng ty ca u t vo d n CDM ti bi rc .
K thut H thng thu gom
- Cc trm trung chuyn gy ra cc vn mi trng cho ngi dn xung quanh v b ngi dn phn i.
- Thay i h thng thu gom cn c n lc ln c c s ng thun ca ngi dn. - Dch vu thu gom rc khng p dng cc vng nng thn. - Thiu chin lc r rng v gim thiu v/hoc ti ch rc thi.
Bi chn lp
- Phn loi ngun khng c xem l mt phn ca chu trnh x l rc ti Nng. Phn loi ngun cn c ch tiu v mc ch r rng. - Gn y, khng c vn ln i vi cc bi chn lp ti Nng .
Mi trng
- Cc vn mi trng ti cc trm trung chuyn.
Ti chnh
- Thiu kinh ph bt u chng trnh phn loi rc.
Nhn thc
X hi ho/t nhn ho
- Cn tip tc tin hnh cc hot ng qung b v/hoc gio dc v mi trng. c th thc hin phn loi rc, cn c n lc ca cc c qan c lin quan. - S tip cn ca cng ty t nhn trong qun l CTR cn gii hn v khu vc ny thiu kinh ph.
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6) Thnh ph H Ch Minh
Hang mc Php lut v quy hoch Bi cnh - Thnh ph HCM thc hin qun l CTR cn c theo Quyt nh 103/2004/QD-UB v k hoch qun l CTR ti Thnh ph HCM. - T nm 2004, S TNMT ca HCM xy dng quy hoch tng th v x l CTR, tuy nhin, sau nhiu ln chnh sa, quy hoch ny vn cha c ph duyt. L do chnh l quy hoch tng th ny khng th p ng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca thnh ph. - Vit Nam, theo Ngh nh 59, B XD c giao trch nhim ph trch qun l CTR. Do , cp a phng, S XD l c quan chnh ph trch qun l CTR. - H thng thu gom ti thnh ph HCM kh phc tp vi s tham gia ca nhiu khu vc bao gm cc c quan nh nc (23 bao gm CITENCO), cc i thu gom t nhn (khong 30) v hp tc x (5). - Hai trm trung chuyyn quy m ln do CITENCO qun l ang hot ng. Vn chnh - S pht trin kinh t nhanh chng ti thnh ph HCM gy kh khn cho nhng ngi xy dng chnh sch v qun l CTR v cch thc xy dng mt quy hoch ph hp vi yu cu ca x hi.
T chc
- Qun l CTR c thc hin bi S TNMT, thay cho S XD ti thnh ph HCM.
K thut H thng thu gom
- thnh ph HCM, ti khu lin hip qun l CTR Phc Hip, nh my rc Vietstar c u t v vn hnh bi cng ty nc ngoi vi cng sut 600 tn/ngy (cng sut thit k l 1200 tn/ngy v cng sut thc t s c nng cao bng mc thit k) . - Mt nh my khc c cng ty TNHH Tm Sinh Ngha u t vi cng sut l 2,200 tn/ngy v ang c xy dng gn vi nh my rc Vietstar. - thnh ph HCM hin nay c hai bi chn lp gm bi chn lp Phc Hip (do CITENCO qun l) v bi chn lp a Phc (do cng ty Gii php cht thi Vit Nam qun l cng ty ca M). - Vo thng 10 nm 2010, mt khu lin hip x l cht thi mi c ph duyt u t, Khu lin hip ny s phc v cho vng kinh t trng im min Nam, bao gm H Ch Minh, v c ph duyt theo quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh Ph . - Cnh st mi trng pht hin vic x cht tn d mt cch phi php ca nh my x l trung cp ti thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Bi chn lp
- S tham gia ca nhiu c quan khc nhau gy ra nhng kh khn cho thnh ph trong vic qun l cng tc thu gom. c bit, thu gom s b t h gia nh n cc im trung chuyn bi i thu gom t nhn ang l mt vn nng i vi thnh ph HCM. - Nhiu phng tin bao gm xe ti, xe my c s dng thu gom rc ti cc khu dn c. Do , thu gom s cp v th cp c th khng ng b. - Nh my rc to thun li cho cc c s tai ch nha. Ti ch nha l ngun thu chnh ca nh my, do , nh my yu cu cht thi hn hp gm nha. - Mt khc, S TNMT HCM d kin a vo p dng vic phn loi rc mt cch rng ri thnh ph HCM. ( tmg c a vo p dng trong qu kh nhng dng li do mt s nguyn nhn). y s l kh khn trong tng lai i vi thnh ph, c bit cho cc nh my x l rc s c a vo hot ng. - Lng cht thi cn x l ti thnh ph HCM l khong 6300 tn/ngy v c tnh rng lng rc pht sinh s tng t 8-10%/nm. - C th nhn nh 3R l mt bin php khng th thiu ti thnh ph HCM.
Mi trng
Ti chnh
- Thnh ph HCM ang thc hin t nhn ho trong lnh vc qun l CTR mt cch rng ri. Nhiu nh my x l CTR c u t v vn hnh bi khu vc t nhn. iu ny gip gim bt gnh nng ti chnh v qun l CTR. - Thnh ph HCM c rt nhiu ngi nhp c ngoi vi thnh ph vi nhiu c im khc nhau, vi nhiu trnh nhn thc khc nhau v mi trng. - Nh cp trn, nhiu c s qun l CTR ti thnh ph HCM c u t v vn hnh bi khu vc t nhn, bao gm c cc cng ty nc ngai.
- X rc bt hp php c th gy ra cc vn mi trng. - Vt rc ra ng ph, cng rnh vv vn l mt vn ln ca thnh ph. N nh hng nhiu n m quan ca thnh ph H Ch Minh. - Mt lng rc thi khng l l mt vn quan trng to ra mt gnh nng ti chnh ca thnh ph.
Nhn thc
- Vn vt rc ra ng l mt trong nhng vn m nhng ngi thc km gy ra.
X hi ho/t nhn ho
- Thiu s ng b i vi cc bin php/h thng qun l CTR ti cc im pht thi, c s x l v bi rc. V d, S TNMT tin hnh phn loi rc, tuy nhin, mt s nh u t li phn i vic phn loi rc.
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2.3 2.3.1
nh hng v cc bin php c xut ( xut l trnh ) Ni dung l trnh L trnh c xy dng nhm cc mc tiu sau: Ci thin MSWM Vit Nam Gim ri ro mi trng do MSW gy ra Nng cao nhn thc v 3R v v sinh cng cng Tng cng cc hot ng ti ch
L trnh ti Bng 2-45 c xy dng cho nm nm ti, t nm 2011 n 2015; Bng 2-45 Ni dung l trnh
TT 1 Chng trnh hnh ng Tin hnh Chin lc quc gia v ISWM Mc tiu Tin hnh c ch ISWM c thnh lp cp quc gia v ISWM c tin hnh theo k hoch Cc c s MSW v / hoc cc dch v c th phc v phn ln dn s Vit Nam Chu trnh MSW Vit Nam c lm r v SW-IMS c s dng lp k hoch SWM ph hp c cp trung ng v a phng Quy hoch ISWM c xy dng bi chnh quyn a phng v SWM c tin hnh ph hp Cc hot ng phn loi rc thi ti ngun c ph bin Vit Nam Lin minh v 3R v/ hoc v sinh tr nn ph bin v hnh vi ca ngi dn cng thay i Ngnh ti ch t tiu chun mi trng c pht trin Nng lc ca cn b thnh ph c ci thin v cc cng ngh SWM ph hp c gii thiu Vit Nam
Ci tin cng tc x l MSW v cng ngh tiu hy v pht trin cc c s SWM ng cch trn c nc Thnh lp ht hng qun l thong tin cht thi rn (SW-IMS) Xy dng v thc hin Quy hoch ISWM tng a phng Gii thiu v ph bin vic phn loi rc thi ti ngun v cng ng da trn SWM Nng cao nhn thc v 3R v v sinh cng cng Chnh quyn y mnh cc hot ng ti ch Qun l t nhn ha/ x hi ha
5 6 7 8
Tm chng trnh hnh ng trong l trnh c tm tt trong Bng 2-46 di y;
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Bo co tin (2)
The Study on Urban Environmental Management in Vietnam
Bng 2-46 Tm tt l trnh

Cc chng trnh hnh ng Chng trnh-1: Tin hnh Chin lc quc gia v ISWM Hnh ng Thnh lp y ban ISWM gm cc B lin quan n vic lp k hoch, trin khai v gim st chin lc ISWM Vit Nam C quan chu trch nhim MOC/MON RE/MARD/ MIC /MOH MOC/MON RE C quan iu phi MOIT/MOF /MPI/MOST /PC MORD/MIC /MOH MOC/ MONRE PC K hoch Mc tiu Xy dng c ch thc hin ISWM cp quc gia v thc hin ISWM ng k hoch 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Xy dng K hoch hnh ng ph hp vi Quyt nh s 2149/2009/QD-TTG ca th tng chnh ph v Chin lc quc gia v ti mi b lin quan v d nh MONRE, MOC, MARD, MIC and MOH. Cng vi cc k hoch hnh ng, cn phn b nhn lc, trang thit b v ngn sch cn thit cho mi B Xy dng v ph bin hng dn v ISWM; VD Hng dn xy dng quy hoch ISWM ti mi cp chnh quyn a phng, Hng dn x l v tiu hy MSW, Hng dn v 3R, Hng dn phn loi cht thi ti ngun
MPI/MOF MOC/MON RE
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Chng trnh-2: Ci tin cng ngh x l v tiu hy MSW v pht trin cc c s SWM trn ton quc Progress report ( 2)
Qu trnh hot ng ca Qu mi trng v cn xem xt xy dng, iu chnh mc ph v sinh hin thc ha cc yu cu ca k hoch hnh ng. Xy dng c ch iu phi gia cc c quan v t chc lin quan cp quc gia (nh hi ngh khoa hc v 3R) Nghin cu v cng ngh x l MSW v cc bin php mi trng cp trung ng, bao gm c vic x l trung gian, ti ch, tiu hy Tin hnh d n th nghim v xc nh cng ngh x l MSW Pht trin tng cng by (7) a im xy dng Trung tm x l cht thi rn lin tnh ti cc vng kinh t trng im Bc, Trung Nam Xy dng cc k hoch d n ph bin cng ngh x l MSW c xc nh v cc vn mi trng Pht trin cc c s MSW ti hu ht cc a phng phc v hu ht dn c thnh ph v nng thn Cn tin hnh cc bin php mi trng ti cc bi rc Vit Nam bao gm cc bi rc c tn trong Quyt nh s 64/2003/QD-TTG
MONRE
MOC/PC
MOST/MOC
VUREIA/ Cc trng i hc/ cc vin nghin cu
Pht trin cc c s v/ hoc cc dch v MSW phc v phn ln dn s Vit Nam
MOC
MPI/MOF/ PC Vol. 06: Study Report on Solid Waste Management
PC MOC
MOC /MPI/MOF MONRE /MPI/MOF
Cc chng trnh hnh ng Chng trnh-3: Xy dng h thng qun l thng tin cht thi rn (SW-IMS)
Hnh ng Cn xy dng h thng qun l thng tin cht thi rn (SW-IMS) cp trung ng v h thng c s d liu v cht thi rn cp tnh/ cp huyn. Xy dng trung tm qun l thng tin cht thi rn (SW-IMC) l c quan thit yu qun l SW-IMS. Cn tch hp c s d liu v SWM cp tnh/ cp huyn vo c s d liu cp quc gia Cn s dng thng tin/ s liu v SWM lm c s cho vic lp k hoch SWM trong tng lai Cn ph bin thng tin/ s liu SWM cho cng chng c cp trung ng v a phng di dng "White Paper".
C quan chu trch nhim MOC/MON RE/VUREIA MOC/MON RE MOC/MON RE/PC/VUR EIA MOC/PC MONRE/PC
C quan iu phi PC/URENCO/ Cc doanh nghip SWM PC
K hoch Mc tiu Xc nh chu trnh MSW Vit Nam v s dng SW-IMS lp k hoch SWM ph hp c cp quc gia v a phng 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
URENCO/ Cc doanh nghip SWM VUREIA VUREIA
Chng trnh -4: Xy dng v trin khai Quy hoch ISWM mi a phng
Xy dng Quy hoch ISWM Master Plan ti mi a phng ph hp vi Quyt nh ca th tng chnh ph s 2149/2009/QD-TTG v Chin lc quc gia v v Ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-CP v SWM. Thnh lp hi ng 3R mi a phng lp k hoch, thc hin v gim st quy hoch v nhng hot ng 3R R sot cc sc lnh hin hnh v trc v SWM cp a phng theo Ngh nh s 59 v quyt nh ca th tng chnh ph s 2149 v thc hin cc sc lnh H tr k thut v/ hoc phn b ngn sch cn thit thc hin Quy hoch cp trung ng v a phng. Song song vi quy hoch ISWM, chnh quyn a phng cn phn b v cung cp ngn sch, nhn s Cng vi quy hoch ISWM, cn xy dng v vn hnh cc c s SWM ph hp
PC
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Xy dng quy hoch ISWM cp a phng v trin khai SWM ng cch
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PC PC
URENCO URENCO
MOC MPI/MOF PC PC PC
PC
--MOC MPI/MOF URENCO / cc doanh nghip SWM Nhn rng thi quen phn loi cht thi ti ngun Vit Nam Vol. 06: Study Report on Solid Waste Management
Chng trnh-5: Gii thiu v ph bin v phn loi cht thi ti ngun v SWM da vo cng ng
Cng vi Ngh nh s 59 v SWM v Quyt nh s 2149 v chin lc quc gia v ISWM, cn xy dng chng trnh phn loi cht thi ti ngun cp a phng p ng thng l SWM hin nay Cn tin hnh rng ri vic phn loi cht thi ti ngun nh l bin php ko di v 3R
Cc chng trnh hnh ng
Hnh ng Xy dng v trin khai SWM da vo cng ng (cng ng cng qun l cht thi rn) cp a phng, song song vi cng tc phn loi cht thi ti ngun, da vo sng kin ca cng ng, on th, tnh nguyn vin
C quan chu trch nhim Cng ng/ on th/ tnh nguyn vin MONRE
C quan iu phi PC
K hoch Mc tiu 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Chng trnh-6: Nng cao nhn thc v 3R v v sinh cng cng
Xy dng din n Sao 3R cp trung ng thu ht cc i tng khc nhau cng tham gia, nh cc c quan nh nc, khi t nhn, cc on th, NGOs, trng i hc, hip hi, cc c quan thng tn bo ch v thit lp mi quan h i tc gia cc i tng ny Lp k hoch v thc hin cc hot ng PR v 3R Thnh lp din n Sao 3R cp a phng vi s tham gia ca nhiu i tng khc nhau nh nh cc c quan nh nc, khi t nhn, cc on th, NGOs, trng i hc, hip hi, cc c quan thng tn bo ch v thit lp mi quan h i tc gia cc i tng ny Lp k hoch v trin khai cc hot ng 3R cp a phng
MOC /VUREIA
MONRE DONRE /URENCO
PC PC
Nhn rng nh hng ca 3R v/ hoc v sinh cng cng, thay i thi quen ca dn chng v rc thi
DONRE /URENCO URENCO URENCO DOE PC PC
PC PC PC PC/URENCO MONRE MONRE/MOC Pht trin ngnh ti ch t tiu chun mi trng Vol. 06: Study Report on Solid Waste Management
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Thnh lp trung tm gio dc mi trng mi a phng Tin hnh gio dc v mi trng v PR v 3R cho cng ng Tin hnh gio dc mi trng v PR v 3R ti cc trng hc Chnh ph xy dng c ch h tr cho hot ng ca cc tnh nguyn vin, cc NGO v 3 R v v sinh cng cng Chng trnh-7: Tng cng cc hot ng ti ch ca khi nh nc Progress report ( 2) Chnh quyn a phng xc nh hin trng v cc vn v ti ch bao gm c chu trnh ti ch nh giy, nha, st, phi kim, knh, rc in t, xc t Xc nh vai tr tng lai ca cc hot ng ti ch do khi t nhn thc hin theo chin lc ISWM strategy cp quc gia v quy hoch ISWM a phng Thnh lp Qu ti ch ti mi a phng l c quan u mi khuyn khch cc hot ng ti ch
MONRE/ MOC DONRE/PC
MOIT
PC
Cc chng trnh hnh ng
Hnh ng thu ht khi t nhn tham gia vo ngnh ti ch, chnh ph cn xy dng cc c ch h tr hoc c ch khuyn khch cho ngnh ti ch nh phn b ngn sch, min gim thu, khuyn khch ti chnh, cp t min ph Cn xy dng cc th trn sinh thi gm c nhiu ngnh ti ch khc nhau khuyn khch cc hot ng ti ch v tp trung ha cc hot ng ti ch hin ang cn c tin hnh ri rc hin nay cp quc gia, cn xy dng c cc ti liu hng dn k thut v cng ngh/ c s SWM p ng yu cu ca Ngh nh s v quyt nh s 2149 v chin lc quc gia v ISWM v ph bin n cp a phng Cng ngh do khi t nhn xut phi c nh gi trong hi ngh khoa hc v 3R cp quc gia. Chnh quyn trung ng cn t chc v tin hnh cc kha hun luyn v cng ngh x l SWM cho cc cn b a phng ang cng tc ti MOC, DONRE hoc DOST, URENCO Cn nh gi xem cc cng ngh do khi t nhn xut c p ng c yu cu ca Quy hoch ISWM ca thnh ph v/hoc cc hng dn trn y hay khng
C quan chu trch nhim MOC/ MONRE
C quan iu phi MOIT/ Industries
K hoch Mc tiu 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
MOC/ MONRE
PC
Chng trnh -8: Qun l v t nhn ha/ x hi ha
MOST/MOC
PC
MOST/MOC MOST/MOC
Cc vin/ cc trng i hc PC
Tng cng nng lc ca cn b thnh ph v gii thiu cng ngh SWM ph hp Vit Nam
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Ghi ch: Phn mu ghi l cc hnh ng m c th p dng hoc th nghim trong khun kh cc chng trnh h tr ca JICA
Vol. 06: Study Report on Solid Waste Management
2.3.2
S lc v mi chng trnh hnh ng trong l trnh (1) Chng trnh hnh ng - 1: Tin hnh chin lc quc gia v ISWM C s "Ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-CP quy nh v SWM" v "Quyt nh ca th tng chnh ph s 2149/2009/QD-TTg v chin lc quc gia v ISWM n nm 2025 v tm nhn n nm 2050" c ban hnh nm 2007 v 2009. Tuy nhin, c cp trung ng v a phng, qun l cht thi rn theo quy nh u cha c tin hnh tun th. Mc tiu C ch thc hin ISWM c xy dng cp quc gia v ISWM tin hnh theo k hoch. C quan chu trch nhim Theo Quyt nh s 2149/2009/QD-TTg, MOC v MONRE l hai c quan ch tr phi hp vi cc B khc nh MOH, MARD, MPI, MOST, MOF, MIC , MOIT v y ban nhn dn cc tnh iu hnh chin lc quc gia ny. Miu t hot ng Xt thy ISWM i hi nhiu bn cng tham gia, vic thnh lp mt y ban ISWM l rt cn thit thc hin cc chc nng lp k hoch, trin khai v gim st ISWM Vit Nam. cc hot ng c phi hp nhp nhng gia cc c quan lin quan, trnh trng lp, m bo hiu qu cng vic, t c cc mc tiu chin lc, y ban ny phi c thnh lp ngay, v d nh ngay trong nm nay. Ban hnh cng chin lc quc gia v ISWM l mi mt (11) chng trnh cn thc hin bi cc b. V th, a cc chng trnh ny vo thc t, mi B phi xy dng c K hoch hnh ng ca mnh. Hn na, cn b tr nhn s, trang thit b, ngn sch cho tng k hoch hnh ng. V th, cn nh gi v iu chnh hot ng ca cc qu bo v mi trng v h thng ph v sinh k hoch hnh ng c th trin khai trn thc t. Cui cng, l lm cch no ph bin cc hot ng ny n cp a phng. Hng dn v ISWM ca cc c quan nh nc t cp trung ng n cp a phng ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic m bo k hoch ca tng tnh ph hp vi chin lc ca trung ng. Theo kinh nghim ca Nht Bn, JICA c th h tr Vit Nam thnh lp y ban ISWM v xy dng Hng dn v ISWM (2) Chng trnh hnh ng - 2: Ci tin cng ngh x l v tiu hy MSW v xy dng c s SWM trn ton quc C s gim thiu cht thi thng qua x l trung gian cht thi rn, Vit Nam MOC ch yu l xc tin vic sn xut phn bn. Tuy nhin, nhiu c s sn xut phn bn gp nhiu kh khn trong hot ng. V thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn, mt s a phng, cn xem xt li h thng v thit b thu gom, a vo s dng cc trm trung chuyn V h thng tiu hy rc thi, s lng cc bi rc hp v sinh Vit Nam vn cn hn ch. Theo , Vit Nam cn ci thin/ ph bin cng ngh, u t cc trang thit b x l/ tiu hy ph hp. Chnh quyn a phng ang gp kh khn trong vic lm th no x l/ p dng cng ngh do khi t nhn xut v v th trong mt s trng hp, cc c s x l 64
Progress Report(2)
rc thi c u t c s ad hoc. Mc tiu Cc c s v / hoc dch v MSW c th phc v hu ht dn s Vit Nam C quan chu trch nhim V chng trnh hnh ng ny lin quan n cng ngh MSW, cn c s tham gia trc tip ca MOC v MOST. Cc c quan khc nh MPI, MOF, MONRE, VUREIA, cc trng i hc, y ban nhn dn tnh cng cn c yu cu hp tc. Din gii hnh ng ci tin cng ngh MSWM, nghin cu v cng ngh x l v cc bin php mi trng chnh l nhng iu kin c bn. N i hi MOST, MOC ng vai tr iu phi vi cc trng i hc, cc vin v VUREIA. Ngoi nghin cu, cc cng ngh mi cng cn c p dng th nghim ti mt s khu vc rt kinh nghim trc khi nhn rng . Cn xy dng c ch iu phi gia cc t chc ni trn. ph bin cng ngh xc nh, cc k hoch hnh ng cn c MOC xy dng v phi hp vwois MPI/MOF v PPC phn b ngn sch. Hnh ng ny cng nhm thc hin Quyt nh s 1440/2008/QD-TTg v pht trin tng s by (7) a im xy dng Trung tm x l cht thi rn lin tnh ti cc vng kinh t trng im Bc, Trung, Nam v Quyt nh s 64/2003/QD-TTg v k hoch x l trit cc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng, trong lit k nhiu bi rc trn ton quc. cp a phng, y ban nhn dn chu trch nhim chnh nhn ch th ca MOC xy dng cc c s MSW phc v dn c nng thn v thnh ph. (3) Chng trnh hnh ng - 3: Thnh lp h thng qun l thng tin cht thi rn (SW-IMS) C s Thiu thng tin/ s liu v cht thi rn l mt im yu ca Vit Nam. S liu ca ngnh SWM cc b lin quan khng tp trung v kh tp hp. c cp trung ng v a phng, c s d liu SWM u l nhn t thit yu xy dng k hoch SWM trong tng lai. cp trung ng, cha r b no (MOC hay MONRE) chu trch nhim v c s d liu SWM. Ph bin thng tin SWM n cng chng cng rt quan trng thu ht s tham gia ca cng ng trong SWM, v th c s d liu SWM cn c xy dng c cp trung ng v a phng. Mc tiu Chu trnh MSW Vit Nam c lm r v SSW-IMS c s dng lp k hoch SWM cp trung ng v a phng C quan chu trch nhim C quan chu trch nhim ch yu l MOC, MONRE, VUREIA cp trung ng v PPC, URENCOs cng nh cc doanh nghip SWM cp a phng. Din gii hnh ng S liu SWM cn c thu thp v cp nht thng xuyn t cp a phng v tng hp vo h thng s liu quc gia c xy dng l SW-IWS. thc hin hnh ng ny, cn trin khai cc hot ng h tr nh: thnh lp trung tam qun l cht thi rn di s iu phi ca MONRE v MOC cp trung ng v y ban nhn dn tnh cp a phng; thu thp c s d liu, tng hp, phn tch s liu, cng b thng tin v hin trng SWM Vit Nam cho cng chng di dng White paper 65
Progress Report(2)
Chng trnh ny cn c tin hnh sm thu thp c c thng tin cn thit cho vic lp k hoch SWM c cp trung ng v a phng. (4) Chng trnh hnh ng - 4: Xy dng v trin khai Quy hoch ISWM ti mi a phng C s Nhn chung, Vit Nam, c bit l chnh quyn cc khu vc hnh chnh va v nh, dch v cht thi rn c tnh mc ti thiu. Cc a phng ny c gng thu gom cht thi rn hng ngy v cc bi rc th cha c h tr, hot ng ng cch. cc khu vc hnh chnh c va v ln cc c s SWM u t theo kiu ad hoc v thiu Quy hoch SWM, v v th khng thng nht trong SWM. gii thiu v ISWM, Quyt nh s 2149/2009/QD-TTG ca th tng chnh ph v chin lc quc gia v ISWM cp rng quy hoch SWM cn c xy dng, v song song vi quy hoch, cn phi m bo c ngn sch, nhn s cn thit v u t vo trang thit b. Mc tiu Quy hoch ISWM c xy dng cp a phwong v SWM c tin hnh ng cch. C quan chu trch nhim PCs, MOC, MONRE, MPI, MOF, URENCOs Din gii hnh ng Hnh ng ny lin quan cht ch n hnh ng trn y v xy dng v ph bin hng dn v ISWM trong chng trnh hot ng -1. Vi Hng dn t cp trung ng, PCs s xy dng Quy hoch ISWM cho mi tnh. ng thi, cn thnh lp hi ng 3R cp a phng lp k hoch, thc hin v gim st Quy hoch ISWM. Khi bt u hnh ng ny, rt cn s h tr k thut v phn b ngn sch t chnh quyn trung ng. MOC v MPI/ MOF nn chu trch nhim trong vn ny. Chnh quyn a phng s nh gi, chun b v nhn s, ngn sch thc hin quy hoch ISWM trn a bn ca mnh. Cn cn nhc vic xy dng cc c s SWM ph hp vi ISWM v vi k hoch quc gia trong chng trnh 2. (5) Chng trnh hnh ng- 5: Gii thiu v ph bin v phn loi cht thi ti ngun v SWM da vo cng ng C s Thi gian s dng cn li ca cc bi rc l vn chnh trong SWM Vit Nam v c nu trong mt s quy nh v SWM. Trong khi , mt s bi rc li buc phi ng ca do b phn i gay gt ca dn c quanh vng. V th, vic gii thiu v gim thiu rc thi v ti ch rc thi theo sng kin 3R nh cp trong chin lc ISWM cn c tin ahnhf cp quc gia. Phn loi cht thi ti ngun cng l mt khi nim mi i vi ngi dn Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, phn loi cht thi ti ngun c gii thiu di dng cc d n th im mt s thnh ph v vn cha c nhn rng. Mc tiu Nhn rng thi quen phn loi rc thi ti ngun VIt Nam C quan chu trch nhim PCs, URENCOs, cc doanh nghip SWM, t chc cng ng, tnh nguyn vin 66
Progress Report(2)
Din gii hnh ng Ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-CP v Quyt nh s 2149/2009/QD-TTg nu r rng vic phn loi cht thi ti ngun l nh hng v MSWM Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, mi tnh li c c im v iu kin khc nhau. V th, chng trnh phn loi rc thi ti ngun cn c pht trin v p dng cp a phng. y ban nhn dn ng vai tr l c quan xy dng c ch, t chc pht trin vic phn loi rc thi ti ngun. URENCOs v cc doanh nghip SWM l cc c quan thc hin. c bit, phn loi cht thi ti ngun cn c nhiu n lc/ sng kin t cng ng. V th cn xem xt v xy dng c ch khuyn khch s tham gia cu cng ng, cc on th, tnh nguyn vin hnh thnh v thc hin SWM da vo cng ng. (6) Chng trnh hnh ng - 6: Nng cao nhn thc 3R v v sinh cng cng C s Vit Nam, ngi dn thng vt rc ra ng hoc ra cng rnh gy ngp lt trong thnh ph khi c ma v tc ng xu n cnh quan v v sinh thnh ph. c mt s chng trnh, chin dch c trin khai cc a phng nhng kt qu vn cn hn ch. gii quyt vn ny, phi nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng. Mc tiu Nhn rng Self-reliance v 3R v/ hoc v sinh v thay i thi quen ca ngi dn C quan chu trch nhim MONRE, MOC, MIC, MOIT, VUREIA, PCs, URENCOs Din gii hnh ng nng cao nhn thc v 3R v v sinh cng cng trong cng ng c nhiu i tng khc nhau, cn phi hiu c mi lin h gia cc i tng/ thnh phn ny. V th rt cn din n sao 3R gm nhiu i tng/ thnh phn khc nhau nh c quan nh nc, khi t nhn, on th x hi, NGOs, cc trng i hc, cc hip hi, cc phng tin thng tin i chng c cp trung ng v cp a phng. D thy nh hng ca cc hot ng PR i vi nhn thc v hnh vi ca cng ng. u im ny ca cc hot ng PR cn c xem xt thay i nhn thc v t l thay i hnh vi ca cng ng. Gio dc mi trng cn c coi l mt bin php di hn nng cao nhn thc. Gio dc mi trng khng ch cn c tin hnh ti cc trng hc (ang thuc trch nhim ca DOE) m cn c cng ng v trch nhim ny nn thuc v PC, URENCOs. lm tt cng tc gio dc mi trng, Trung tm gio dc mi trng v 3R ti mi a phng cn c k hoch thnh lp. (7) Chng trnh hnh ng - 7: Tng cng cc hot ng ti ch ca khi nh nc C s Vit Nam, ti ch thng c cc i tng khng chnh thc tin hnh nh l nhng ngi nht rc, ng nt, lng ngh with ad-hoc bases. Ti cc lng ngh, cc hot ng ti ch c tin hnh trong cc iu kin ht sc s si. xc tin ti ch vi 3R v cht thi, cn c s h tr t khi nh nc nh l ci thin mi trng cc lng ngh, khuyn khch ti ch Thnh ph H Ch Minh thnh lp Qu ti ch cht thi h tr cc hot ng ti ch trong thnh ph. Tuy nhin y l thnh ph duy nht trn ton quc thnh lp qu ny. 67
Progress Report(2)
Mc tiu Pht trin ngnh ti ch t tiu chun mi trng C quan chu trch nhim MONRE, MOIT, MOC, PCs Din gii hnh ng n nay, Vit Nam ti ch vn c thc hin khng chnh thc. V th cc thng tin v tnh hnh cc hot ng ti ch cn rt t. Kt qu l, phi tin hnh ngay vic lm r hin trng ti ch Vit Nam. T , d on v tr trong tng lai ca cc hot ng ti ch do khi t nhn m nhim trong chin lc v quy hoch ISWM c cp trung ng v a phng. Qu ti ch ang hot ng thnh ph H Ch Minh l mt kinh nghim t v cn c nghin cu thm nhn rng cho cc tnh/thnh khc trn ton quc. Th trn sinh thi l kinh nghim thnh cng Nht Bn cng cn c xem xt p dng Vit Nam thng nht cc hot ng ti ch n l cng nh khuyn khch cc hot ng ti ch i ng hng. (8) Chng trnh hnh ng - 8: Qun l t nhn ha/ x hi ha C s Nhng nm gn y, khi t nhn tham gia nhiu vo ngnh SWM, ch yu min Nam, gm c thnh ph H Ch Minh v lm gim bt gnh nng ti chnh ca chnh quyn a phng. min Bc v min Trung, xu hng ny cng ang pht trin. Mt khc, khi khi t nhn a vo s dng cng ngh/ thit b ring th li c nguy c gy ra s ln xn trong SWM; V d, ngay c khi chnh quyn ti a phng xc tin vic phn loi cht thi ti ngun th khi t nhn li phn i v mun thu gom thm nha trong rc cha phn loi SWM bn vng, Vit Nam cn phi qun l vic t nhn ha. Mc tiu Nng cao nng lc cn b thnh ph v gii thiu cng ngh SWM ph hp Vit Nam C quan chu trch nhim MOST, MOC, PCs, Cc trng i hc, cc vin Din gii hnh ng Cc hnh ng trong chng trnh ny rt gn vi chng trnh -1, xy dng v ph bin hng dn, c bit l cc hng dn cho chnh quyn a phng. Chng trnh ny cng cng hng vi chng trnh -2 y ban khoa hc 3R cn ng vai tr nh gi cng ngh x l cht thi ca khi t nhn cp quc gia. Cc kha o to thng xuyn v cng ngh SWM cho cn b a phng cn phi c t chc cp trung ng. Theo , cc cn b a phng s c cp nht cc cng ngh mi nht v nng cao nng lc v SWM. thc hin mc tiu ny, cn c cch tip cn ng n s dng cc ngun ti chnh cng / t cho ngnh SWM.
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Progress Report(2)
CHNG 3 QUN L CHT THI RN CNG NGHIP

3.1 3.1.1 Hin trng qun l cht thi rn cng nghip ti Vit Nam Khung php l v hnh chnh Lut Bo v Mi trng v Ngh nh ca Chnh Ph s 59/ND-CP phn nh s khc bit gia cht thi rn th v cht thi rn cng nghip. Chnh quyn a phng c trch nhim x l CTR th v cc ch ngun thi phi c trch nhim x l cht thi cng nghip. i vi vic x l cht thi nguy hi, Vit Nam c quyt nh 23/2006 ca B TNMT v danh mc cht thi cng nghip v Thng t s 12/2006/TT-B-TNMT ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2006 hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k, cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi. Tuy nhin Vit Nam khng c quy nh cht ch i vi vic x l cui cng ca bn v x c cha thy ngn, cadmium v cc cht nguy hi khc. Cc tiu chun v yu cu k thut v cng ngh x l CTR c ban hnh chi tit. Vit Nam ban hnh tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6696-2000 v TCXDVN 261: 2001 v thit k v tiu chun bi chn lp cht thi sinh hot. TCVN 6706: 2000 v TCXDVN 320: 2004 quy nh tiu chun v yu cu k thut i vi thit k ca cc bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi. Lut v cc tiu chun lin quan n cht thi cng nghip do chnh ph Vit Nam ban hnh c lit k di y; Quy nh php lut v Bo v Mi trng Lut Bo v Mi trng thng qua ngy 25 thng 11 nm 2005 v Ngh nh ca Chnh ph s 59-CP quy nh chi tit vic thc hin Lut Bo v Mi trng trong qun l CTR. Ngh nh s 174/2007/N-CP do Chnh ph ban hnh v x pht hnh chnh vi phm trong lnh vc bo v mi trng. Quyt nh s 256/2003/QD-TTg, ban hnh ngy 2 thng 4 nm 2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chin lc bo v mi trng quc gia n nm 2010 v tm nhn n nm 2020. Quyt nh 64/2003/QD-TTg, ngy 22 thng 4 nm 2003 ca Th tng Chnh Ph ph duyt k hoch qun l cc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. Quy nh php lut v cht thi rn Ngh nh s 13/2003/ND-CP ngy 19 thng 2 nm 2003 ca Chnh Ph quy nh danh mc hng nguy him, vn chuyn hng nguy him bng ng b. Ch th s 199/TTg, ngy 3 thng 4 nm 1997 ca Th tng Chnh Ph v cc bin php khn cp qun l cht thi rn ti cc khu th v khu cng nghip. Quyt nh 60/2002/QD-BKHCNMT ngy 7 thng 8 nm 2002 ca B trng B Khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng v vic ban hnh hng dn k thut chn lp cht thi nguy hi. Quyt nh 152/1999/QD-TTg ngy 10 thng 7 nm 1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt chin lc quc gia v qun l CTR ti khu th v khu cng nghip. 69
Progress Report(2)
Quyt nh s 155/1999/QD-TTg ban hnh ngy 16 thng 7 nm 1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh quy nh v qun l cht thi nguy hi. Thng t lin tch s 1590/1997/TTLT/BKHCNMT-BXD ngy 17 thng 10 nm 1999 ca B Xy dng, B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ch o vic thc hin Ch th s 199/TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v cc bin php cp bch trong qun l CTR ti khu th v cng nghip. Thng t 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 26 thng 12 ca B TNMT hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k, cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi. Quyt nh 23/2006/QD-BTNMT ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2006 ca B TNMT ban hnh danh mc cht thi nguy hi. Quy nh php lut v cht thi nguy hi Ch th s 29/1998/CT-TTg ngy 25 thng 8 nm 1998 ca Th tng Chnh Ph v tng cng v tng cng cng tc qun l vic s dng thuc bo v v cc cht hu c gy nhim kh phn hy (POPs). Ngh nh s 1970/1999 QD-BKHCNMT ngy 10 thng 11 nm 1999 ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng v ban hnh quy trnh cng ngh tiu hy thuc bo v thc vt Pht pho c tn ng cm s dng. Quyt nh 1971/1999-QD-BKHCNMT ngy 10 thng 11 nm 1999 ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng v vic ban hnh Quy trnh cng ngh tiu hu hoc ti s dng Xyanua. Quyt nh s 1972/1999-QD-BKHCNMT ngy 10 thng 11 nm 1999 ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng v Quy trnh cng ngh tiu hu thuc bo v thc vt Clo hu c tn ng cm s dng. Quy nh php lut v ti ch Cng vn s 1146/BKHCNMT ngy 6 thng 5 nm 2002 ca B trng B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ph duyt k hoch hnh ng quc gia v sn xut sch hn. Quyt nh s 03/2004/QD-BTNMT, ngy 2 thng 4 nm 2004 ca B TNM ph liu nhp khu lm nguyn liu sn xut trong nc. Quy nh php lut v c s h tng k thut qun l CTR Thng t lin tch s 01/2001/TTLT- BKHCNMT-BXD, ngy 18 thng 1 nm 2001 hng dn cc quy nh v bo v mi trng i vi vic la chn a im, xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn. Thng t lin tch 10/2000/TTBXD, ngy 8 thng 8 nm 2000 hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc n quy hoch xy dng. Thng t lin tch s 29/1999/QD-BXD, ngy 22 thng 10 nm 1999, Quy ch bo v mi trng ngnh Xy dng. Thng t lin tch s 1817/1999/TT-BKHCNMT, ngy 21 thng 10 nm 1999, Hng dn xc nh cc d n c bit khuyn khch u t quy nh ti khon 7 mc I ph lc I ngh nh 10/1998N-CP v v mt s bin php khuyn khch v bo m hot ng u t
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trc tip nc ngoi ti Vit Nam lin quan dn mi trng, phc hi mi trng v ti ch, ti s dng rc thi. Tiu chun TCVN 6696-2000 quy nh v bo v mi trng cho cc bi chn lp hp v sinh. TCVN 6705-2000 quy nh v phn loi cht thi khng nguy hi. TCVN 6706-2000 quy nh v phn loi cht thi nguy hi. TCVN 6707-2000 du hiu cnh bo, phng nga cht thi nguy hi. TCXDVN 261: 2001 Bi chn lp Tiu chun thit k TCXDVN 320-2004 Bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi Tiu chun thit k. Quy chun k thut QCVN 02: 2008 v kh thi l t cht thi rn y t QCVN 07: 2009 Quy chun k thut quc gia v ngng cht thi nguy hi QCVN 25: 2009 Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi ca bi chn lp cht thi rn th.
Tiu chun TCVN 6696-2000 TCVN 6705-2000 TCVN 6706-2000 TCVN 6707-2000 TCXDVN 261: 2001 TCXDVN 320-2004 QCVN30:2010/BTNMT QCVN 02: 2008/ BTNMT QCVN 25: 2009 C quan qun l MONRE, MOST MONRE, MOST MONRE, MOST MONRE, MOST MOST, MOC MOST, MOC MONRE MONRE MONRE
Khung php l v chnh sch u t vo cc khu cng nghip v qun l cht thi trong cc khu cng nghip. Chnh sch u t: Lut u t 59/2005/QH11 Ngh nh ca Chnh ph s 108/2006/ND-CP ngy 22 thng 9 nm 2006 quy nh chi tit Lut u t s 59/2005 Quyt nh s 1107/Q-TTg ngy 21 thng 8 nm 2006 v vic ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin cc khu cng nghip Vit Nam n nm 2015 v nh hng n nm 2020. Ngh nh ca Chnh ph s 29/2008/ND-CP ngy 14 thng 3 nm 2008 v qun l cc khu cng nghip, xy dng khung php l v xy dng quy hoch tng th chi tit v pht trin cc khu cng nghip trn c nc. Ngh nh chnh ph s 124/2008/ND-CP ngy 11 thng 12 nm 2008 v thu thu nhp doanh nghip Quyt nh s 126/2009/Q-TTg ngy 26 thng 10 nm 2009 v c ch h tr vn ngn sch trung ng i vi u t pht trin h thng kt cu h tng khu kinh t ven bin.
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Bo v mi trng ti cc khu cng nghip Ngh nh ca chnh ph s 80/2006/ND_CP quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng ban hnh ngy 9 thng 8 nm 2006 ca Th tng Chnh ph Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT, ngy 8 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B TNMT hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt BVMT. Quyt nh 1440/QD-TTg ngy 6 thng 10 nm 2008 nh gi quy hoch v cc nh my x l CTR ti 3 vng Kt trng im Bc B, min Trung v pha Nam n nm 2020. Thng t 08/2009/TT-BTNMT, ngy 15 thng 7 nm 2009 ca ca B TNMT quy nh qun l v bo v mi trng khu kinh t, khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip v cm cng nghip. B TNMT v S TNMT c trch nhim i vi cc hot ng qun l mi trng ti cc khu cng nghip. (Thng t s 08/2009/TT-BTNMT, 15 thng 7 nm 2009 ca B TNMT hng dn chi tit v quy nh v qun l v bo v mi trng khu kinh t, khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip v cm cng nghip). S TNMT tin hnh gim st cc hot ng bo v mi trng cp a phng. C quan qun l khu cng nghip chu trch nhim qun l nh nc i vi cc khu cng nghip , bao gm bo v mi trng ti cc khu cng nghip. Ban qun l cc Khu CN c nhim v xy dng cng trnh x l cht thi, qun l v thc hin vic bo tr v vn hnh cng trnh x l cht thi, tin hnh thu gom cht thi, phn loi cht thi v x l CTR theo cc cng ngh theo quy nh v gim st vic x thi ca cc doanh nghip. H thng qun l mi trng ti cc khu cng nghip c m t trong hnh di y.
Chnh ph
B TNMT
Cc B/ngnh lin quan
UBND cp tnh
S TNMT
Ban qun l cc khu CN [ Khu CN] Ban Qun l cc khu cng nghip Enterprise
Cnh st Mi trng
Hnh 3-1 H thng qun l mi trng hin hnh cc khu cng nghip
Rt nhiu c quan c trch nhim thanh tra. B TNMT v S TNMT tin hnh thanh tra nh k i vi ch s hu/Ban Qun l cc KCN v cc doanh nghip. Chnh quyn a 72
Progress Report(2)
phng ni c KCN tin hnh thanh tra nh k i vi cc doanh nghip cng vi Ch s hu/Ban Qun l. Cnh st mi trng mi c thnh lp nhm tng cng gim st v kim sot mi trng t xut. Vai tr ca c quan qun l KCN v cng tc thanh tra mi tnh/thnh ph khng ging nhau. Mt s chnh quyn a phng phi hp vi S TNMT v cnh st mi trng tin hnh thanh tra cc doanh nghip. H thng thanh tra cc KCN c trnh by trong hnh di y v Tn ca c quan qun l KCN mi tnh/thnh ph c trnh by trong bng di y.
B/Ngnh lin quan Cnh st Mi trng B TNMT S TNMT : Thanh tra : Bo co : Phi hp UBND tnh/thnh ph Ban Qun l cc khu cng nghip Doanh nghip [ Khu CN ] Ban qun l/ Cng ty khai thc h tng
Hnh 3-2 H thng thanh tra ti cc KCN
Bng 3-1 Tn c quan qun l KCN

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tnh/thnh ph H Ni Hi Phng Hu Nng H Ch Minh Bnh Dng B Ra Vng Tu ng Nai Tn c quan qun l KCN HIZA: ban qun l cc khu cng nghip v khu ch xut H Ni HEZA: Ban qun l cc KCN Hi Phng Ban qun l cc KCN Tha Thin Hu DIEPZA: Ban qun l cc khu ch xut v KCN Nng HEPZA: Ban qun l cc khu ch xut v KCN Tp.HCM BDIZA: Ban qun l cc KCN Bnh Dng BIZA: Ban qun l cc KCN B Ra Vng Tu DIZA: Ban qun l cc KCN ng Nai
3.1.2
Chnh sch v chin lc v qun l CTR cng nghip Vit Nam xy dng khung php l v bo v mi trng vi cc quy nh c th v qun l CTR (Ngh nh 59/2007), cc ti liu hng dn qun l v x l tt c cc lung cht thi. Khung php l ny c h tr bi cc chin lc v qun l CTR. Chin lc qun l CTR ti cc thnh ph v KCN ti Vit Nam (1999) Chin lc bo v mi trng quoc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 (2003) Chin lc qun l cht thi rn tch hp quc gia n nm 2015 v tm nhn n nm 2025 73
Progress Report(2)
Quyt nh 1440/2008/QD-CP: Ph duyt quy hoch xy dng cc khu x l CTR ti 3 khu kinh t trng im min Bc, min Trung v min Nam n nm 2010 Bng 3-2 Chin lc quc gia bo v mi trng v qun l cht thi cng nghip
Mc tiu Thu gom CTR Phn loi cht thi ti ngun (WSS) X l cht thi Doanh nghip c cng trnh x l cht thi Doanh nghip t chng ch ISO 14001 Nhn sinh thi theo theo ISO 14021 Hin ti 65% Ph bin nhng khng c thng tin v mc tham gia Cht thi CN: khng xc nh. Cc ha cht nng nghip tn d: 42%.HzMW <50% 10-20% <1% 0% 2010 90% 30% h gia nh, 70% doanh nghip 60% cht thi nguy hi v 100% cht thi y t 100% cc doanh nghip mi thnh lp 50% 2020 8095% tng lng rc thi thnh ph v khu cng nghip. 80% 100% hng xut khu v 50% hng tiu th trong nc
Ngun: Hin trng mi trng (SOE) 2003: qun l CTR
3.1.3
Hin trng qun l cht thi rn cng nghip Vit Nam (1) Hin trng cc hot ng cng nghip S lng cc doanh nghip ang tng ln ng k. n nm 2008, c 38,384 doanh nghip Vit Nam, gp ba ln nm 2000. Khong 90.4% doanh nghip c t hn 200 nhn vin; khong 7.8% doanh nghip c t 201 n 999 nhn vin; v khong 1.8% doanh nghip c hn 1,000 nhn vin. Trong vng tm nm ny, t l doanh nghip li khng thay i nhiu. Khong 90% l doanh nghip loi va v nh, c t hn 200 nhn vin. Doanh nghip c ln c hn 1,000 chim t hn 3%. Bng 3-3 S lng doanh nghip Vit Nam
S lng doanh nghip 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
<5 626 1,156 870 982 1,306 1,772 990 2,696 3,712
5-9 2,077 2,183 2,872 3,118 3,850 4,820 7,690 7,099 9,725
10-49 3,743 4,558 5,659 6,739 8,411 9,811 9,945 11,988 15,268
50-199 2,198 2,537 3,106 3,483 4,071 4,570 4,980 5,658 5,988
200-299
300-499
500-999
1,000 -4,999
>5,000 15 19 21 29 30 38 47 53 57
Tng 10,399 12,353 14,794 16,916 20,531 24,017 26,863 31,057 38,384
506 548 636 681 796 867 948 1,096 1,150
525 554 682 744 839 878 881 992 1,013
431 464 559 703 737 753 811 840 836
278 334 389 437 491 508 571 635 635
Ngun: Hin trng doanh nghip da trn kt qu kho st nm 2007, 2008, 2009 Nh xut bn thng k, H Ni 2010
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Progress Report(2)
100% 90% 80%
40,000
>5000 30,000 (Number of enterprises) 1000-4999 500-999 300-499 20,000 200-299 50-199 10-49 10,000 5-9 <5
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (Year)
Hnh 3-3 T l v s lng doanh nghip Vit Nam
Bng 3-4 S lng doanh nghip Vit Nam (2008)

TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Loi cng nghip Sn xut kim loi c bn Dt may Sn xut ha cht Cao su, nha Giy/ sn xut giy In n/ xut bn G / sn phm g X l thc phm Thit b in t My mc Phng tin vn chuyn Sn phm da Sn phm v sinh Than/sn phm xng Ti ch, x l cht thi Khc Tng s doanh nghip Quy m lao ng <300 5,509 4,034 1,580 4,562 1,468 2,319 5,889 6,605 1,015 1,037 1,030 587 54 34 103 17 35,843 301 1,000 97 492 71 259 38 24 251 282 79 38 104 106 2 0 0 6 1,849 >1,001 24 225 11 40 4 1 84 93 35 10 30 126 6 0 0 3 692 Tng s 5,630 4,751 1,662 4,861 1,510 2,344 6,224 6,980 1,129 1,085 1,164 819 62 34 103 26 38,384
93.4%
Ngun: Vn phng Tng cc thng k Vit Nam
4.8%
1.8%
(100)
(2) Hin trng ti cc khu cng nghip Trong nhng nm va qua, din tch t cng nghip tng hng nm. Theo bo co, tng din tch t nng nghip chim 180 200 ha, trong t ca cc KCN vo thng 10 nm 2009 l 63.173 ha, v din tch ny s tng ln 70.000 ha vo nm 2015. n cui nm 2009, 249 khu cng nghip c thnh lp theo quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph. S lng v din tch KCN c trnh by trong bng di y v S pht trin ca cc KCN v t s dng cho KCN c trnh by trong hnh di y.
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Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-5 Din tch t ca cc KCN

Din tch cc KCN (ha) 300 2,360 11,964 26,986 29,392 42,986 57,264 63,173 70,000 S lng KCN c thnh lp 1 12 65 131 139 179 223
IPs land area (ha) No of IPs established
70,000
63,173
60,000 50,000
57,264
1991 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015
42,986
40,000 30,000 20,000
26,986
29,392
11,964
10,000
300
1 -
2,360
12 65 131 139 179 223 249
1991
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
249
Theo quy hoch
Hnh 3-4 Pht trin KCN v t s dng cho KCN
Ngun: SOE, 2009
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Hnh 3-5 V tr cc KCN c thnh lp 77
Progress Report(2)
(2) Vic pht thi cc cht thi rn cng nghip Theo bo co, tng lng cht thi pht sinh ti Vit Nam nm 2008 l trn 28 triu tn, trong cht thi cng nghip l 3.5 triu tn v cht thi nguy hi l 0.63 tn. Theo d bo, tng lng cht thi pht sinh nm 2015 s khong 43.6 triu tn (9,6 triu tn cht thi cng nghip); khong 67,6 triu nm 2020 (20,8triu tn cht thi cng nghip); khong 91 triu tn nm 2025 (27,8 triu tn cht thi cng nghip). Bng 3-6 Xu hng ca tng lng cht thi, CTR cng nghip, cht thi cng nghip nguy hi trong giai on 1999 - 2025
Tng lng cht thi (triu tn/nm) 1999 11.3* 2003 12.8* 2004 16.0* 2005 22.5* 2008 28.0 2010 31.5 2015 43.6 2020 67.6 2025 91.0 Ngun: *S liu t SOE v d bo Cht thi rn cng nghip ( triu tn/nm ) 2.3 2.5* 2.8 3.1 3.5 5.5 9.6 20.8 27.8 Cht thi cng nghip nguy hi ( triu tn/nm) 0.08* 0.13* 0.16 0.19 0.63 0.86 1.55 2.80 4.51
Cht thi cng nghip ti Vit Nma chim khong 13% n 20% tng lng cht thi. Phn trm cht thi cng nghip nguy hi vo nm 2008 l khong 18% trong tng s cht thi cng nghip. Vic pht sinh cht thi cng nghip tp trung ch yu ti cc khu cng nghip v min Nam. Gn mt na s cht thi cng nghip pht sinh cc vng kinh t trng im pha nam: thnh ph H Ch Minh, Bin Ha, ng Nai, B Ra Vng Tu, Bnh Dng. 30% cht thi cng nghip pht sinh ti cc vng kinh t trng im pha Bc: H Ni, Hi Phng. Cc vng kinh t trng im pha Nam chim hn 70% lng cht thi cng nghip nguy hi pht sinh ti Vit Nam. (3) Thu gom cht thi cng nghip nguy hi Vic x l cht thi Vit Nam ch yu do Cng ty mi trng v th cp tnh thc hin c trch nhim thu gom v x l rc th, bao gm cht thi cng nghip v cht thi rn nguy hi. Cng ty mi trng v th H Ni, Hu, Nng, H Ch Minh, v CITENCO H Ch Minh c ng k v cp php thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi cng nghip nguy hi ti Vit Nam. Mt s KCN c c s h tng v cng ty dch v thuc Ban qun l cc KCN ph trch cng tc thu gom cht thi sinh hot. T l thu gom cht thi cng nghip trung bnh ng tng ln c trong v ngoi KCN, nhng vn cn thp mt s thnh ph. Cha c s liu y v t l thu gom cht thi cng nghip tng thnh ph ca Vit Nam. T l thu gom ti KCN tng i cao hn so vi bn ngoi KCN. (4) X l cht thi rn cng nghip Hin nay Vit Nam c khong hn 80 doanh nghip x l cht thi cng nghip v cht thi nguy hi. Cc doanh nghip ny c B TNMT hoc S TNMT cp tnh cp giy php hot ng. B TNMT c quyn nh gi v cp giy php x l cht thi nguy hi. Hu ht cc doanh nghip thu gom v x l cht thi u nm pha Nam. Hu nh tt c cc c s x l cht thi cng nghip u c quy m nh v dng l t theo m (tr L quay nh my xi mng H Tin ni tip nhn cht thi cng nghip nguy hi 78
Progress Report(2)
t thnh ph HCM v cc tnh ln cn). Nh my x l rc i ng (Cng ty URENCO H Ni) u t mt l t rc vi cng sut 10 20 tn/ngy, v l mt trong nhng cng trnh x l cht thi cng nghip ln nht ti vng kinh t trng im pha Bc v ang trong qu trnh th nghim. min Trung, c hai l t cng nghip (cng sut 100kg/h v 200kg/h) ang hot ng ti Nng. min Nam, c mt s l t cng nghip nh l t ca CITENCO (300kg/h, 4tn/ngy), VINAUSEEN (500kg/h, 2tn/ngy) ang hot ng. Bng 3-7 S lng cng ty x l cht thi nguy hi c Cc qun l cht thi cp php
Tnh/thnh ph H Ni Hi Phng Hu Nng H Ch Minh ng Nai B RaVng Tu Bnh Dng Hng Yn Hi Dng Bc Ninh Phc Yn Qung Ninh Tng Cng ty c cp php 14 3 0 2 23 5 3 7 3 3 3 2 1 69 Thu gom/vn chuyn 3 2 0 1 16 1 0 4 1 1 2 1 0 32 X l 12 3 0 2 20 5 3 7 3 2 2 2 1 62
(6) Ti ch ISW Ti ch l hot ng ph bin Vit Nam. Cc h gia nh phn loi rc thi nh kim loi v giy bn. Cc cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi cng c t l ti ch cao. Mc d cha c nghin cu cp quc gia v khi lng cht thi cng nghip c ti ch, nhng bo co cho thy rng c mt s ngnh cng nghip c th ti ch n 80% cht thi ca ngnh. c bit, cc h gia nh/ doanh nghip nhiu lng ngh ti ch thnh cng n hn 90 % rc thi c th ti ch. Th trng ti ch rt c tim nng pht trin. (7) Cc lng ngh ti ch Bo co cho thy c khong 1,450 lng ngh ti 56 tnh. Khong 90 lng ngh vn tin hnh cc hot ng ti ch nh giy, kim loi v nha Cht thi cng nghip t cc lng ngh ny tp trung ch yu min Bc, khong 774,000 tn cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi mt nm. Bng 3-8 V tr v s lng cc lng ngh Vit Nam
Ngnh Nha Giy Kim loi Tng cng
Ngun: INEST-HUT[2004]
Min Bc 4 4 53 61
Min Trung 1 0 23 24
Min Nam 0 0 5 5
Tng cng 5 4 81 90
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Bng 3-9 Ti ch cc lng ngh

Vt liu ti ch Nha Giy Kim loi Tng u vo ti ch production (tons/year) 25,200 51,700 735,000 811,900 Sn phm (tn/ nm) 22,900 45,500 700,000 768,400 Ti ch (%) 90.9 80.0 95.2 94.6
Ngun: INEST, 2003. D n KC08-09
Cht thi rn thi trc tip ra mi trng
Cc lng ngh gp phn pht trin kinh t x hi vng nng thn Vit Nam ng thi, cc vn v cht thi rn, nc thi v nhim khng kh ti cc lng ngh ngy cng tr nn trm trng v ng lo ngi. Thng thng th khng thu gom cht thi rn v l thin trc tip ra mi trng. Hu ht cc h gia nh ti cc lng ngh khng c h thng x l nc thi v kh thi t tiu chun mi trng. Cn c nhng bin php ng n ci thin mi trng ti cc lng ngh.
Nc thi
Ti ch nhm
Hnh nh v mi trng lng ngh
3.1.4
H tr ca cc nh ti tr (1) T chc pht trin nng lng mi v cng ngh cng nghip (NEDO) NEDO ang lp k hoch d n in hnh v nh my nng lng rc thi cng nghip Nam Sn. n v sn xut l t rc ca Nht Bn cng tin hnh kho st v cht thi cng nghip H Ni. Nghin cu kh thi c NEDO v cng ty sn xut l t rc ca Nht Bn tin hnh. D n in hnh ny c tm tt di y:
80
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Bng 3-10 D n th im v sn xut nng lng rc thi cng nghip Nam Sn

Loi hnh S lc v d n th im Tn d n Mc tiu Ni dung D n th im v sn xut nng lng t nc thi cng nghip ti Nam Sn Gii thiu cng ngh t (l t) Ko di thi gian s dng ca cc bi rc bng cch gim khi lng rc thi An ton cho cng ng (thc phm, mi trng) bng cch kh trng Cung cp nng lng bng nh my sn xut nng lng D n ko di khong 2 nm t ngy 01/04/ 2011 n ngy 31/03/2013. Nam Sn, H Ni, Vit Nam
Thi gian a im d n C cu hp ng
NHT BN Bin bn tha thun (MOU) NEDO
VIT NAM B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (MONRE)
Giao nhim v (Tha thun CDM) Cng ty c giao (Hitachi Zosen)
Yu cu hp tc (tha thun) URENCO H Ni (bi Nam Sn)
Vn bn Thc hin (ID)
Cng vic c bn v chia s chi ph
Nhim v Kho st, lp k hoch v k thut Thit k v sn xut Vn chuyn Xy dng dn dng, lp t M t Vn hnh v bo tr Chuyn giao k thut c tnh chi ph d n
Nht Bn Chu trch nhim chnh Thit b chnh n Vit Nam Hng dn k thut Hng dn k thut Hp tc Hp tc Chia s chi ph
Vit Nam Hp tc Thit b b sung Trong nc Chu trch nhim chnh Chu trch nhim chnh Chu trch nhim chnh Chu trch nhim chnh Chia s chi ph
Kt qu
L t rc v c s sn xut nng lng t tiu chun nghim ngt ca Nht Bn v mi trng c gii thiu. - Quy m nh my: ti a 75 tn/ ngy - Thnh phn cht thi chnh: cao su, da, nha, vi, bn giy, rc thi bnh vin - Cht thi nguy hi: 4.7 tn/ngy - Tin x l: khng - Tn dng tro/ x: lm xi mng
(2) C quan hp tc quc t Hn Quc (KOICA) Ngy 21 thng 4 nm 2010, KOICA v chnh ph Vit Nam tha thun tin hnh d n pht trin v ng dng h thng k khai in t phc v qun l tng hp cht thi nguy hi Vit Nam. Ni dung c bn ca d n c trnh by di y. 81
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Bng3-11 Ni dung ca d n pht trin v ng dng h thng k khai in t

Loi hnh Khi qut Tn d n Mc tiu Ni dung Pht trin v ng dng h thng k khai in t phc v qun l tng hp cht thi nguy hi Vit Nam Ci thin tnh hnh qun l cht thi nguy hi Vit Nam bng cch gii thiu tnh trng trang thit b theo kinh nghim v s hiu bit ca Hn Quc trong lnh vc ny. p dng h thng k khai in t qun l cht thi nguy hi trn ton quc Pht trin nng lc ca B Ti nguyn v mi trng cng nh Tng cc Mi trng trong vic tin hnh v gim st d n qun l cht thi nguy hi. Tng cng quan h v hp tc trong lnh vc qun l cht thi nguy hi gia hai nc bng cch trin khai thnh cng d n Thi gian tin hnh d n l 3 nm t ngy 21/4/2010, l ngy bt u d n trn vn bn hoc c th c iu chnh theo s tha thun chung ca hai bn D n nn t a im ti Tng cc Mi trng, H Ni, Vit Nam KOIKA vin tr s tin khng qu hai triu nm trm nghn la M (US$2,500,000) cho d n ny C chuyn gia Hn Quc sang Vit Nam tin hnh kho st thc a, lp t trang thit b d n Mi cc hc vin pha Vit Nam sang Hn Quc chia s kin thc v kinh nghim v qun l cht thi nguy hi v h thng k khai in t Cung cp cc thit b thit lp h thng k khai in t Xy dng phn mm theo cng ngh ca Hn Quc ph hp vi iu kin ca Vit Nam Ci thin khung php l ca Vit Nam a vo p dng h thng khai bo i t Thnh lp phng kim sot trung tm cho h thng k khai in t o to cc tnh cho cc cng ty v cn b S Ti nguyn v mi trng Vn hnh v bo tr h thng C quan hp tc quc t Hn Quc (KOIKA), thay mt nc cng ha Hn Quc v Tng cc Mi trng (VEA) trc thuc B Ti nguyn v mi trng (MONRE) thay mt cho nc cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam iu hnh d n ny. Cng cc chuyn gia Vit Nam Xy dng h thng k khai in t Vit Nam Cung cp thit b v nguyn vt liu cho d n C chuyn gia Hn Quc sang Vit Nam o to cc cn b qun l v k s Vit Nam Hn Quc o to cc cng ty a phng v s ti nguyn v mi trng: 3 kha o to ba vng trn ton quc Cc bin php hnh chnh ni chung Cc bin php cho chuyn gia Hn Quc Cc bin php v trang thit b v nguyn vt liu o to Cc bin php i vi phng kim sot trung tm Xy dng h thng k khai in t theo cng ngh Hn Quc v ph hp vi iu kin v lut php ca Vit Nam C ch hot ng v th ch iu hnh h thng khai bo p dng h thng k khai in t trn ton quc, c cp trung ng v a phng
Thi gian a im d n Ngn sch Hp tc gia hai bn
C quan iu hnh
Trch nhim ca cc bn
KOIKA
VEA
Cc kt qu chnh
3.2 3.2.1
Hin trng qun l cht thi cng nghip ti cc a bn mc tiu Tng quan (1) Hin trng ca cc khu cng nghip Theo thng tin thu c t cc Ban Qun l cc khu cng nghip, trong khu vc nghin cu c 112 khu cng nghip dc thit lp. Trong , 76 KCN ang hot ng vi tng din tch 19.594 ha, 36 KCN ang trong giai on gii phng mt bng v xy dng c s h tng.
82
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S lng v din tch t ca KCN ti tng thnh ph/tnh c trnh by trong bng di y. Bng 3-12 S lng KCN c thnh lp v hot ng v tng din tch ti khu vc nghin cu
Khu vc nghin cu H Ni Hi Phng Hu Nng H Ch Minh ng Nai B Ra Vng Tu Bnh Dng Tng KCN c thnh lp 17 9 2 4 15 29 11 25 112 KCN hot ng 8 5 2 4 13 22 7 15 76 KCN ang xy dng 9 4 0 0 2 7 4 10 36 Tng din tch ca KCN ang hot ng (ha) 1,235 875 1,185 1,086 2,649 5,856 3,512 3,196 19,594
Ngun: Bo co v qun l mi trng v kim sot nhim ti cc KCN ti H Ni : Bo co v qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng ti cc khu cng nghip v khu kinh t ti thnh ph Hi Phng: Ti liu t c quan qun l KCN Hu : Ti liu t c quan qun l KCN Nng : Bo co v cng tc qun l mi trng ti cc khu ch xut v khu cng nghip ti thnh ph HCM nm 2009 v k hoch qun l mi trng nm 2010) : Qun l mi trng ti cc Khu ch xut, KCN ti thnh ph HCM : Cc khu cng nghip Vit Nam
(2) Pht thi Tng lng cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi ti khu vc nghin cu theo bo co l 3163 tn/ngy, trong H Ni l 1010 tn, H Ch Minh l 1450 tn/ngy. Lng cht thi ca hai thnh ph ny chim khong 70% tng lng cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi pht sinh. Tng lng cht thi cng nghip nguy hi khu vc nghin cu l khong 1126 tn/ngy, trong H Ni l 371 tn/ngy, H Ch Minh l 350 tn/ngy. Tng lng cht thi ca hai thnh ph ny chim khong 65% tng lng cht thi cng nghip nguy hi pht sinh. Bng 3-13 Cht thi pht sinh ti khu vc nghin cu
Tnh/thnh ph H Ni Hi Phng Hu Nng H Ch Minh ng Nai B Ra Vng Tu Bnh Dng Tng Cht thi rn th (tn/ngy) 4,200 1,200 600 570 6,400 1,150 740 700 15,560 Cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi (tn/ngy) 1,010 72 3 72 1,450 550 276 180 3,613 Cht thi cng nghip nguy hi (tn/ngy) 371 27 2 25 350 140 91 120 1,126
Ngun: Bo co ca URENCO Hi Phng v trang web www.mondre.gov.vn lc 13:17 ngy 24 thng 12 nm 2009 Bo co t URENCO v ghi chp t chuyn cng tc ti URENCO Hu, URENCO Nng ngy 7,8 /06/2010. Bo co ca S TNMT H Ch Minh v ghi chp t cng tc ti S TNMT H Ch Minh v CITENCO ngy 08/10/2010 Bo co ca S TNMT ng Nai v www.mondre.gov.vn ngy 24 thng 12 nm 2009. URENCO B Ra Vng Tu v www.baria-vungtau.gov.vn, ngy 4 thng 11 nm 2009, 08:02 Bo co ca URENCO Bnh Dng v ;http://www.chatthainguyhai.net/index.asp?newsid=1967&PageNum=22 Bo co ca URENCO H Ni thng 4 nm 2010 v d liu ca S TNMT v ng k cht thi nguy hi nm 2009
83
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(3) Cc cng ty thu gom/vn chuyn v x l Cc c s x l cht thi chnh trong khu vc nghin cu c lit k di y. Bng 3-14 C s x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi ti khu vc nghin cu
Tnh/Thnh ph Tn cng ty Cng sut ca cc c s x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi [L t cht thi cng nghip] Khu lin hip x l cht thi Nam Sn; 150kg/h (220 kg/h) Khu lin hip x l cht thi i ng; 10-20 tn/ngy L t cht thi cng nghip mi (NEDO); 75 tn/ngy [Khc] Bi rc Nam Sn (lm rn); 200tn/ngy [L t cht thi cng nghip] L t: 10 20 tn/ngy [Khc] Bi rc (lm rn) Chuyn giao [L t cht thi cng nghip] L t 100kg/h (Bi rc Ho Khnh) L t 200kg/h (Bi rc Ho Khnh) [Khc] Bi rc (lm rn) [L t cht thi cng nghip] L t 300kg/h (7ton/day) (HOVAL 2000.4) L t 4 tn/ngy (Marco Burn 2004) L t 21 tn/ngy (L t rc quay, bi rc ng Thnh 2010.12) [L t cht thi cng nghip] L t : 500k/day L t : 2ton/day L t : 2ton/day (40 tn/ngy) * (100 tn/ngy) * [L t cht thi cng nghip] L t : 200kg/h(4 tn/ngy)(theo m, cng ngh ca Php) ( hin ti: lu gi) [L t cht thi cng nghip] L t : 1,000kg/h(cng ngh c) L t : 1,000kg/h(cng ngh c) [L t cht thi cng nghip] L t : 300kg/h L t : 300kg/h L t : 300kg/h L t : 2,000kg/h( vn hnh ng ray) [Khc] Bi rc (lm rn), x l l -ho (20 tn/ngy) *
H Ni
URENCO H Ni
Hi Phng Hu
Tn Thun Phong -
Nng
URENCO Nng
CITENCO H Ch Minh VINAUSEEN Mi trng xanh Holcim ng Nai B RaVng Tu Sonadezi Holcim Cng ty Green Vit
Bnh Dng
BIWASE
Holcim Ch thch: ( )* lng x l.
3.2.2
Thnh ph H Ni (1) Hin trng cc khu cng nghip Thnh ph H Ni c 17 khu cng nghip c Th tng Chnh Ph ph duyt hoc c lit k trong danh sch cc khu cng nghip ca Vit Nam n nm 2015 vi tng din tch l 3500 ha v hn 400 doanh nghip ang hot ng v kinh doanh ti cc khu cng nghip. 6 khu cng nghip ang trong qu trnh gii phng mt bng v 3 khu cng nghip ang trong qu trnh chun b u t. 84
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Hnh 3-6 V tr KCN ti thnh ph H Ni
(2) Pht thi Tng lng cht thi rn th thnh ph H Ni theo bo co l khong 4200 tn/ngy v 60% s l cht thi sinh hot, 20 25% l cht thi xy dng v 10% l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi v 5% l bn ti cc b t hoi. Tng lng cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi theo bo co l khang 1010 tn/ngy v c 327 ng k l ch ngun thi nguy hi vi tng s lng l 371 tn/ngy, tuy nhin, trn thc t, t l thu gom/vn chuyn rt thp. (3) Cng ty thu gom/vn chuyn v x l Mi bn (14) cng ty c WEPA cp giy php, trong 3 cng ty c cp php thu gom/vn chuyn v 12 cng ty c cp php x l ti thnh ph H Ni.
85
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URENCO H Ni l mt trong nhng cng ty thu gom v x l cht thi cng nghip pht sinh ti thnh ph H Ni. URENCO H Ni trc thuc UBND thnh ph H Ni v c nhim v v sinh thnh ph nh thu gom/vn chuyn v x l cht thi ti H Ni cng nh cung cp dch v v sinh mi trng ti cc KCN ti H Ni v cc khu vc khc. Cc c s x l ca URENCO H Ni c trnh by khi qut di y.
Bng 3-15 Khi qut v cc c s x l thuc URENCO H Ni

Mc Khu vc phc v Cc c s chnh Din gii Thnh ph H Ni, min Bc v min Trung Vit Nam
Khu lin hip x l cht thi Nam Sn: 5 tn/ngy (220kg/h) Khu lin hip x l cht thi i ng; 10-20 tn/ngy L t cht thi cng nghip mi (NEDO); 75 tn/ngy [Lu tr, ti ch v chn lp] Bi chn lp Nam Sn; 200 tn/ngy [Khc] Lm rn bn, x l l-ho, x l cng ngh PCB, x l bng dung dch axit, h thng x l ti ch cn hu c, x l nc thi v bn cha ng Lng x l Cht t: 130 tn/ngy. Cht thi lng: 70 tn - 100 tn/ngy Bn: 100 tn/ngy. Ch Cc l t hot ng sut c tun v ch dng 1 -2 ngy bo dng. URENCO 10 l doanh nghip ph trch thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi y t v cht thi cng nghip. URENCO 10 c mt h thng x l PCB vi cng sut nh l 0.5m3 v hot ng theo m. Ngun: Kho st phng vn ca nhm nghin cu JICA nm 2009
URENCO H Ni x l khong 40.000 tn cht thi cng nghip mi nm, trong cht thi cng nghip thng thng l 22.500 tn/nm v cht thi cng nghip nguy hi l 17.500 tn/nm. Lng cht thi c x l bi URENCO H Ni c trnh by trong bng di y.
Bng 3-26 Lng cht thi cng nghip x l bi URENCO H Ni n v: tn

nm Loi cht thi Cht thi cng nghip thng thng Cht thi cng nghip nguy hi Tng Ngun: URENCO H Ni 2007 16,000 16,000 32,000 2008 25,000 25,000 50,000 2009 22,500 17,500 40,000
3.2.3
Thnh ph Hi Phng (1) Hin trng cc khu cng nghip Tnh n thng 4 nm 2010, thnh ph Hi Phng c 9 KC, 5 KCN ang hot ng vi tng din tch l 875 ha v c hn 100 doanh nghip, 4 KCN ang gii phng mt bng v xy dng c s h tng.
86
Progress Report(2)
Vo ngy 2 thng 2 nm 2008, Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt sa i 2 KCN v thm 11 KCN thnh ph Hi Phng vo danh mc cc KCN u tin thnh lp.
Hnh 3-7 V tr KCN ti thnh ph Hi Phng
(2) Pht thi Tng lng cht thi rn th ti thnh ph Hi Phng l khong 1200 tn/ngy, theo bo co. Lng cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi v nguy hi theo bo co ln lt l khong 72 tn/ngy v 27 tn/ngy. (3) Thu gom/vn chuyn v x l Hi Phng c tng s 3 doanh nghip c WEPA cp php, trong 2 doanh nghip c cp php thu gom/vn chuyn v 3 doanh nghip c cp php x l ti thnh ph Hi Phng. URENCO Hi Phng ang trong qu trnh xin giy php thu gom/vn chuyn v x l cht thi nguy hi. Do , hin ti, URENCO ch thu gom cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi.
3.2.3
Tnh Tha Thin Hu (1) Hin trng cc khu cng nghip Tnh Tha Thin Hu c 2 KCN ang hot ng vi tng din tch l 1185 ha v c khong 38 doanh nghip.
87
Progress Report(2)
Hnh 3-8 V tr khu cng nghip ti tnh Tha Thin Hu
(2) Pht thi Tng lng CTR th tnh Tha Thin Hu theo bo co l khong 600 tn/ngy. Lng cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi v nguy hi theo bo co ln lt l 3 tn/ngy v 2 tn/ngy. Theo bo co ca Ban qun l KCN tnh Tha Thin Hu, 790 tn cht thi cng nghip pht sinh t 2 KCN nm ti tnh Tha Thin Hu. (3) Thu gom/vn chuyn v x l Khng c cng ty no tnh Tha Thin Hu c WEPA cp php thu gom/vn chuyn v x l v cng khng c cng ty no c S TNMT ca Hu cp php thu gom/vn chuyn v x l. Hin nay c mt s cng ty Nng v c giy php thu gom/vn chuyn ang thc hin thu gom cht thi cng nghip nguy hi pht sinh ti tnh Tha Thin Hu. URENCO Hu (HEPCO) ang n lc xin giy php t S TNMT thu gom/vn chuyn cht thi cng nghip. Do , hin ti URENCO Hu ch thu gom cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi v x l cng vi cht thi sinh hot. Thnh ph Nng (1) Hin trng cc khu cng nghip Thnh ph Nng c 4 KCN ang hot ng vi tng din tch l 1086 ha.
3.2.4
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Hnh 3-9 V tr cc KCN ti thnh ph Nng
(2) Pht thi Tng lng CTR th thnh ph Nng theo bo co la khong 570 tn/ngy. S lng cht thi cng nghip nguy hi v khng nguy hi theo bo co ln lt l khong 72 tn/ngy v 25 tn/ngy. (3) Thu gom/vn chuyn v x l thnh ph Nng, c mt cng ty c WEPA cp php thu gom/vn chuyn v 2 cng ty c cp php x l cht thi. URENCO Nng ph trch thu gom cht thi thnh ph Nng v cung cp dch v thu gom/vn chuyn cht thi cho cc doanh nghip ti cc KCN cng nh cht thi y t v cc c s y t. URENCO Nng c S TNMT Nng giy php thu gom/vn chuyn v x l cht thi. URENCO Nng x l 600 tn cht thi rn th mt ngy, trong cht thi cng nghip thng thng l khong 50 tn/ngy. 200 tn cht thi cng nghip nguy hi c t cng vi cht thi y t nguy hi trong nm 2009. Cc thit b x l thuc URENCO Nng c trnh by di y. Bng 3-17 Khi qut v cc c s x l thuc URENCO Nng
Mc Khu vc nghin cu Cc c s chnh Da Nang Din gii
[L t cht thi cng nghip] L t 100kg/h (Bi chn lp Ha Khnh) L t 200kg/h (Bi chn lp Ha Khnh) [Lu tr, ti ch, chn lp] LF(Lm rn) Lng x l Cht thi cng nghip: 200 tn/nm 2009 Ch Cht thi cng nghip v cht thi y t c x l bng cng mt l t rc Ngun: Kho st phng vn ca Nhm nghin cu JICA nm 2009
89
Progress Report(2)
3.2.5
Thnh ph H Ch Minh (1) Hin trng cc khu cng nghip Tnh n thng 2 nm 2010, thnh ph H Ch Minh c 3 ch xut v 12 khu cng nghip, 3 KCX v 10 KCN ang hot ng vi tng din tch l 2649 ha v khong 949 doanh nghip. Hai KCN ang trong qu trnh gii phng mt bng v xy dng c s h tng.
Hnh 3-10 V tr cc khu cng nghip ti thnh ph H Ch Minh
(2) Pht thi Thnh ph H Ch Minh l khu th ln nht Vit Nam v c nhiu doanh nghip pht sinh cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. Tnh n thng 10 nm 2010, c khong 1600 doanh nghip ti thnh ph c ng k. Theo bo co, tng lng cht thi ca H Ch Minh l khong 6700 ~7.200 tn/ngy, lng cht thi khng cng nghip nguy hi theo bo co l khong 1450 tn/ngy v lng cht thi cng nghip nguy hi l khong 350 tn/ngy. (3) Cng ty thu gom/vn chuyn v x l Trong tng s 23 cng ty c WEPA cp php ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, c 16 cng ty cp php thu gom/vn chuyn v 20 cng ty c cp php x l. i vi cc cng ty c
90
Progress Report(2)
cp php bi S TNMT thnh ph HCM, c 11 cng ty c cp php thu gom/vn chuyn v mt cng ty c cp php x l. Cng ty mi trng Tp. H Ch Minh (CITENCO) c trch nhim thu gom cht thi ti thnh ph H Ch Minh v cung cp dch v thu gom/vn chuyn cht thi ca cc doanh nghip trong cc KCN cng nh cht thi y t t cc c s y t. CITENCO l mt trong nhng cng ty thu gom v x l cht thi cng nghip c WEPA cp php thu gom/vn chuyn v x l. Hin ti, CITENCO x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi bng l t v ch c mt s khch hng ca thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh ln cn. Cc thit b x l ca CITENCO c trnh by khi qut di y. Bng 3-18 Khi qut v cc thit b x l ca CITENCO
Mc Khu vc nghin cu Cc thit b x l Din gii Thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh ln cn [L t cht thi cng nghip] L t: 7t/d (HOVAL 2000.4) L t: 4t/d (Marco Burn 2004) L t: 21t/d (L t quay bi chn lp cht thi ng Thanh 2010.12) -
Lng x l Ch thch
Cht thi cng nghip v cht thi y t nguy hi c x l bng hai l t hin c. Vn hnh cc l t: 24 gi/ngy; 6 ngy/tun; 1 ngy cho cng tc v sinh. Cng tc bo dng l t: 2 3 ln/nm. Ngun: Kho st phng vn ca Nhm nghin cu JICA nm 2009
thnh ph H Ch Minh, c rt nhiu cng ty x l cht thi cng nghip lm cng tc thu gom v x l rc ti thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh ln cn nh tnh ng Nai, B Ra Vng Tu v Bnh Dng. Mt s cng ty c lit k di y. 1) Cng ty c phn mi trng Vit - c (VINAUSEEN) Cng ty c phn mi trng Vit - c (VINAUSEEN) c thnh lp theo Quyt nh s 4103000609 ca S KH& T Thnh ph H Ch Minh ngy 20 thng 9 nm 2001. Hin nay c khong 100 cng nhn ang lm vic ti cng ty vi tng din tch l 4,100m2. VINAUSEEN c giy php thu gom/vn chuyn v x l do WEPA cp v c hn 500 khch hng t thnh ph H Ch Minh, cc tnh ln cn v c thnh ph Nng. Cc thit b x l ca VINAUSEEN c trnh by khi qut di y. Bng 3-19 Khi qut v cc thit b x l ca VINAUSEEN
Mc Khu vc nghin cu Cc thit b x l Din gii Thnh ph H Ch Minh, cc tnh ln cn, thnh ph Nng [L t cht thi cng nghip] L t: 500kg/ngy L t: 2ton/ngy L t: 2ton/ngy 9,764 tn//nm
Lng x l Ch thch
Vn hnh ca cc l t: 24 ting/ngy; 6 ngy/tun (6h vo sng th 2 n 17h ngy th By); 2 gi cho cng tc v sinh. Ngun: Trang web ca VINAUSEEN : Kho st phng vn ca nhm nghin cu JICA 2009
91
Progress Report(2)
Tng lng cht thi c x l trong nm 2009 l 9,764 tn, v lng cht thi c x l tng ln trong nhng nm gn y. VINAUSEEN t ch tiu x l 13000 tn cht thi vo nm 2020. Lng rc x l c trnh by di y. Bng 3-20 Tng lng cht thi x l trong giai on 2007-2009 v k hoch n 2020 ca VINAUSEEN
Nm Tng (Tn) 2007 1,987 2008 4,196 2009 9,764 2020 13,000
Ngun: Kho st phng vn ca nhm nghin cu JICA nm 2009
VINAUSEEN c nhiu c s x l di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau nh l t, h thng sy rc v ti ch ch. Danh sch cc thit b v cng sut tng ng c trnh by di y. Bng 3-21 Danh sch cc thit b ca VINAUSEEN
Thit b L t I L t II L t III My sy kh H thng ti ch ch H thng chng ct chn khng H thng ti ch du H thng x cht lng + X l cht thi t du + x l cht thi ha cht + X l sinh hc 09 H thng mi cao su 10 H thng p thy lc 11 H thng mi nha 12 H thng nghin 13 Lm rn tt c cc loi cht thi 14 H thng ra p lc 15 X l bng nh sng Fluorescent 16 Thit b nng h 17 Phng tin nh 18 Phng tin nh Ngun: HP ca VINAUSEEN No 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 S lng 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 Cng sut 500 kg/ngy 2 tn/ngy 2 tn/ngy 4 tn/ngy 2 tn/ngy 1 tn/ngy 1 tn/ngy 40 m3/ngy 03 tn/ngy 10 tn/ngy 3 tn/ngy 2 tn/ngy 10 tn/ngy 40 n v/ngy 300 n v/ngy 2,5 tn 1,75 tn 2,4 tn
2) Cng ty TNHH Mi trng xanh (Green Environment Co.Ltd) Cng ty TNHH Mi trng xanh c khong 45 cng nhn lm vic ti c s vi tng din tch l 3000m2 v c cc chi nhnh ti cc thnh ph khc (Hi Dng, Bnh Dng, ng Nai, Vng Tu, Ty Ninh). Cng ty TNHH Mi trng xanh c WEPA cp giy php thu gom/vn chuyn v x l v c hn 50 khch hng t thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh ln cn. Cng ty TNHH Mi trng xanh c rt nhiu thit b x l khc nhau v d nh l t, c s phc hi ch, h thng phc hi dung mi, cc my nghin, n/bong n fluorescent, my hu. Cc thit b x l ca Cng ty Mi trng xanh c trnh by di y. 92
Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-22 Khi qut v thit b x l ca cng ty TNHH Mi trng xanh

Mc Khu vc nghin cu Cc thit b chnh Din gii Thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh ln cn/ tt c cc vng trn t nc L t: (loi FSI-300) [khc] Thit b phc hi ch, h thng phc hi dung mi, my nghin, my hu n/bng n hunh quang, nh my x l nc thi (cng sut x l l 6m3/h, x l sinh hc) Cht thi cng nghip nguy hi: 844tn/nm
Lng x l
Ch Cc chi nhnh: Hi Dng, Bnh Dng, ng Nai, Vng Tu, Ty Ninh). Ngun: Kho st phng vn ca nhm nghin cu JICA nm 2009
3.2.6
Tnh ng Nai (1) Hin trng cc khu cng nghip Tnh ng Nai c 29 khu cng nghip tnh n thng 11 nm 2010, c 22 khu cng nghip ang hot ng vi tng din tch l 5.856 ha, 7 khu cng nghip ang gii phng mt bng v xy dng c s h tng.
Hnh 3-11 V tr cc khu cng nghip ti ng Nai 93

Progress Report(2)
(2) Pht thi Tng lng cht thi rn th ti tnh ng Nai theo bo co l khong 1150 tn/ngy. Lng cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi v nguy hi theo bo co ln lt l 550 tn/ngy v 140 tn/ngy. (3) Thu gom/vn chuyn v x l Trong tng s 5 cng ty c WEPA cp giy php, c 1 cng ty c cp giy php thu gom/vn chuyn v 5 cng ty c cp php x l ti tnh ng Nai. Mt cng ty c S TNMT ng Nai cp php thu gom/vn chuyn v x l. 3.2.7 Tnh B Ra Vng Tu (1) Hin trng cc khu cng nghip Tnh B Ra Vng Tu c 11 khu cng nghip tnh n thng 11 nm 2010. C 7 JCN ang hot ng vi tng din tch l 3,512 ha, 4 KCN ang gii phng mt bng v xy dng c s h tng .
Hnh 3-12 V tr cc khu CN ti tnh B Ra Vng Tu (2) Pht thi Tng lng cht thi rn th ti tnh B Ra Vng Tu theo bo co l khong 74 tn/ngy. Lng cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi v nguy hi theo bo co ln lt l 276 tn/ngy v 91 tn/ngy. (3) Thu gom/vn chuyn v x l tnh B Ra Vng Tu c 3 cng ty c WEPA cp php x l. 3.2.8 Tnh Bnh Dng (1) Hin trng cc khu cng nghip Tnh Bnh Dng c 25 KCN tnh n thng 11 nm 2010. 15 KCN ang hot ng vi tng din tch 3196 ha, 10 KCN ang gii phng mt bng v xy dng c s h tng. 94
Progress Report(2)
Hnh 3-13 V tr cc khu CN ti tnh Bnh Dng (2) Pht thi Tng lng cht thi rn th ti tnh Bnh Dng theo bo co l khong 700 tn/ngy. Lng cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi v nguy hi theo bo co ln lt l 180 tn/ngy v 120 tn/ngy. (3) Thu gom/vn chuyn v x l C tng s 7 cng ty c WEPA cp giy php, trong c 4 cng ty c cp php thu gom/vn chuyn v 5 cng ty c cp php x l ti tnh Bnh Dng. 3.3 3.3.1 Kt qu kho st thc t v qun l cht thi cng nghip ti cc a bn mc tiu Khi qut v kho st thc t v pht sinh cht thi cng nghip ni chung (1) Mc tiu ca cuc kho st Mc tiu ca kho st thc t v pht sinh cht thi cng nghip ni chung nhm tm hiu xu hng pht thi/x l/ch bin cht thi cng nghip ti H Ni, Hi Phng, Hu, Tp.HCM v cc tnh ln cn (ng Nai, B Ra Vng Tu, Bnh Dng). (2) Ni dung cuc kho st Kho st bng bng cu hi ti cc khu cng nghip c thc hin nhm kho st hin trng v k hoch tng lai v cht thi cng nghip. Ni dung ca cuc kho st c trnh by trong Bng di y. 95
Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-23 Ni dung kho st thc t v pht sinh cht thi cng nghip ni chung
Mc Thi gian Bng cu hi Mc tiu Phng thc Ni dung 5/6/2010 to 22/6/2010 S lng bng cu hi pht640 Cc KCN v doanh nghip ng ti cc KCN H Ni, Hi Phng, Nng, Hu, Tp.H Ch Minh v cc tnh ln cn (ng Nai, B Ra Vng Tu, Bnh Dng) Bng cu hi Loi hnh kinh doanh, loi hnh v sn lng sn phm; Nguyn liu cng nghip c s dng, Phng php x l cht thi, loi v lng cht thi, im cui ca cht thi, Loi v lng cht thi c ti ch, vv. Din gii
3.3.2
Kt qu kho st (1) S lng doanh nghip tr li S lng doanh nghip tr li bng cu hi kho st l 328 trong tng s 640 (chim 51,3%). Kt qu c trnh by trong bng v hnh di y. Bng 3-24 S lng doanh nghip tr li bng cu hi theo khu vc nghin cu
Khu vc nghin cu H Ni Bn ngoi KCN ti H Ni Hi Phng Nng Hu H Ch Minh ng Nai B Ra Vng Tu Bnh Dng Tng S lng phiu pht 80 60 40 40 240 80 60 40 640 S lng DN tr li 33 32 34 23 120 63 15 8 328 (51.3%)
96
Progress Report(2)
Hnh 3-14 S phn b doanh nghip tr li bng cu hi kho st S lng doanh nghip tr li phn theo cc ngnh cng nghip c trnh by di y. Rt nhiu doanh nghip nh sn xut cng nghip c bn, vi/dt may, sn xut cht ha hc nm ti thnh ph H Ch Minh; nhiu doanh nghip sn xut g v cc sn phn g nm ti tnh ng Nai; nhiu doanh nghip lin quan n phng tin vn ti nm thnh ph H Ni v Hi Phng. 97
Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-25 S lng doanh nghip tr li phn theo cc ngnh cng nghip
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ngnh cng nghip Sn xut kim loi c bn Vi/dt may Sn xut ha cht Cao su, nha Giy, sn phm giy In/xut bn G/sn phm g Ch bin thc phm Thit b in t My mc Phng tin vn chuyn Sn phm da Vn phng phm Sn phm than/du Ti ch, x l rc Khc Tng s cng ty HN 12 2 15 4 2 1 1 2 6 2 12 0 1 0 0 5 65 HP 5 2 5 2 0 0 0 3 4 1 9 0 1 0 0 2 34 DN/H 7 2 1 5 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 23 HCM 52 13 26 4 10 10 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 DNai 10 8 9 6 1 0 10 5 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 7 63
BR-VT
BD 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8
Tng 91 28 60 21 17 11 12 14 19 4 21 4 3 1 1 21 328
3 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 15
Ch thch: HN: H Ni v cc doanh nghip ngoi KCN H Ni; HP: Hi Phng; DN/H: Nng Hu, Minh, DNai: ng Nai, BR-VT: B Ra Vng Tu
HCM: H Ch
Quy m lao ng ca cc doanh nghip tr li c trnh by di y. Theo kt qu kho st, 78,3% cc doanh nghip ti KCN c t hn 300 lao ng. Cc doanh nghip c nhiu hn 301 lao ng thuc cc ngnh cng nghip nh dt may, g/sn phm g, thit b in t, phng tin vn chuyn.
Bng 3-26 Quy m lao ng ca cc doanh nghip tr li

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ngnh cng nghip Ngnh cng nghip Sn xut kim loi c bn Vi/dt may Sn xut ha cht Cao su, nha Giy, sn phm giy In/xut bn G/sn phm g Ch bin thc phm Thit b in t My mc Phng tin vn chuyn Sn phm da Vn phng phm Sn phm than/du Ti ch, x l rc Khc ( /328) Quy m lao ng <100 49 8 33 7 13 10 1 3 6 2 5 0 0 1 0 10 101 - 300 33 9 22 9 2 0 5 7 5 2 8 1 1 0 1 4 301- 500 3 5 3 2 2 1 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 501-1,000 4 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 3 1 1 0 0 3 >1,001 2 4 2 3 0 0 3 1 3 0 3 2 1 0 0 1
148
(45.1%)
109
(33.2%)
25
(7.6%)
21
(6.4%)
25
(7.6)
98
Progress Report(2)
S lng cc donh nghip tr li vi quy m lao ng trn 301 lao ng ti H Ni l 23/65 doanh nghip. Tuy nhin, ti thnh ph HCM ch c mt doanh nghip trong s cc daonh nghip c kho st c quy m lao ng trn 301 ngi. Bng 3-27 Quy m lao ng ca cc doanh nghip tr li trong khu vc nghin cu
Tnh/thnh ph HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng Tr li 65 34 23 120 63 15 8 328 <100 21 9 9 84 18 4 3 148 101-300 21 14 9 35 22 4 4 109 301-500 7 4 4 0 9 1 0 25 501-1,000 8 3 0 0 7 3 0 21 >1,001 8 4 1 1 7 3 1 25
(2) Khi lng tng loi cht thi Theo cc kt qu kho st thc t, lng cht thi theo loi c tnh ton di y: Bng 3-28 Tm tt lng cht thi
S lng tng loi cht thi Cht thi cng Cht thi cng Cht thi th nghip khng nghip nguy hi nguy hi 242 289 239 ( (2) S lng (tn/nm) /328) (73.8%) 83,494.31 (88.1%) 12,329.30 (72.9%) 5,204.31
(1) S lng phn hi
Theo kt qu kho st thc t, pht hin mt s vn ti khu vc nghin cu nh sau. Nhiu doanh nghip ti thnh ph H Ch Minh u tr li v khi lng mi loi rc thi. Nhng tng lng pht thi ca cc loi rc li khng cao so vi cc tnh/ thnh khc. ng Nai c nhiu cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi. H Ni c nhiu cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. V t l cc cu tr li v khi lng rc thi, cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi v cht thi rn th li t hn cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. Khi lng mi loi cht thi trong khu vc d n v s lng cc cu tr li v khi lng cht thi trong khu vc nghin cu c trnh by trong bng di y. Bng 3-29 Khi lng mi loi rc thi ti khu vc nghin cu
Tnh/ thnh HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng cng Non-HzIW 12,173.51 8,999.21 1,397.40 5,356.38 33,190.63 203.20 457.60 61,777.93 HzIW 7,839.47 475.86 42.12 1,498.25 2,017.96 3,606.17 68.50 15,548.33 MSW 1,391.10 551.77 517.39 667.87 983.56 145.90 90.41 4,348.00 n v: tn/ nm Tng 21,404.08 10,026.84 1,956.91 7,522.50 36,192.15 3,955.27 616.51 81,674.26
99
Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-30 S lng cc cu tr li v khi lng mi loi cht thi ti khu vc nghin cu
Tnh/ thnh HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng Non-HzIW HzIW MSW Tng
46 31 18 77 56 9 7 244
55 31 15 116 58 9 8 292
28 26 14 108 54 6 6 242
65 34 23 120 63 15 8 328
Theo kt qu kho st thc t, pht hin mt s vn sau v loi ngnh cng nghip nh sau. Cc doanh nghip sn xut g/ cc sn phm g v thc phm/ ung thng sn sinh nhiu cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi. Cc doanh nghip cao su/ nha, thit b in t v sn phm da sn sinh nhiu cht thi cng nghip nguy hi so vi cc doanh nghip khc. S lng mi loi cht thi ca mi ngnh cng nghip v s lng cc cu tr li v khi lng cht thi ca mi ngnh cng nghip c trnh by di y. Bng 3-31 Khi lng mi loi cht thi ca mi ngnh cng nghip
n v: tn/ nm TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc Phng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Than/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng cng Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn Non-HzIW 6,338.58 8,009.97 4,757.40 1,263.02 1,445.17 2,456.31 17,195.71 11,500.81 1,227.44 243.97 5,228.53 123.52 420.20 34.08 0.00 1,533.22 61,777.93 HzIW 2,151.96 255.76 2,370.89 2,538.75 226.37 172.43 477.62 42.46 1,919.34 5.29 1,341.58 3,588.86 36.21 187.84 0.05 232.93 15,548.34 MSW 819.11 335.17 390.48 1,021.45 111.90 140.76 90.90 528.14 230.58 54.03 350.21 46.80 34.44 3.84 0.00 190.19 4,348.00 Tng 9,309.65 8,600.90 7,518.77 4,823.22 1,783.44 2,769.50 17,764.23 12,071.41 3,377.36 303.29 6,920.32 3,759.18 490.85 225.76 0.05 1,956.34 81,674.27
100
Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-32 S lng cc cu tr li v khi lng mi loi cht thi theo ngnh cng nghip
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc Phng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Than/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng cng Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn Non-HzIW 70 22 35 14 14 8 12 13 16 3 18 2 3 1 0 13 244 HzIW 83 25 54 17 14 12 12 11 17 3 19 4 3 1 1 16 292 MSW 73 23 45 15 16 11 9 8 9 2 13 2 2 1 0 13 242 Tng 91 28 60 21 16 12 12 14 19 4 21 4 3 1 1 21 328
Theo kt qu kho st thc t, cc vn v quy m lao ng c pht hin nh sau: T l sn sinh cc loi cht thi t l vi quy m lao ng. T l phn hi ca hn 500 cng nhn vin ch l 14% nhng hn mt na cht thi pht sinh bi cc doanh nghip c quy m lao ng ln. Khi lng ca mi loi cht thi theo quy m lao ng v s lng cc cu tr li v khi lng ca mi loi cht thi theo quy m lao ng c trnh by di y. Bng 3-33 Khi lng mi loi cht thi theo quy m lao ng
Quy m lao ng Non-HzIW 9,654.64 10,861.85 12,439.68 14,954.37 13,867.39 61,777.93 HzIW 2,254.24 3,198.75 1,470.32 1,422.34 7,202.68 15,548.33 MSW 801.53 909.55 147.11 766.05 1,723.76 4,348.00 n v: tn/ nm Tng 12,710.41 14,970.15 14,057.11 17,142.76 22,793.83 81,674.26
<100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng
Bng 3-34 S cu tr li v khi lng mi loi cht thi theo quy m lao ng
Quy m lao ng Non-HzIW HzIW MSW Tng
<100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001

Tng
106 78 21 19 20 244
135 94 22 19 22 292
120 79 15 10 18 242
149 108 25 21 25 328
101
Progress Report(2)
(3) Thu gom/vn chuyn v x l cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi Hu ht cc doanh nghip (74.2%) la chn k hp ng thu gom hoc x l cht thi lm phng thc x l cc cc cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi. Khng doanh nghip no la chn vic t, v chn lp trn cng trng lm phng thc x l cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi. S doanh nghip la chn bn cht thi c gi tr chim 18.0% v mt s doanh nghip la chn nghin nt v h s dng lm nguyn liu un. Ti ch ti ch, ti s dng cht thi v trao i khng phi l nhng phng php ch bin chnh. Bng 3-35 Phng php x l cc cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi
Tnh/TP HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD total (%) Nghin nt 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 7 2.6% K hp ng (X l cht thi) 27 16 11 8 18 7 5 92 34.5% K hp ng (thu gom cht thi) 21 11 7 43 21 3 0 106 39.7% Bn 1 4 2 19 21 0 1 48 18.0% Khc 0 2 0 9 2 0 1 14 5.2%
Khc 5.2% Bn 18.0% H p ng thu gom 39.7%
Nghi n 2.6%
H p ng x l bn ngoi 34.5%
Hnh 3-15 Phng php x l cc cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi
106 doanh nghip trong s cc doanh nghip tr li k hp ng vn chuyn/thu gom cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi. Cc nh thu ch yu nm ngai cc khu cng nghip (69.8%), nhng 21 trong s 43 doanh nghip H Ch Minh tr li cng KCN. Mc thng xuyn ca vic thu gom cht thi thay i theo tng doanh nghip. Nhng ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, v nh thu ca 21 doanh nghip thuc cng khu cng nghip, do s ln thu gom rc cao hn so vi cc thnh ph khc. 102
Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-36 Thu gom cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi
Khu vc nghin cu HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng s lng tr li (%) S lng tr li 21 11 7 43 21 3 0 106 (100%) Mc thng xuyn (ngy/ln) 3.73 1.74 1.01 7.73 8.3 2 0 V tr cc nh thu Cng khu CN 0 1 0 21 0 0 0 22 (20.7%) Khc KCN 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 6 (5.7%) Ngoi KCN 18 10 4 20 19 3 0 74 (69.8%) 4 (3.8%) Khng bit 0 0 3 1 0 0
92 doanh nghip k hp ng x l cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi. Cc nh thu ch yu nm ngoi cc khu CN (91.3%). i vi phng php x l cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi, 23.9% doanh nghip la chn t, 30,7% la chn chn lp, 25% chn ti ch. 40.0% doanh nghip tr li khng bit cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi c x l nh th no, c bit 8 trong s 11 doanh nghip Nng/Hu v 4 trong 7 doanh nghip tnh B Ra Vng Tu chn khng bit. Bng 3-37X l cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi (1)
Tnh/thnh ph HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng (%) S lng tr li 27 16 11 8 18 7 5 92 (100%) Tn xut (ngy/ln) 7.65 2.81 1.20 0.09 3.01 0.25 0.13 V tr nh thu Cng khu CN 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 (2.2%) 4 (4.3%) Khc KCN 0 0 0 2 2 0 Ngoi KCN 27 16 9 5 15 7 5 84 (91.3%) Khng bit 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 (2.2%)
Bng 3-38 X l cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi (2)

Khu vc nghin cu HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Total (%) S lng tr li 27 16 11 8 18 7 5 92 (100%) Mc thng xuyn (ngy/ln) 7.65 2.81 1.20 0.09 3.01 0.25 0.13 Phng php x l Nghin 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 4 (4.4%) t 4 5 2 6 1 3 1 22 (23.9%) LF 13 7 2 0 4 1 1 28 (30.4%) Ti ch 4 4 2 7 4 0 2 23 (25.0%) Khc 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 6 (6.5%) Khng bit 6 3 8 1 11 4 1 34 (40.0%)
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Progress Report(2)
(4) Thu gom/vn chuyn v x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi Phn ln cc doanh nghip (58.4%) la chn phng n k hp ng thu gom hoc x l cht thi x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi cng nh khng nguy hi. Khng doanh nghip no la chn t, v chn lp trong phng thc x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. Mt khc, lu tr tm thi trong cc doanh nghip cng c 37% cc doanh nghip la chn lm phng php x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. Bng 3-39 Phng php x l cht thi rn nguy hi
K hp ng Tnh/TP HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Total (%) Lu tr (x l cht thi) 41 19 2 77 24 4 8 175 37.0% 43 23 7 53 42 7 5 180 38.1% K hp ng (thu gom cht thi) 12 3 8 50 19 3 1 96 20.3% Ha rn, sy 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 5 1.1% Khc 2 0 0 15 0 0 0 17 3.6%
H p ng thu gom 20.3%
Ha r n 1.1%
Khc 3.6%
Lu gi 37.0%
H p ng x l 38.1%
Hnh 3-16 Phng thc x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi
96 doanh nghip ang k hp ng thu gom/vn chuyn cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. Cc nh thu ch yu nm ngoi khu cng nghip (77.1%), nhng 15 trong s 50 doanh nghip H Ch Minh tr li cng khu cng nghip. Tn sut thu gom rc thay i theo cc doanh nghip. Tuy nhin, thnh ph H Ch Minh, v nh thu ca 15 doanh nghip nm cng mt khu cng nghip, nn tn sut thu gom rc cao hn so vi cc thnh ph khc.
104
Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-40 Thu gom cht thi cng nghip nguy hi

Khu vc nghin cu HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng s tr li (%) S lng tr li 12 3 8 50 19 3 1 96 (100%) Tn xut (ngy/ln) 2.40 0.10 1.25 5.02 1.34 1.01 0.03 V tr cng ty thu gom Cng KCN 0 0 0 15 0 0 1 16 (16.7%) Khc KCN 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 (3.1%) Ngoi KCN 10 3 6 33 19 3 0 74 (77.1%) 3 (3.1%) Khng bit 0 0 2 1 0 0
180 doanh nghip k hp ng x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. Cc nh thu ch yu nm ngoi khu cng nghip (77.2%) nhng thnh ph H Ch Minh, c 15 trong s 53 doanh nghip tr li cng khu CN v 14 trong s tr li cc khu cng nghip. V phng php x l HzIW, 54.4% trong s doanh nghip la chn t, 25% chn chn lp, 3.9% chn nghin v 4.4% chn ti ch. 31.7% doanh nghip tr li h khng HzIW c x l nh th no, c bit 5 trong s 7 doanh nghip Nng/Hu, 27 trong s 42 doanh nghip tnh ng Nai v 4 trong s 7 doanh nghip B Ra Vng Tu chn khng bit. Bng 3-41 X l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi (1)
Tnh/thnh ph HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng (%) Slng tr li 43 23 7 53 42 7 5 180 (100%) Tn xut (ln/ngy) 8.49 2.89 0.29 2.01 1.77 1.02 0.22 V tr cc nh thu Cng khu CN 0 0 1 15 0 0 1 17 (9.4%) Khc KCN 0 1 0 14 1 2 0 18 (10.0%) Ngoi KCN 41 22 5 24 38 5 4 139 (77.2%) Khng xc nh 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 6 (3.3%)
Bng 3-42 X l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi (2)

Tnh/thnh ph HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng (%) Slng tr li 43 23 7 53 42 7 5 180 ( 100%) Tn xut (ln/ngy) 8.49 2.89 0.29 2.01 1.77 1.02 0.22 Phng php x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi Nghin 4 1 0 1 2 0 0 8 (4.4%) t 13 11 4 51 11 4 4 98 (54.4%) Chn lp 26 6 1 0 10 0 2 45 (25.0%) Ti ch 1 4 0 0 2 0 0 7 (3.9%) Khc 2 3 1 5 1 2 0 14 (7.8%) Khng bit 7 8 5 4 27 4 2 57 (31.7%)
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Progress Report(2)
(6) Chi ph Mc gi trung bnh cho x l cht thi cng nghip l khong 200,000-600,000VND/tn, v i vi cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi l khong 1,500,000-4,000,000VND/tn v cht thi nguy hi l khong 6,000,0000-8,000,000VND/tn. Nhiu cng ty ng Nai v thnh ph H Ch Minh ni rng h phi tr ph x l HzIW l 8,000-9,000VND/kg v cng thm ph vn chuyn l 400,000VND/tn. Gi x l bn ngoi cn ph thuc vo m phn gia cc doanh nghip v cng ty x l. Gi thay i theo tng doanh nghip v loi cht thi. Trong trng hp cht thi c ln nhiu cht c th ti ch, gi c th c gim. (7) Nhng kh khn ca doanh nghip 42.5% doanh nghip lo lng khng bit cht thi chuyn cho cc nh thu bn ngoi c c cc cng ty x l cht thi x l theo ng quy nh hay khng. 41.2% doanh nghip tr li rng ph tr cho nh thu vn chuyn v x l cht thi l qu cao. Rt nhiu doanh nghip tr li khng c ch lu tr cht thi ti ch, khng c thng tin k thut y mnh ti ch v gim thiu cht thi v kh khn nng cao nhn thc v phn loi cht thi Cc doanh nghip H Ni, thnh ph Hi Phng v tnh Bnh Dng phn hi rng c rt nhiu kh khn, mt khc cc doanh nghip thnh ph H Ch Minh v Nng/Hu phn hi l khng c nhiu kh khn. Bng 3-43 Kh khn ca cc doanh nghip
Tnh/thnh ph S lng tr li Khng din tch lu tr cht thi ti ch 13 14 4 6 16 3 6 62 (27.2%) H thng thng tin v cht thi nguy hi khng ng tin cy 26 5 1 24 7 0 3 66 (28.9%) Khng c cng trnh x l/ch bin rc ti cng ty 6 7 4 9 4 6 3 39 (17.1%) Khng c cng trnh x l cht thi nguy hi pht sinh t hot ng ca cng ty 9 5 0 13 3 2 3 35 (15.4%) Khng c k thut v thng tin tng cng ti ch v gim thiu cht thi 31 11 1 10 13 3 4 73 (32.0%) Khng c b phn x l/ch bin rc hp l 21 3 3 12 15 1 1 56 (24.6%) Ph tr cho nh thu ph x l/vn chuyn cht thi qu cao 20 18 4 16 29 3 4 94 (41.2%)
HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng
53 27 13 72 45 10 8 228 ( /228)
Tnh/thn h ph
C s lo lng v vic cc t chc x l/ch bin rc hp l hay khng 23 20 3 20 23 3 5 97 (42.5%)
Kh nng cao nhn thc v phn loi cht thi 8 17 2 24 21 2 4 78 (34.2%)
Khng th xut khu cht thi 1 4 0 9 1 1 0 16 (7.0%)
Khiu ni t ngi dn xung quanh 8 1 1 10 2 0 1 23 (10.1%)
Khc
HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Total
3 0 1 2 1 0 1 8 (3.5%)
106
Progress Report(2)
Khng c thng tin v k thu t
Chi ph cao
Nghi ng vic x l
thc v phn loi
100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Total
Hnh 3-17 Kh khn ca cc doanh nghip
(8) Hnh ng bo v mi trng 125 trong s 172 doanh nghip tr li rng hot ng bo v mi trng ca h l cc kho tp hun, hi tho, c bit c n 92.3% doanh nghip ti th H Ni, 70% doanh nghip ti thnh ph Hi Phng v 88.9% doanh nghip tnh ng Nai la chn kin ny.
Bng 3-44 Hnh ng bo v mi trng ti cc doanh nghip

Phn loi cht thi, gim thiu v ti ch cht thi 11 7 6 5 4 2 4 39 (22.7%) X l nc thi v cht thi theo lut v quy nh 14 17 14 10 4 10 5 74 (43.0%) Nghin cu v pht trin cng ngh bo v mi trng 12 11 1 1 3 0 0 28 (16.3%)
Tnh/thnh ph
S lng tr li
Ti ch nc
Kho tp hun, hi tho
HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng (
39 30 17 21 45 14 6 172 /172)
21 2 3 3 1 1 3 34 (19.8%)
36 21 7 10 40 8 3 125 (72.7%)
(9) T chc tiu chun ho cht lng quc t (ISO) v trch nhim x hi ca doanh nghip (CSR) 173 trong s 203 doanh nghip tr li c bit v ISO v 251 trong s 252 doanh nghip tr li c bit v CSR. C 78.3% tr li rng p dng v thc hin ISO v 77% tr li p dng v thc hin CSR. C th, cc doanh nghip ti thnh ph H Ni, Hi Phng v H Ch Minh dng nh c nhn thc cao hn.
107
Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-45 Hin trng p dng ISO v CSR

Thnh ph/ tnh HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng ( S lng tr li 39 28 15 49 51 14 7 203 /203) ISO (T chc tiu chun ho quc t) C bit ISO 20 26 14 49 46 12 6 173 (85.2%) p dng v thc hin ISO 34 25 7 45 32 9 7 159 (78.3%) CSR (trch nhim x hi ca doanh nghip) C bit CSR 36 20 15 115 53 8 4 251 (99.6%) p dng v thc hin CSR 35 18 9 96 27 6 3 194 (77.0%) Cn nhc p dng CSR 14 19 7 94 31 5 1 171 (67.9%) Cn nhc p dng ISO 35 23 11 3 39 8 4 123 (60.6%)
Thnh ph/ tnh HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Tng
S lng tr li 36 20 15 115 53 8 5 252 ( /252)
ISO
CSR
100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% HN HP DN/H HCM DNai BR-VT BD Total
Hnh 3-18 p dng v thc hin ISO/CSR 3.3.3 Bng so snh mc pht sinh cht thi cng nghip Bng so snh mc pht sinh cht thi cng nghip c xy dng theo ba tiu ch v tnh/ thnh, loi ngnh cng nghp v quy m lao ng. C ba trng hp c trnh by: tnh/thnh v loi cng nghip, tnh/thnh v quy m lao ng, loi ngnh cng nghip v quy m lao ng. Kt qu trong cc bng so snh c trnh by di y.
108
Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-46 Kt qu cc bng so snh (1) Non HzIW

n v : tn/nm
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn HN 676.63 30.30 4,122.12 423.71 7.30 75.07 7.10 416.38 243.96 5,140.30 30.00 1,000.64 12,173.51 HP 432.26 7,824.00 72.20 269.60 22.91 261.00 0.01 88.23 29.00 0.01 8,999.22 DH/H 915.60 20.60 25.00 105.12 38.48 250.00 42.60 1,397.40 HCM 1,944.78 46.86 353.84 186.52 1,273.39 1,216.31 334.68 5,356.38 DNai 2,312.52 82.81 125.94 278.08 1,240.00 16,988.64 11,105.80 215.38 26.52 361.20 34.08 419.67 33,190.63 BR-VT 23.20 5.40 5.30 2.00 97.00 70.30 203.20 BD 33.60 53.00 126.00 132.00 113.00 0.00 457.60
n v : tn/ nm
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn <100 2109.51 16.26 4375.64 84.52 1420.69 1,216.31 48 17.76 236.45 0.01 14.69 34.08 80.72 9,654.64 101-300 3586.73 41.64 319.48 541.75 24.48 1,872.00 442.41 528.99 243.96 3,112.58 26.52 30 91.31 10,861.85 301-500 80.56 7900.4 2.16 256.75 1,240.00 1,560.00 219.86 816.2 363.75 12,439.68 501-1000 558.18 5.17 1,577.95 11,040.49 3 646.13 97 29 997.44 14,954.36 >1,001 3.6 46.5 60.12 380 12,137.76 0.15 239.14 638.93 361.2 13,867.40 Tng 6,338.58 8,009.97 4,757.40 1,263.02 1,445.17 2,456.31 17,195.71 11,500.81 1,227.44 243.97 5,228.53 123.52 420.20 34.08 0.00 1,533.22 61,777.93
n v : tn/ nm
Tnh/ thnh
<100 4,149.04 84.47 911.40 4,011.89 290.34 21.50 186.00 9,654.64
101-300 3,924.54 724.37 327.28 1,315.69 4,222.67 79.30 268.00 10,861.85
301-500 847.20 8,066.56 158.72 3,367.20 12,439.68
501-1000 2,149.08 37.35 12,670.94 97.00 14,954.37
>1,001 1,103.65 86.46 28.80 12,639.48 5.40 3.60 13,867.39
Tng 12,173.51 8,999.21 1,397.40 5,356.38 33,190.63 203.20 457.60 61,777.93
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Progress Report(2)
HzIW
n v : tn/ nm
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn HN 1,100.34 0.11 632.28 2,518.15 18.48 39.00 360.57 0.80 1,718.45 1.19 1,238.95 10.12 201.02 7,839.47 HP 289.76 9.97 1.30 2.80 2.24 30.89 0.09 102.62 24.00 12.19 475.87 DH/H 7.01 5.64 12.80 2.90 3.60 0.06 10.10 42.12 HCM 331.58 212.88 609.37 2.01 204.26 132.64 5.50 1,498.24 DNai 387.55 32.80 1,105.23 2.99 0.79 93.05 35.25 164.44 4.01 0.15 2.09 187.84 1.78 2,017.96 BR-VT 5.20 0.00 4.43 3,588.71 7.83 3,606.17 BD 30.52 12.64 0.73 24.00 0.56 0.05 68.49
n v : tn/ nm
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn <100 340.75 27.09 960.54 3.45 210.99 132.64 0.23 1.85 5.67 4.10 359.36 187.84 19.72 2,254.23 101-300 925.78 45.61 670.16 6.28 2.90 53.91 4.78 963.10 1.19 491.83 0.15 10.12 0.05 22.90 3,198.76 301-500 16.82 20.43 477.90 11.02 12.48 39.79 13.20 808.07 70.00 0.61 1,470.32 501-1000 698.61 2.98 367.41 34.73 24.12 82.47 75.71 24.00 112.32 1,422.35 >1,001 170.00 159.65 262.29 2,518.00 42.87 1.10 118.38 337.92 3,513.00 2.09 77.38 7,202.68 Tng 2,151.96 255.76 2,370.89 2,538.75 226.37 172.43 477.62 42.46 1,919.34 5.29 1,341.58 3,588.86 36.21 187.84 0.05 232.93 15,548.34
n v : tn/ nm
Tnh/ thnh
<100 587.71 15.07 6.22 1,030.08 607.37 1.40 6.39 2,254.24
101-300 1,957.71 303.39 23.90 309.78 560.10 11.76 32.11 3,198.75
301-500 977.63 24.74 12.00 451.65 4.30 1,470.32
501-1000 1,205.92 55.87 84.84 75.71 1,422.34
>1,001 3,110.50 76.79 158.39 314.00 3,513.00 30.00 7,202.68
Tng 7,839.47 475.86 42.12 1,498.25 2,017.96 3,606.17 68.50 15,548.33
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Progress Report(2)
MSW
n v : tn/ nm
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn HN 424.07 122.44 520.08 34.39 151.20 54.00 83.42 1.50 1,391.10 HP 19.55 1.63 5.54 23.00 54.36 36.00 0.03 266.79 0.84 144.03 551.77 DH/H 16.99 443.40 3.32 50.00 3.68 517.39 HCM 206.41 128.06 111.92 1.25 62.19 137.16 20.88 667.87 DNai 150.72 124.48 111.64 33.72 3.60 66.90 398.78 22.50 4.80 33.60 3.84 28.98 983.56 BR-VT 1.00 81.00 9.90 42.00 12.00 145.90 BD 0.36 29.05 12.00 24.00 25.00 0.00 90.41
n v : tn/ nm
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn <100 178.16 6.86 183.26 20.35 75.60 137.16 0.23 0.36 9.48 0.03 15.72 3.84 170.48 801.53 101-300 331.14 68.64 175.99 42.10 1.92 27.76 141.00 11.40 54.00 49.09 4.80 1.71 909.55 301-500 6.21 27.40 31.00 12.00 34.38 3.60 13.20 1.32 18.00 147.11 501-1000 203.60 1.27 6.84 386.42 151.20 15.88 0.84 766.05 >1,001 100.00 231.00 0.23 947.00 42.87 0.36 57.18 269.52 42.00 33.60 1,723.76 Tng 819.11 335.17 390.48 1,021.45 111.90 140.76 90.90 528.14 230.58 54.03 350.21 46.80 34.44 3.84 0.00 190.19 4,348.00
n v : tn/ nm
Tnh/ thnh
<100 115.89 149.39 17.29 371.64 111.21 14.70 21.41 801.53
101-300 239.03 105.46 58.30 206.23 230.53 1.00 69.00 909.55
301-500 47.38 1.69 4.80 86.04 7.20 147.11
501-1000 351.20 16.72 398.13 766.05
>1,001 637.60 278.51 437.00 90.00 157.65 123.00 1,723.76
Tng 1,391.10 551.77 517.39 667.87 983.56 145.90 90.41 4,348.00
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Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-47 Kt qu cc bng so snh (2) Khu vc nghin cu

(H Ni)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Non-HzIW 676.63 30.30 4,122.12 423.71 7.30 75.07 7.10 416.38 243.96 5,140.30 30.00 1,000.64 12,173.51 HzIW 1,100.34 0.11 632.28 2,518.15 18.48 39.00 360.57 0.80 1,718.45 1.19 1,238.95 10.12 201.02 7,839.47 MSW 424.07 122.44 520.08 34.39 151.20 54.00 83.42 1.50 1,391.10
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 2,201.04 30.41 4,876.84 3,461.94 60.17 39.00 435.65 7.90 2,286.03 299.15 6,462.67 40.12 1,203.16 21,404.08
n v: tn/ nm
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 4,149.04 3,924.54 847.20 2,149.08 1,103.65 12,173.51 HzIW 587.71 1,957.71 977.63 1,205.92 3,110.50 7,839.47 MSW 115.89 239.03 47.38 351.20 637.60 1,391.10 Tng 4,852.65 6,121.28 1,872.22 3,706.20 4,851.75 21,404.08
(Hi Phng)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Non-HzIW 432.26 7,824.00 72.20 269.60 22.91 261.00 0.01 88.23 29.00 0.01 8,999.22 HzIW 289.76 9.97 1.30 2.80 2.24 30.89 0.09 102.62 24.00 12.19 475.87 MSW 19.55 1.63 5.54 23.00 54.36 36.00 0.03 266.79 0.84 144.03 551.77
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 741.57 7,835.60 79.04 295.40 79.51 327.89 0.13 457.64 53.84 156.23 10,026.85
n v: tn/ nm
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 84.47 724.37 8,066.56 37.35 86.46 8,999.22 HzIW 15.07 303.39 24.74 55.87 76.79 475.87 MSW 149.39 105.46 1.69 16.72 278.51 551.77 Tng 248.93 1,133.22 8,092.99 109.94 441.77 10,026.85
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Progress Report(2)
( Nng Hu)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Non-HzIW 915.60 20.60 25.00 105.12 38.48 250.00 42.60 1,397.40 HzIW 7.01 5.64 12.80 2.90 3.60 0.06 10.10 42.12 MSW 16.99 443.40 3.32 50.00 3.68 517.39
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 939.60 20.60 30.64 561.32 44.70 303.60 0.06 56.38 1,956.91
n v: tn/ nm
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 911.40 327.28 158.72 1,397.40 HzIW 6.22 23.90 12.00 42.12 MSW 17.29 58.30 4.80 437.00 517.39 Tng 934.91 409.48 175.52 437.00 1,956.91
(H Ch Minh)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Non-HzIW 1,944.78 46.86 353.84 186.52 1,273.39 1,216.31 334.68 5,356.38 HzIW 331.58 212.88 609.37 2.01 204.26 132.64 5.50 1,498.24 MSW 206.41 128.06 111.92 1.25 62.19 137.16 20.88 667.87
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 2,482.77 387.80 1,075.13 189.78 1,539.84 1,486.11 361.06 7,522.49
n v: tn/ nm
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 4,011.89 1,315.69 28.80 5,356.38 HzIW 1,030.08 309.78 158.39 1,498.24 MSW 371.64 206.23 90.00 667.87 Tng 5,413.61 1,831.69 277.19 7,522.49
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Progress Report(2)
(ng Nai)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Non-HzIW 2,312.52 82.81 125.94 278.08 1,240.00 16,988.64 11,105.80 215.38 26.52 361.20 34.08 419.67 33,190.63 HzIW 387.55 32.80 1,105.23 2.99 0.79 93.05 35.25 164.44 4.01 0.15 2.09 187.84 1.78 2,017.96 MSW 150.72 124.48 111.64 33.72 3.60 66.90 398.78 22.50 4.80 33.60 3.84 28.98 983.56
n v: tn/nm
Tng 2,850.79 240.09 1,342.80 314.78 1,244.39 17,148.59 11,539.84 402.31 4.01 31.47 396.89 225.76 450.43 36,192.15
n v: tn/ nm
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 290.34 4,222.67 3,367.20 12,670.94 12,639.48 33,190.63 HzIW 607.37 560.10 451.65 84.84 314.00 2,017.96 MSW 111.21 230.53 86.04 398.13 157.65 983.56 Tng 1,008.92 5,013.30 3,904.88 13,153.91 13,111.13 36,192.15
(B Ra Vng Tu)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Non-HzIW 23.20 5.40 5.30 2.00 97.00 70.30 203.20 HzIW 5.20 0.00 4.43 3,588.71 7.83 3,606.17 MSW 1.00 81.00 9.90 42.00 12.00 145.90
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 29.40 86.40 19.63 2.00 3,727.71 90.13 3,955.27
n v: tn/ nm
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 21.50 79.30 97.00 5.40 203.20 HzIW 1.40 11.76 4.30 75.71 3,513.00 3,606.17 MSW 14.70 1.00 7.20 123.00 145.90 Tng 37.60 92.06 11.50 172.71 3,641.40 3,955.27
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(Bnh Dng)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ngnh cng nghip Kim loi c bn Si Ha cht Cao su/ nha Giy/ sn phm giy In n/ xut bn G/ sn phm g Thc phm/ ung Thit b in t My mc PHng tin vn ti Sn phm da Vn phng phm Coke/ sn phm du Ti ch/ x l cht thi Khc Tng Non-HzIW 33.60 53.00 126.00 132.00 113.00 0.00 457.60 HzIW 30.52 12.64 0.73 24.00 0.56 0.05 68.49 MSW 0.36 29.05 12.00 24.00 25.00 0.00 90.41
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 64.48 94.68 138.73 180.00 138.56 0.05 616.50
n v: tn/ nm
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 186.00 268.00 3.60 457.60 HzIW 6.39 32.11 30.00 68.49 MSW 21.41 69.00 90.41 Tng 213.79 369.11 33.60 616.50
Bng 3-48 Kt qu cc bng so snh (3) Ngnh cng nghip

(1.Kim loi c bn)
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 2,109.51 3,586.73 80.56 558.18 3.60 6,338.59 HzIW 340.75 925.78 16.82 698.61 170.00 2,151.96 MSW 178.16 331.14 6.21 203.60 100.00 819.10
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 2,628.42 4,843.65 103.59 1,460.39 273.60 9,309.66
(2.Si )
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 16.26 41.64 7,900.40 5.17 46.50 8,009.97 HzIW 27.09 45.61 20.43 2.98 159.65 255.76 MSW 6.86 68.64 27.40 1.27 231.00 335.17
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 50.21 155.89 7,948.23 9.42 437.15 8,600.90
(3.Ha cht)
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 4,375.64 319.48 2.16 60.12 4,757.39 HzIW 960.54 670.16 477.90 262.29 2,370.88 MSW 183.26 175.99 31.00 0.23 390.48
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 5,519.44 1,165.62 511.06 322.64 7,518.76
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Progress Report(2)
(4.Cao su/ nha)

Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 84.52 541.75 256.75 380.00 1,263.02 Non-HzIW 1,420.69 24.48 1,445.17 HzIW 3.45 6.28 11.02 2,518.00 2,538.75 HzIW 210.99 2.90 12.48 226.37 MSW 20.35 42.10 12.00 947.00 1,021.45 MSW 75.60 1.92 34.38 111.90
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 108.32 590.13 279.77 3,845.00 4,823.22
(5.Giy)
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 1,707.28 29.30 46.86 1,783.44
(6.In n/ xut bn)

Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 1,216.31 1,240.00 2,456.31 Non-HzIW 48.00 1,872.00 1,560.00 1,577.95 12,137.76 17,195.71 HzIW 132.64 39.79 172.44 HzIW 0.23 53.91 13.20 367.41 42.87 477.62 MSW 137.16 3.60 140.76 MSW 0.23 27.76 13.20 6.84 42.87 90.90
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 1,486.11 1,283.39 2,769.50
(7. G)
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 48.46 1,953.67 1,586.40 1,952.21 12,223.50 17,764.23
(8.Thc phm/ ung)

n v: tn/ nm
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 17.76 442.41 11,040.49 0.15 11,500.81 Non-HzIW 236.45 528.99 219.86 3.00 239.14 1,227.44 Non-HzIW 0.01 243.96 243.97 HzIW 1.85 4.78 34.73 1.10 42.45 HzIW 5.67 963.10 808.07 24.12 118.38 1,919.33 HzIW 4.10 1.19 5.29 MSW 0.36 141.00 386.42 0.36 528.14 MSW 9.48 11.40 1.32 151.20 57.18 230.58 MSW 0.03 54.00 54.03 Tng 19.97 588.19 11,461.64 1.61 12,071.40
(9.Thit b in t)
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 251.60 1,503.49 1,029.25 178.32 414.70 3,377.35
(10.Machine)
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 4.14 299.15 303.29
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Progress Report(2)
(11.Phng tin vn ti)

Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 14.69 3,112.58 816.20 646.13 638.93 5,228.53 HzIW 359.36 491.83 70.00 82.47 337.92 1,341.57 MSW 15.72 49.09 15.88 269.52 350.21
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 389.77 3,653.50 886.20 744.47 1,246.37 6,920.31
(12.Sn phm da)

Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 26.52 97.00 123.52 HzIW 0.15 75.71 3,513.00 3,588.86 MSW 4.80 42.00 46.80
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 31.47 172.71 3,555.00 3,759.18
(13.Vn phng phm)

Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 30.00 29.00 361.20 420.20 HzIW 10.12 24.00 2.09 36.21 MSW 0.84 33.60 34.44
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 40.12 53.84 396.89 490.85
(14.Coke/Sn phm du)

Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 34.08 34.08 HzIW 187.84 187.84 MSW 3.84 3.84
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 225.76 225.76
(15.X l cht thi)

Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW HzIW 0.05 0.05 MSW -
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 0.05 0.05
(16.Khc)
Quy m lao ng <100 101-300 301-500 501-1000 >1,001 Tng Non-HzIW 80.72 91.31 363.75 997.44 1,533.22 HzIW 19.72 22.90 0.61 112.32 77.38 232.93 MSW 170.48 1.71 18.00 190.19
n v: tn/ nm
Tng 270.92 115.92 382.36 1,109.76 77.38 1,956.34
117
Progress Report(2)
3.3.4
Cc vn chnh v qun l cht thi cng nghip Da vo kt qu kho st ban u bng cc nh gi, xem xt cc bo co/ vn bn hin c cng nh kt qu kho st thc t ti cc tnh thnh thng qua cc phiu kho st v phng vn cc doanh nghip, cc cng ty x l cht thi v cc c quan/ cp c thm quyn lin quan, cc vn v qun l cht thi cng nghip v cc chng trnh hp tc trong ngnh cht thi cng nghip c xc nh. (1) Qun l cht thi cng nghip Vn -1: Thiu s liu thc t hiu r hin trng qun l cht thi cng nghip Cc doanh nghip lm pht sinh cht thi cng nghip c hi phi ng k l ch pht thi cht thi cng nghip nguy hi v np bo co thng nin v loi cht thi v khi lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh. Rt nhiu doanh nghip khng ng k chnh thc theo quy nh. V th, s liu v cc cht thi cng nghip nguy hi khng c tng hp DONRE. Hn na, DONRE cha th tng hp s liu ny mt cch chnh xc. C nhiu cch ly c s liu v cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi. Hin nay, nhiu loi cht thi khng nguy hi thng vn c trn ln v tiu hy cng vi cht thi rn th. Cng c nhiu cng ty khng ng k. V th, kh c th xc nh c chu trnh x l cht thi cng nghip cc tnh/ thnh trn ton quc. H thng khai bo cng khng hot ng tt. Cc doanh nghip bt buc phi c vn bn khai bo vi DONRE. Nhng hin nay, nhiu bn lin quan nhn thy cn phi c mt h thng khai bo. C DONRE v cc doanh nghip u khng hiu v sao li cn c h thng kha bo ny. Vn -2: Thiu nng lc v ngun nhn lc v qun l cht thi cng nghip Hin nay, cc c quan qun l mi trng cp trung ng v a phng nh MONRE v DONRE cha qun l cht thi cng nghip mt cch hiu qu. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh l do thiu cn b v cn b cha nng lc qun l. Cc c quan ny thng khng c cn b chuyn trch v qun l cht thi cng nghip do khng c nhn s hoc l cn b ph trch v qun l cht thi cng nghip li khng c kin thc chuyn mn v qun l v x l cht thi cng nghip. Vn -3: Thiu nng lc vn hnh/ bo tr cc l t Mt s cng ty x l khng kin thc vn hnh v bo tr l t rc ng cch. Mt vi l t rc li khng c vn hnh ng quy nh. c bit, cn kim sot nhit t ng cch v gii quyt cn thn vn tro, bi. Quy chun k thut quc gia v l t cht thi cng nghip QCVN30:2010/BTNMT c ban hnh. Phm vi quy nh ca Quy chun nu r: Quy chun ny quy nh gi tr ti a cho php ca cc thng s nhim trong l t cht thi cng nghip v mt s yu cu c bn lin quan n bo v mi trng trong thit k v vn hnh l t cht thi cng nghip. Hu ht cc l t hin nay u khng t cc tiu chun ca quy chun ny. Vn -4: thiu nhn thc v vic x l ng cch Cc cng ty x l Cc cng ty c l t thng khng ch n vic x l ng cch kh thi, nc thi v than (sau khi t cht thi - residue) l t. Theo kt qu kho st, nhiu doanh nghip k hp ng x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi vi cc cng ty x l cht thi v h u lo ngi rng khng bit cht thi ca mnh c c x l ng cch hay khng.
118
Progress Report(2)
Cc doanh nghip Cc doanh nghip c cc c s / dy chuyn sn xut pht sinh kh thi, nc thi, v cht thi bao gm c tro l t thng khng ch n vic x l ng cch. Lng ngh Nhiu cng ty v h gia nh tham gia vo cc hot ng sn xut hoc ti ch ti cc lng ngh. Hu ht cc cng ty ny khng x l kh thi, nc thi v cht thi bao gm c tro bi t l t. c bit cht thi ca cc hot ng sn xut v ti ch cc lng ngh thng c x thi tri php, mt s h gia nh thm ch cn cht thi ngay ng sau nh. Vn -5: Thiu nhn thc v bo v mi trng Cc cng ty x l, doanh nghip v cc h gia nh/ cc cng ty sn xut/ ti ch ti lng ngh thng khng quan tm n bo v mi trng. V h khng c kin thc chuyn mn v vn hnh/ bo tr v cha hiu c tm quan trng ca cng tc bo v mi trng. Thm na, kh phn b ngn sch cn thit v bo v mi trng. Vn -6: thiu nhn thc v phn loi v ti ch Cc cng ty thu gom/ vn chuyn URENCO l cng ty chu trch nhim thu gom cht thi rn th v nhiu loi cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi. URENCO cng thu gom mt phn cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. Nhng cht thi ny phi c thu gom ring, nhng trn thc t, chng thng b trn ln trong qu trnh thu gom. Cc cng ty thu gom/ vn chuyn cht thi khc cng gp vn tng t nh URENCO. Cc doanh nghip Mt s doanh nghip khng quan tm nhiu n phn loi cht thi rn th, cht thi cng nghip nguy hi v cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi. Nhng vic phn loi cht thi ng vai tr rt quan trng khng ch gip cc doanh nghip ngy cng tr nn thn thin vi mi trng m cn gip h tng cao hiu qu sn xut. (2) Cc vn bn lut, quy nh v tiu chun Vn -7: Thiu quy hoch chin lc quc gia v qun l v x l cht thi cng nghip Vit Nam Vit Nam, cn thiu cc chnh sch, nh hng ton din v nng cao qun l cht thi cng nghip. Tt c cc c quan lin quan n cht thi cng nghip nh cc doanh nghip, cc cng ty x l v cc c quan khc u lng tng v chnh sch, chin lc v qun l cht thi cng nghip Vit Nam. Vn -8: Thiu k hoch thc hin v qun l cht thi cng nghip ti cc tnh thnh v khu cng nghip Hu ht k hoch ca cc khu cng nghip v cc tnh thnh v x l cht thi cng nghip vn cha c xy dng. V th, vai tr v trch nhim ca cc c quan lin quan vn cha r rng. Vn -9: Thiu hiu bit v php lut/ quy nh C nhiu lut inh/ quy nh v cht thi cng nghip v thng phc tp, khng c ph bin y cho cc doanh nghip v cc cng ty x l. V th h khng th qun l tt c. Vn -10: H thng thanh tra, gim st, quan trc, x pht phc tp lin quan n nhiu i tng
119
Progress Report(2)
Cng tc thanh tra doanh nghip thng c nhiu c quan tin hnh nh MONRE, DONRE, cnh st mi trng v ban qun l khu cng nghip. Vai tr ca mi c quan trong vic gim st, quan trc v x pht cha c quy nh r rng. Vn -11: Cc tiu chun thng qu cao v khng ph hp Tiu chun i vi cc c s x l nh l kh thi, nc thi thng rt cao. V th nhiu doanh nghip v cc cng ty x l kh c th p ng cc tiu chun ny. Mt s doanh nghip v cc cng ty x l cha c thit b t tiu chun v cha c nng lc k thut/ ti chnh v nhn thc v bo v mi trng. Cc tiu chun khng ph hp vi iu kin hin nay. (cng ngh x l hin nay, cc bin php/ k thut phn tch vquan trc hin ti v chi ph cho ngnh bo v mi trng) Vn -12: Thiu hng dn v cng ngh x l, vn hnh/ bo tr Mt s doanh nghip v cng ty x l khng c kin thc v cng ngh x l c th la chn, lp t thit b ph hp v vn hnh/ bo tr ng cch. (3) Cc c s x l Vn -13: Thiu cc c s x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi S lng cc cng ty x l cht thi cn rt hn ch, ngha l cha kh nng x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. V th, cc doanh nghip pht sinh cht thi cng nghip khng c nhiu s la chn vi cc cng ty x l. Nhiu cng ty x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi quy m ln thnh ph H Ch Minh thng nm trong thnh ph H Ch Minh hoc vng ngoi vi thnh ph. V th, cht thi phi mt c chng ng di mi c vn chuyn n cc cng ty ny x l. Mt khc, theo kt qu kho st phng vn, hu ht cc cng ty x l thng khng quan tm n cc cng ty pht sinh t cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. V th cc cng ty ny thng gp kh khn khi mun k hp ng vi cc cng ty x l. iu ny dn n gi thnh x l cao v c vic vt cht thi khng hp l. Vn -14: Cc thit b bo v mi trng cc c s x l khng c lp t Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi l t cht thi cng nghip QCVN30:2010/BTNMT c ban hnh. Trong quy nh ny, vic nng cp, iu chnh phi tun th nh sau: Cc t chc c nhn dng l t cht thi cng nghip hot ng theo giy php hnh ngh qun l cht thi nguy hi trc ngy Quy chun ny c hiu lc phi nng cp, iu chnh p ng cc quy nh ca quy chun ny trc ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2004. Mt s c s x l khng c hot ng ng cch. Khng th t c cc tiu chun nu khng lp t cc thit b bo v mi trng. 3.4 3.4.1 L trnh qun l cht thi cng nghip Vit Nam Ni dung l trnh Qua nghin cu qun l cht thi cng nghip ti cc tnh/thnh mc tiu, hin trng v cc vn v qun l cht thi cng nghip c tm hiu v cc bin php gii quyt vn cng c xem xt. T , l trnh ci thin cht thi cng nghip Vit Nam c xy dng. L trnh bao gm ba ni dung sau: Qun l cht thi cng nghip, Lut php, quy nh v tiu chun; v cc c s x l; 12 nhim v i vi ba ni dung ny cng c trnh by di y. Cc hnh ng v cc c quan chu trch nhim cng c din gii chi tit. V qun l cht thi cng nghip, c 4 nhim v nh sau: 1-1 Thnh lp h thng qun l cht thi cng nghip theo cc loi cht thi cng nghip v c quan qun l mi trng cp trnng ng v a phng 1-2 Xy dng h thng x l cht thi cng nghip cc cng ty x l 120
Progress Report(2)
1-3 Nng cao nhn thc v x l ng cch v bo v mi trng 1-4 Nng cao nhn thc v phn loi v ti ch V lut php, quy nh v tiu chun, c nm nhim v nh sau: 2-1 Xy dng quy hoch chin lc v qun l cht thi cng nghip 2-2 Xy dng k hoch thc hin v qun l cht thi cng nghip 2-3 Ci tin cc quy inh/ tiu chun v qun l cht thi cng nghip 2-4 Xy dng hng dn v qun l cht thi cng nghip 2-5 Xy dng c ch mi v qun l cht thi cng nghip v bo v mi trng V cc c s x l, c ba nhim v nh sau: 3-1Pht trin cng ngh x l cht thi cng nghip 3-2 Xc tin cc hot ng ti ch ph hp vi bo v mi trng 3-3Xy dng c ch ti chnh L trnh c tm tt trong Bng 3-49 v ni dung mi nhim v trong l trnh c nu r trong Phn 3.4.2.
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Progress Report(2)
Bng 3-49(1) L trnh ci thin cng tc qun l cht thi cng nghip Vit Nam
Ni dung Nhim v Hnh ng 1-1-1 Xy dng v thc hin k hoch pht trin nng lc cho cc c quan qun l cht thi cng nghip cp trung ng v a phng 1-1-2 Xy dng v thc hin k hoch pht trin nng lc cho cc c quan qun l mi trng cp trung ng v a phng 1-1-3 Cc c quan qun l cht thi cng nghip gim st, quan trc do theo h thng qun l cht thi cng nghip xy dng 1-1-4 Cc c quan qun l mi trng gim st, quan trc theo h thng qun lsy nc thi cng nghip xy dng 1-2-1 Xy dng v thc hin k hoch tng cng nng lc cho cc cn b qun l/ vn hnh cc c s x l cht thi cng nghip 1-2-2 Xy dng h thng vn hnh/ bo tr v x l cht thi cng nghip cc cng ty x l 1-2-3 nng cp hot ng vn hnh/ bo tr ca cc c s x l cht thi cng nghip 1-2-4 Cc c quan qun l gim st v quan trc theo h thng x l cht thi cng nghip xy dng 1-3-1 Xy dng v thc hin k hoch nng cao nhn thc v x l ng cch v bo v mi trng cho cc doanh nghip, cc cng ty x l v cc lng ngh 1-3-2 Ph bin v trin khai k hoch nng cao nhn thc v x l ng cach v bo v mi trng trn ton quc 1-3-3 Tin hnh cc hot ng nng cao nhn thc v x l ng cch v bo v mi trng nh t chc hi tho, hi ngh 1-3-1 Xy dng k hoch hnh ng v nng cao nhn thc v phn loi v ti ch cho cc doanh nghip,cc cng ty x l v cc lng ngh 1-3-2 Ph bin k hoch thc hin v nng cao nhn thc v phn loi v ti ch trn ton quc 1-3-3 Tin hnh cc hot ng nng cao nhn thc v phn loi v ti ch nh t chc hi tho, hi ngh 2-1-1 Xy dng quy hoch chin lc quc gia v qun l cht thi cng nghip 2-1-2 Ph bin quy hoch chin lc v qun l cht thi cng nghip trn ton quc 2-2-1 Xy dng k hoch hnh ng v qun l cht thi cng nghip 2-2-2 Ph bin k hoch hnh ng v qun l cht thi cng nghip ti cc tnh/thnh 2-2-3 Tin hnh cc hot ng theo k hoch hnh ng C quan chu trch nhim MOC,DOC MONRE, DONRE MOH, DOH MONRE, DONRE MONRE, DONRE Cc cng ty x l Cc cng ty x l Cc cng ty x l MONRE, DONRE MONRE, DONRE MONRE, DONRE MONRE, DONRE MONRE, DONRE MONRE, DONRE MOC,MONRE MOC,MONRE DOC,DONRE DOC,DONRE DOC,DONRE Qun l cht thi cng nghip ti cc tnh/thnh c ci thin thng qua vic trin khai cc k hoch thc hin Vn -8 Chnh sch v chin lc v qun l cht thi cng nghip c xy dng v ph bin Vn -7 Nhn thc v phn loi v ti ch c nng cao . Vn -6 Nhn thc v x l ng cch v bo v mi trng c nng cao. Vn -4 Vn -5 Cc c s x l cht thi cng nghip c qun l v vn hnh ng cch bi cn b qun l/ cn b vn hnh ca Cc cng ty x l. Vn -3 Mc tiu Qun l cht thi cng nghip c ci thin bi cc c quan qun l cht thi cng nghip v cc c quan qun l mi trng cp trung ng v a phng. Ghi ch Vn -1 Vn -2 Qun l cht 1- Xy dng h thng qun l thi cng cht thi cng nghip theo nghip cc loi cht thi cng nghip bi cc c quan qun l mi trng cp trnng ng v a phng
1- Xy dng h thng x l cht thi cng nghip cc cng ty x l
1-3 Nng cao nhn thc v x l ng cch v bo v mi trng
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1-4- Nng cao nhn thc v phn loi v ti ch
Lut php, 2-1 Xy dng quy hoch chin quy nh v lc v qun l cht thi tiu chun cng nghip 2-2 Xy dng k hoch thc hin v qun l cht thi cng nghip
Ni dung Nhim v Hnh ng 2-3-1 nh gi v cp nht cc ni dung cn thiu trong cc quy nh/tiu chun v qun l cht thi cng nghip 2-3-2 Xy dng cc quy nh/ tiu chun ci thin cng tc qun l cht thi cng nghip 2-3-3 Ph bin cc quy nh/ tiu chun mi cho cc c quan/ n v lin quan v cc doanh nghip/ /Cc cng ty x l 2-3-4 Tin hnh qun l cht thi cng nghip bi cc doanh nghip/cc cng ty x l theo quy nh/ tiu chun mi 2-4-1 Xy dng ti liu/ s tay hng dn v qun l cht thi cng nghip 2-4-2 Ph bin ti liu/ s tay hng dn v qun l cht thi cng nghip 2-4-3 Tin hnh qun l cht thi cng nghip bi cc doanh nghip/ cc cng ty x l theo ti liu/s tay hng dn 2-5-1 nh gi hin trng v h thng qun l cht thi cng nghip and system Vit Nam 2-5-2 nh gi hin trng x l cht thi cng nghip cc lng ngh Vit Nam 2-5-3 Nghin cu c ch mi v qun l cht thi cng nghip v bo v mi trng (cn b kim sot nhim, phng php o c c chng nhn) 2-5-4 Nghin cu kh thi v c ch qun l cht thi cng nghip v bo v mi trng 2-5-5 Xy dng cc vn bn lut v quy nh v c ch mi 2-5-6 Ph bin c ch mi n cc c quan/ n v lin quan v cc doanh nghip /Cc cng ty x l 2-5-7 Tin hnh qun l cht thi cng nghip v bo v mi trng bi cc doanh nghip/ Cc cng ty x l theo c ch mi Cc c s x 3-1 Pht trin cng ngh x l l cht thi cng nghip 3-1-1 Nghin cu cng ngh x l cht thi cng nghip v xy dng c ch iu phi gia cc c quan/ t chc lin quan 3-1-2 Tin hnh cc d n th nghim/ in hnh v xc nh cng ngh x l cht thi cng nghip 3-1-3 Ph bin cng ngh x l cht thi cng nghip xc nh cho cc doanh nghip /Cc cng ty x l nationwide 3-1-4 Xc tin lp t cc c s x l cht thi cng nghip MOST, MONRE, Cc doanh nghip /Cc cng ty Trng i hc v vin x l p dng cng ngh x l nghin cu ph hp bng cch tham kho cng ngh x l tin tin. MOST, MONRE,, Trng i hc v vin Lp t/ xy dng cc c s x l Vit Nam. nghin cu MONRE,DONRE MONRE, MOF, MPI, PPC Vn -13 Vn -14 C quan chu trch nhim MOC,MONRE Mc tiu Ghi ch
Lut, cc quy 2-3 Ci tin cc quy inh/ tiu nh, quy chun v qun l cht thi chun, tiu cng nghip chun
2-4 Xy dng hng dn v qun l cht thi cng nghip
2-5 Xy dng c ch mi v qun l cht thi cng nghip v bo v mi trng
Vai tr v trch nhim ca mi c quan/t chc trong qun l cht thi cng nghip c lm r. MOC,MONRE Qun l cht thi cng nghip cc doanh nghip/ Cc cng ty x MOC,DOC l c ci thin v nng cao bi MONRE,DONRE Cc doanh nghip/ Cc cc tiu chun/ quy nh mi. cng ty x l Qun l cht thi cng nghip ti MOST, MONRE cc doanh nghip / Cc cng ty x l c thc hin ng vi ti MONRE,DONRE liu/ s tay hng dn. Cc doanh nghip/Cc cng ty x l MOC,MONRE, C ch mi c xy dng v tin MOST,DOC,DONRE hnh cng c cng tc qun l cht thi cng nghip v bo v mi trng.
Vn -9 Vn -10 Vn -11
Vn -12
Vn -11
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Ni dung Cc c s x l Nhim v 3-2 Xc tin cc hot ng ti ch ph hp vi bo v mi trng Hnh ng 3-2-1 nh gi hin trng ti ch cht thi cng nghip, bao gm c hot ng ca cc lng ngh Vit Nam 3-2-2 Nghin cu cc phng php xc tin cc hot ng ti ch theo hng bo v mi trng 3-2-3 Tin hnh cc d n th nghim/ in hnh v nhh gi tnh kh thi ca cc phng php xc tin ny Vit Nam 3-2-4 Ph bin phng php xc tin xc nh lm v d cho cc doanh nghip/ cc cng ty x l trn ton quc 3-3-1 nh gi v sa i cc quy nh v phn ph v m bo ngn sch ph hp qun l cht thi cng nghip 3-3-2 Phn b v m bo ngn sch ph hp qun l cht thi cng nghip C quan chu trch nhim MOC,MONRE,PPC MOC,MONRE,PPC MOC,MONRE,PPC MOC,MONRE,PPC MONRE, MOF, MPI, PPC MONRE, PPC, DONRE, cc doanh nghip/Cc cng ty x l Ngn sch cn thit qun l cht thi cng nghip c phn b v m bo ti tt c cc c quan/ t chc , cc doanh nghip/ cc cng ty x l. Mc tiu Cc hot ng ti ch hng n bo v mi trng c y mnh. Ghi ch
3-3 Xy dng c ch ti chnh
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3.4.2
Ni dung ca mi nhim v trong l trnh (1) Qun l cht thi cng nghip Nhim v 1-1 Xy dng h thng qun l cht thi cng nghip theo cc loi cht thi cng nghip bi c quan qun l mi trng cp trnng ng v a phng Mc tiu: Qun l cht thi cng nghip c ci thin bi cc c quan qun l mi trng cp trung ng v a phng Kh nm bt c y hin trng qun l cht thi cng nghip Vit Nam nu ch da trn cc s liu thng k. MONRE, DONRE v cc c quan lin quan cn c ngun s liu v thng tin y v cht thi cng nghip Vit Nam. V th, cn pht trin nng lc ngun nhn lc cc c quan qun l cht thi cng nghip v qun l mi trng c cp trung ng v a phng c th lnh o qun l cht thi cng nghip ng cch. Nhim v 1-2 Xy dng h thng x l cht thi cng nghip ti cc cng ty x l Mc tiu: Cc c s x l cht thi cng nghip c qun l v vn hnh ng cch bi cn b qun l v vn hnh ti cc cng ty x l Cc c s x l cht thi cng nghip, c bit l cc l t khng c vn hnh ng cch m bo sc khe cho cn b vn hnh v nh hng n mi trng xung quanh. V th, cn nng cao nhn thc v k thut vn hnh/ bo tr. Cng cn pht trin nng lc cho cc cng ty x l cc cng ty ny t c cc quy nh trong quy chun quc gia v kh thi l t cht thi cng nghip ,QCVN30:2010/BTNMT. Nhim v 1-3 Nng cao nhn thc v x l ng cch v bo v mi trng Mc tiu: Nhn thc v x l ng cch v bo v mi trng c nng cao. Cc cng ty x l, cc doanh nghip v cc h gia nh/cc cng ty ti lng ngh khng ch n x l ng cch v bo v mi trng. V th, cn cng c nhn thc v x l ng cch v bo v mi trng. Cc hi ngh v hi tho v ni dung ny cn c t chc trn ton quc. Nhim v 1-4 Nng cao nhn thc v phn loi v ti ch Mc tiu: Nhn thc v phn loi v ti ch c ci thin. Mt s cht thi cng nghip nguy hi v khng nguy hi thng c trn ln trong qu trnh thu gom. Mt khc, c nhiu kh nng ngnh ti ch s tng trong c cu cc ngnh cng nghip. Tt c cc vn lin quan n phn loi cht thi ti ngun v ti ch u cn c xem xt. Hn na, cng nn t chc cc hi ngh, hi tho v vn ny trn ton quc. (2) Lut l, quy nh v tiu chun Nhim v 2-1 Xy dng quy hoch quc gia v qun l cht thi cng nghip Mc tiu: Chnh sch v chin lc qun l cht thi cng nghip c xy dng v ph bin Chnh sch v chin lc qun l cht thi cng nghip Vit Nam khng r rng. Cc c quan lin quan rt cn nm r cc chnh sch, chin lc ny. Quy hoch chin lc quc gia v qun l cht thi cng nghip cn c xy dng v ph bin cho cc bn lin quan. Nhim v 2-2 Xy dng v thc hin quy hoch qun l cht thi cng nghip Mc tiu: Qun l cht thi cng nghip ti cc tnh/thnh c ci thin v nng cao bng cch trin khai cc k hoch thc hin.
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Vic lm r cc chnh sch ca cc c quan a phng cho cc doanh nghip v cc cng ty x l. K hoch thc hin qun l cht thi cng nghip cn c xy dng v ph bin. Cn tin hnh cng tc vi cc bn lin quan. Nhim v 2-3 Ci thin cc quy inh/ tiu chun v qun l cht thi cng nghip Mc tiu: Vai tr v trch nhim ca mi c quan/t chc chu trch nhim v qun l cht thi cng nghip c lm r. Qun l cht thi cng nghip ti cc doanh nghip/ cc cng ty x l c ci thin v nng cp bng cc quy nh/ tiu chun mi. Nhiu c quan/ t chc cng chu trch nhim qun l thi cng nghip Vit Nam, v th rt phc tp. Vai tr v trch nhim ca mi c quan/ t chc qun l cht thi cng nghip cn c phn nh r. Cc doanh nghip v cc cng ty x l cn tin hnh cc hot ng sn xut ph hp c xt n bo v mi trng. Nhim v 2-4 xy dng cc ti liu/s tay hng dn qun l cht thi cng nghip Mc tiu: Qun l cht thi cng nghip ti cc doanh nghip/ cc cng ty x l c tin hnh ng vi ti liu/ s tay hng dn. Cc doanh nghip v cc cng ty x l khng c kin thc v qun l cht thi cng nghip. V th, cn phi c ti liu/ s tay hng dn hiu qu v thc t v cng ngh x l v vn hnh/ bo tr. Nhim v 2-5 Xy dng c ch mi trong qun l cht thi cng nghip v bo v mi trng Mc tiu: C ch mi c xy dng v thc hin nhm cng c cng tc qun l cht thi cng nghip v bo v mi trng. Vit Nam cha lm tt cng tc qun l cht thi cng nghip. Xt v bo v mi trng, c ch mi v qun l cht thi cng nghip l rt cn thit khng ch vi cc doanh nghip/ cc cng ty x l m c vi cc c quan/ t chc qun l cht thi cng nghip. Sau khi nm c hin trng cht thi cng nghip, cn tin hnh nghin cu kh thi xc nh c ch mi. V cc bn lin quan cn c chia s c ch ny. (3) Cc c s x l Nhim v 3-1 Xy dng cng ngh x l cht thi cng nghip Mc tiu: Tt c cc doanh nghip/ cc cng ty x l p dng cng ngh x l ph hp bng cch tham kho cc cng ngh tin tin Lp t/ xy dng cc c s x l Vit Nam Cc doanh nghip v cc cng ty x l khng c kin thc v cng ngh x l cht thi cng nghip technology v Vit Nam khng c c s x l cht thi cng nghip. V th, cn xc tin xy dng cc c s x l cht thi cng nghip. Nhim v 3-2 y mnh cc hot ng ti ch hng n bo v mi trng Mc tiu: Cc hot ng ti ch lin quan n bo v mi trng c y mnh. Cc hot ng ti ch c tin hnh nng thn, ch yu cc lng ngh nhng yu t bo v mi trng vn cha c ch trng. Mt s ni rt nhim. Trc khi b nhim nghim trng, cn c cc bin php ph hp gii quyt vn ny. Nhim v 3-3 Xy dng c ch ti chnh Mc tiu: Ngn sch cn thit qun l cht thi cng nghip c phn b v m bo mi c quan/t chc, doanh nghip/ cc cng ty x l.
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Cc quy nh v c ch ti chnh phn b ngn sch qun l cht thi cng nghip cn c cc c quan lin quan xem xt v iu chnh t yu cu. V sau , ngn sch cho qun l cht thi cng nghip cn c phn b v m bo.
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CHNG 4 QUN L CHT THI V NC THI Y T (QLCTNTYT)

4.1 4.1.1 Hin trng qun l cht thi rn v nc thi y t Vit Nam Khung php l v khung hnh chnh (1) Cc vn bn php l lin quan n qun l cht thi rn v nc thi y t C nhiu vn bn php l v qun l cht thi y t trong bao gm cc tiu chun v cc quy chun k thut i vi cc l t cht thi. Hn 40 vn bn c ban hnh k t nm 1997 lin quan trc tip hoc gin tip n qun l cht thi y t (Theo di chi tit ti ph lc 1). Cc vn bn c lit k di y l cc lut l v quy nh quan trng nht v qun l cht thi y t. Quyt nh s 1895/1997/BYT-Q ngy 19/09/1997 ban hnh quy nh v qun l bnh vin.
Quyt nh s 155/1999/Q-TTg ngy 16/7/1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh quy ch v qun l cht thi nguy hi Lut Bo v mi trng 52/2005/QH11 ngy 29/11/2005 ban hnh nm 2005 Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn, Quyt nh s 43/2007/Q-BYT ngy 30/11/2007 ca B Y t ban hnh quy ch qun l cht thi y t
Ngoi cc lut l v quy nh ni trn, cc tiu chun v hng dn sau trc tip lin quan n cng tc qun l cht thi y t TCVN 5939-1999: Cht lng khng kh Tiu chun kh thi i vi l t cht thi y t: Cc hn mc (B tiu chun ny c thay th bng QCVN 02:2008/BTNMT, nu chi tit ti ph lc-2) TCVN 7380-2004: L t cht thi rn y t - Yu cu k thut. TCVN 7381-2004: L t cht thi rn y t - Phng php nh gi v thm nh TCVN 7382-2004: Nc thi bnh vin - Tiu chun thi (Tiu chun ny c thay th bng QCVN 28-2010/BTNMT). TCVN 5945-2005: Nc thi cng nghip - Tiu chun thi (Tiu chun ny c thay th bng QCVN 24-2009/BTNMT). TCXDVN 365-2007: Bnh vin a khoa Hng dn thit k QCVN 02-2008/BTNMT: Tiu chun quc gia v kh thi l t cht thi rn y t. QCVN 24-2009/BTNMT: Tiu chun quc gia v nc thi cng nghip QCVN 28-2010/BTNMT: Tiu chun quc gia v nc thi bnh vin (Chi tit ti ph lc 4) Quy ch v qun l bnh vin ch ra nhim v ca cc c quan qun l hnh chnh v cn b cc bnh vin trong cng tc qun l cht thi v nc thi bnh vin. Cc yu cu c 128
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bn v cc bin php caaps thit x l cht thi rn, nc thi hoc kh thi bnh vin c trnh by ti 12. QUY NH V CC CNG TRNH X L CHT THI hoc PHN IV: QUY NH HNH NGH. Tuy nhin, c bit trn thc t, quy nh ny s c thay th bi Quy nh qun l cht thi y t. Cht thi ly nhim t cc c s y t c xp loi l cht thi nguy hi. Cc quy nh v qun l cht thi nguy hi rt quan trng trong vic qun l cht thi nguy hi ni chung. Quy nh ny u tin c ban hnh nm 1999 v s thay c thay th bi Hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k, cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi (Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT) v danh sch cht thi nguy hi (Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT). Lut bo v mi trng nm 2005 l mt b lut tng hp v bo v mi trng. iu s 39- Chng V ca lut bo v mi trng quy nh mt s quy nh v bin php c bn v qun l cht thi y t, trong bao gm c cht thi thng thng, cht thi nguy hi, nc thi v cht thi phng x pht sinh t cc c s khm, cha bnh (Chi tit ti Ph lc 4). Chng VIII ca lut ny cng nu r cc quy nh chung v qun l cht thi i vi cht thi thng thng, cht thi nguy hi v nc thi. Ngh nh v Qun l cht thi rn cung cp cc hng dn v gii thch tng th v qun l cht thi rn thng thng v cht thi rn nguy hi. Ngh nh ny cp ti cc khi nim v cht thi rn, lp quy hoch qun l cht thi rn, hng dn u t, trch nhim ca ch thi, n v thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn. Ngoi ra, ngh nh ny cng nhn mnh n trch nhim thc hin phn loi rc ti ngun, cng ngh x l/ chn lp, chi ph qun l cht thi rn, cng nh cng tc thanh tra, kim tra v x l vi phm trong qun l cht thi rn. MOC v MONRE v cc s tng ng ti a phng chu trch nhim thc t chc hng dn v thc hin ngh nh ny. R rng, cc quy nh v qun l cht thi bnh vin l mt vn bn php lut quan trng kim sot v qun l cht thi y t. Khung php l v qun l nc thi t cc c s y t vn cn bt cp nu so vi qun l cht thi rn hay cht thi nguy hi. Ch c nc thi (ch yu l cht thi nguy hi ) c quy nh bi cc lut l v quy nh lin quan.. Quy nh v qun l cht thi y t nu r trch nhim ca ch ngun thi, yu cu x l hoc thc thi qun l cht thi y t ti ngun v xa ngun. Tuy nhin, quy nh ny khng ni r chi tit v hnh thc x pht i vi cc trng hp vi phm. X pht cc i tng vi phm c quy nh trong Quy ch v qun l cht thi nguy hi, Lut bo v mi trng v Ngh nh v qun l cht thi rn. Bng 4-1 so snh quy nh v qun l cht thi y t, quy nh v qun l cht thi nguy hi, Lut bo v mi trng v Ngh nh v qun l cht thi rn theo trch nhim, pht thi v phn loi cht thi, vn chuyn v lu tr cht thi ti ngun, vn chuyn cht thi khi ngun, cng ngh x l/ tiu hy, x l nc thi, kh thi, thc thi v x pht. Trch nhim ca ch thi v n v x l cht thi c quy nh r trong lut v cc quy nh ny. Nu so snh vi cc quy nh php l v qun l cht thi rn thng thng v cht thi rn nguy hi th cc quy nh v qun l nc thi bnh vin dng nh cha thc s y . Ch yu ch c cc quy nh v qun l cht thi lng (phn ln lin quan n cht thi lng nguy hi).
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Bng 4-1 Bng so snh cc quy nh lin quan n Qun l cht thi rn v nc thi y t
Cc lut v quy nh chnh
Mc qun l Quy nh chung/ trch nhim Quy nh v cht thi y t, Quyt nh s 43/2007/QD-BYT Cc c s y t, cc t chc, c nhn hot ng trong lnh vc qun l cht thi y t (C1) Quy nh v qun l bnh vin, phng khm Quyt nh s1895/1997/BYT-QD Phng kim sot nhim c trch nhim t chc thc hin v gim st cng tc qun l cht thi ti bnh vin. Cn b v sinh Gim c bnh vin Quy nh v cht thi nguy hi Quyt nh s 155/1999/QD-TTg Trch nhim ca ch ngun thi (C9) Chng t cht thi nguy hi (C10) Lut bo v mi trng Lut s 52/2005/QH11 Cc hnh vi nghim cm(A7) Nhim v bo v mi trng (A37) Bo v mi trng trong cc c s khm cha bnh (A38) Trch nhim qun l cht thi (A69) Trch nhim qun l cht thi nguy hi (A70) nh ngha v cht thi (A3) Ngh nh v Qun l cht thi rn Ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-CP Gii thch cc thut ng(A3) Nguyn tc qun l cht thi (A4) Cc hnh vi nghim cm (A6) Lp k hoch (A7, A8) Trch nhim ch ngun thi (A22, 23)
Nghin cu Qun l Mi trng th Vit nam
Pht thi
Cc hng mc (C3, C5, C6) Ph lc 1: Danh mc ha cht s dng ti cc c s y t Ph lc 2: Thuc gy c t bo Ph lc 4: Danh mc cht thi ti ch Ti v thng cha cht thi (C7, C8, C10, C11) Thng cha vt sc nhn (C9) Ph lc 3: Nhn hiu V tr t thng (C14) Cc loi thng (C12) Tn sut thu gom (C15) Phng/ kho lu cha (C16) Thi gian lu cha (C16) n v vn chuyn c cp php (C17) Xe vn chuyn (C17) H s (C18) Phn loi thnh 4 loi cht thi Ti nilon v thng cng Trch nhim cn b v sinh 2 ln/ngy trong trng hp cn thit Thu gom v x l ring bit cc loi cht thi bnh l Kho cha c tng v mi nm v pha ng bc bnh vin Vn chuyn do cc n v thu gom i vi cht thi thng thng L t t hoc chn cht thi nhim di h su 50cm. Tit trng hoc x l vt l i vi cht thi sc nhn trc khi t hoc chn. Hy hoc x l cht thi phng x v thuc c.
Ph lc 1: Danh mc cc loi cht thi nguy hi (A4010-Y2/Y3, A4020-Y1)
Phn loi
Phn loi, la cha v thu gom cht thi nguy hi (A71) Thu gom cht thi rn (A78)
Phn loi cht thi ti ngun (A19, A20, A21)
Thu gom ti ch
Thu gom v lu cha (A24, 25) Trch nhim n v thu gom v vn chuyn (A26, 27)
Kho lu cha Vn chuyn
Cht thi rn
Cht thi lng
Mu l t cht thi y t nguy hi (C19) Cc bin php k thut (C20) X l s cp i vi cht thi ly nhim cao (C21) Cht thi ly nhim (C22) Cht thi ha hc (C23) Cht thi phng x (C24) Thng p sut (C25) Rc thng thng (C26) Nc thi (C27-C29)
ng k cc phng tin vn chuyn (C6, C8) Trch nhim ca n v vn chuyn (C11, C12, C13) Tuyn ng vn chuyn (C14) ng k x l/ tiu hy cht thi (C6,C8) Trch nhim ca ch c s (C15)
Vn chuyn cht thi rn nguy hi (A72)
X l cht thi nguy hi (A73, 74) Tiu hy cht thi nguy hi (A75) Ti ch, x l v tiu huy cht thi rn (A79, 80) Kim sot kh thi v bi (A83)
Tiu hy cht thu (A29, 30) Trch nhim ca ch c s (A32) Thanh tra c s x l (A33)
130
Kh thi Thc hin X l
Kh thi (C30) Trch nhim qun l (C31) Nghin cu v tp hun (C32) ng k ch ngun thi (C33) Ti chnh (C34)
Cn c b cha cng h thng x l nc thi t phng th nghim, phng chp X-quang, phng khm bnh v cc phng dch v khc. Qun l nc l L t vi ng khi H thng x l kh thi i vi cc phng th nghim sinh hc. Gim c bnh vin: b tr nhn vin x l cht thi, cung cp thit b, ha cht v cc coogn c m bo an ton lao ng, khm sc khe nh k cho nhn vin. Qun l phng/khoa chng nhim khun: t chc v gim st hot ng ca nhn vin qun l cht thi. Nhn vin qun l cht thi: tun th cc quy nh v hng dn v qun l cht thi.
Thu gom v x l (A81) H thng x l (A82)
Thanh tra, kim tra (C29) Chng t qun l cht thi (C7) S ng k ch ngun thi (C6, C8)
Thu ph (A36) Thanh tra (A38)
Tp 6: Nghin cu v Qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam
Bin php x pht (C30)
X l vi phm (A127) Bi thng thit hi(A130 ~ A134)
X l vi phm (A39) Ngh nh s 117/2009/ND-CP ban hnh 31/12/2009
Progress report (2)
Ch : Trong ngoc th hin s Mc hay im trong lut hoc trong cc quyt nh, ngh nh.
Nghin cu Qun l Mi trng th Vit Nam
Tp 06: Bo co nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam
(2) T chc hnh chnh trong Qun l cht thi rn v nc thi y t B Y T l c quan trung ng chu trch nhim v vic qun l v kim sot cht thi v nc thi t bnh vin v cc c s y t bao gm bnh vin, phng khm, cc c s y t, y t hc ng, cc vin nghin cu, c s sn xut dc phmBn cnh B Y T, B TN&MT, B Xy Dng v cc b/ngnh khc cng c trch nhim trc tip hoc gin tip trong vic qun l cht thi rn v nc thi y t. B TN&MT l c quan trung ng chu trch nhim chung v gim st mi trng v nh gi tc ng mi trng xt trn kha cnh. Mt khc, B Xy Dng l c quan c trch nhim trong vic quy hoch v pht trin h thng c s h tng v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t, c bit i vi cc c s x l nm bn ngoi phm vi ca cc c s y t. Ti a phng, cc s i vi cp tnh/thnh ph hoc phng/ban i vi cp qun /huyn s c trch nhim v vai tr ring trong vic qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti a bn trc thuc nh nu trong hnh 4-1.Trong trng hp ny, vai tr v nhim v ca S Y t, S TN&MT v S Xy dng s tng ng vi cc c quan trung ng l B Xy dng, B TN&MT. Do yu cu cn c s tham gia ca nhiu c quan cng nh tnh phc tp vn c ca vic qun l cht thi v nc thi y t, Vn phng chnh ph c cng vn yu cu B Y T ch ng phi kt hp vi cc b, ngnh lin quan xy dng quy hoch tng th qun l cht thi y t quc gia20.
CHNH PH
B Xy Dng
B Y T
B Ti nguyn & Mi trng UBND Tnh/Thnh ph S Y T UBND Tnh/Thnh ph S Ti nguyn & Mi trng
UBND Tnh/Thnh ph
S Xy Dng
URENCOs
Bnh vin tuyn Trung ng
Bnh vin tuyn Tnh Bnh vin tuyn Huyn Trm y t x/phng
Hnh 4-1 C cu hnh chnh v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t cp trung ng v a phng B Y t c vai tr trong vic kim sot hot ng qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti cc c s y t tuyn trung ng. Ti a phng, m hnh qun l tng t c th hin trong hnh 4.1. Trong trng hp ti cp a phng, vai tr v chc nng ca S Y t, S TN&MT v S XD s tng t nh vai tr ca cc b ch qun cp trung ng.
20
Official Letter 1153/VPCP-KG dated on March 22, 1999 and Letter 1069 dated on October 11, 1999.
131
Bo co gia k
Mc d khng c mt h thng qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ng nht ti cc c s y t, tuy nhin ti nhiu c s y t ca Vit Nam, Phng kim sot ly nhim hoc Ban kim sot nhim kt hp vi phng hnh chnh s chu trch nhim trc tip trong vic qun l cht thi v nc thi y t. Cng nhn vin thc hin thu gom cht thi hoc vn hnh trm x cht thi thng nm trong b phn hnh chnh k c l nhn vin ca bnh vin, c s hay l nhn vin ca cng ty thu gom hp ng vi bnh vin, c s y t. (3) C cu t chc ca B Y t B Y t chu trch nhim v: (i) gim st cng tc qun l cht thi y t ti cc bnh vin, cc c s khm cha bnh v cc c s y t khc nhm m bo vic thc hin ti cc c s ny theo ng chc nng, (ii) t chc lp k quy hoch qun l cht thi y t, u t xy dng v phi hp vi cc B Khoa hc v Cng ngh v B Xy dng la chn cng ngh ngh v thit b x l, v (iii) gim st vic thc hin cc chnh sch v quy nh. Hnh 4-2 th hin c cu t chc ca B Y t, trong th hin vai tr v trch nhim trc tip cng nh gin tip trong quan l cht thi y t ca cc c quan trc thuc B Y t. c bit, Cc qun l Mi trng y t - VIHEMA v V Trang thit b v Cng trnh y t c trch nhim chnh trong vic lp k hoch, la chn, nh gi v gi st h thng qun l cht thi y t ni chung ti cc bnh vin cp trung ng. VIHEMA cng chu trch nhim chnh trong trong cc vn lin quan n mi trng ti cc c s y t vi vic t chc tp hun cho cn b ca cc n v ny Cc qun l mi trng y t - VIHEMA VIHEMA c chc nng tham mu cho B trng B Y t trong cc cng tc lin quan n mi trng y t ca b nh: Cc hot ng bo v mi trng ti cc c s y t v sc khe mi trng Kim sot v sinh, an ton lao ng v cc bnh ngh nghip, kim sot nh hng ca bin i kh hu n sc khe con ngi. Qun l ha cht, thuc dit khun, ha cht bo v thc vt s dng trong y t. Cc nhim v khc lin quan n mi trng y t. V mt qun l cht thi y t, VIHEMA ch tr, phi hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn khc trong vic lp chin lc, quy hoch nhm bo v mi trng trong ngnh y t. Ngoi ra, VIHEMA cng son tho v trnh cc vn bn, cc quy nh v bo v mi trng trong cc c s y t bao gm c cc tiu chun k thut trong mi trng y t Hn na, VIHEMA tham gia: (i) t chc thc hin v nh gi tc ng mi trng cc d n ca B Y t, (ii) phng v chng cc s c mi trng, (iii) khc phc v phc hi mi trng y t, v (iv) xut cc bin php nhm pht trin bn vng ngnh y t. Ngoi ra, VIHEMA cng ch o v hng dn cc hot ng k thut trong lnh vc ph trch i vi cc c s y t ca ngnh v cc c s y t trc thuc cc b khc. Phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng khc, VIHEMA thc hin nhim v thanh tra, kim tra, pht hin v xut bin php x pht i vi cc n v vi phm cc quy nh v bo v mi trng, mi trng y t, an ton v sinh v sc khe lao ng V trang thit b v cng trnh y t y l v chuyn mn ca B Y t vi chc nng tham mu cho B trng cc vn v qun l cc trang thit b y t v cc cng trnh y t. V trang thit b v cng trnh y t c nhim v xy dng cc vn bn quy nh hng dn v: (i) cung cp, qun l, s dng, duy tr v th nghim cc thit b y t, (ii) sn xut, kinh doanh v cc dch v k thut lin quan n thit b y t. V trang thit b v cng trnh y t a ra danh sch cc thit b y t tiu chun cho cc c s y t cn c vo trnh k thut ca c s v tiu chun quc gia v thit b. V ny cng c chc nng nh gi cc thit b y t ca cc d n u t v trnh b trng ph duyt k hoch v k qu u thu cung cp thit b c s dng vn u t. 132
Bo co gia k
Mt trong cc chc nng khc l t chc y ban t vn i vic cung cp, s dng cc thit b y t, thit lp cc chng trnh, k hoch tp hun cn b v qun l cc thit b y t. Phi hp vi V k hoch v ti chnh b tr vn u t v nh gi hiu qu s dng vn u t ny.
Hnh 4-2 C cu t chc B Y t 4.1.2 Chnh sch v chin lc v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t Nhn thc v tm quan trng ca vic qun l v x l ng cch cht thi y t, Chnh ph Vit Nam ban hnh mt s chnh sch, chin lc v k hoch bo v mi trng. Chin lc quc gia v bo v mi trng n nm 2010 v tm nhn n nm 2020 (ban hnh cng Quyt nh s 256/2003/QD-TTg ngy 02/12/2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph) v K hoch quc gia v Kim sot nhim mi trng nm 2010 (ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 328/2005/QD-TTg ngy 12/12/2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph) nhm x l 100% cht thi y t nguy hi ca 84 bnh vin gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. Quyt nh mi c ban hnh gn y v nh hng pht trin cc khu th v cng nghip Vit Nam nm 2025 v tm nhn n nm 2050 (ban hnh cng Quyt nh s 1930/QD-TTg ngy 20/11/2009 ca Th tng Chnh ph) t mc tiu n nm 2015, ton b nc thi y t phi c x l t tiu chun dng thi trc khi x ra mi trng. K hoch bo v mi trng ngnh y t t nm 2009 n 2015 c b trng B Y t ph duyt theo quyt nh s 1873/QD-BYT. Trong k hoch ny, mc tiu pht trin v tng cng qun l cht thi v nc thi ca cc c s y t c xc nh. 100% bnh vin trung ng v bnh vin t nhn, 70% bnh vin cp tnh, 50% bnh vin huyn x l cht thi y t t tiu chun mi trng, 133
Bo co gia k
100% cc vin nghin cu, trng y v trng dc, cc c s dc phm trc thuc B Y t x l cht thi y t t tiu chun mi trng, 70% trung tm y t d phng tnh x l nc thi t tiu chun mi trng, 100% trung tm y t d phng cp huyn, 100% trm y t cng cng v cc c s y t hin hnh trc cp tnh v huyn tin hnh x l s b cht thi y t trc khi x thi. 100% c s y t c nhn vin y t c o to v qun l cht thi y t v quan trc mi trng, 100% nhn vin y t c hun luyn v quy ch qun l cht thi y t v bo v mi trng trong ngnh y t, v 100% c s y t gii thch, ch o cc cn b y t, bnh nhn v ngi nh bnh nhn v bo v mi trng ti cc c s y t. 4.1.3 Hin trng qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti Vit Nam (1) Cc c s y t Vit Nam Tnh n nm 2008, ti Vit Nam c 13,506 c s y t vi hn 221,695 ging bnh21. Trong bao gm: 774 bnh vin a khoa, 136 bnh vin chuyn khoa, 5 bnh vin ngnh, 83 bnh vin t nhn v cc hnh thc khc nh c nu trong bng 4-2 Bn cnh , cn c 14 vin thuc h thng y t d phng v 190 c s y t ch nh khc (63 trung tm y t d phng, 59 trung tm phng chng HIV/AIDS, 28 trung tm phng chng st rt, 23 trung tm phng chng bnh, 11 trung tm cch ly y t quc t, 6 trung tm sc khe lao ng v mi trng), 686 trung tm y t qun/huyn, gn 100 c s nghin cu v tp hun y t, v 181 cng ty sn xut dc22. S lng cc c s y t cng nh s ging bnh c xu hng tng hn so vi nhng nm trc. Bng 4.2 S lng cc c s y t v ging bnh nm 2008
C s y t S lng S lng ging bnh 115,923 28,560 6,501 6,792 1,782 8,761 1,012 321 45,994 620 5,429 221,695 S lng ging bnh TB/ c s 150 210 127 139 99 12 22 19 4 124 65 16
Bnh vin a khoa 774 Bnh vin chuyn khoa 136 Bnh vin y hc c truyn 51 Trung tm phc hi chc nng 49 Bnh vin phong 18 Trung tm y t lin huyn 752 Trm x chuyn khoa 45 Nh h sinh 17 Trung tm y t 11,576 Bnh vin ngnh* 5 Bnh vin t nhn 83 Tng 13,506 Ngun: Trch dn t Nin gim thng k 2008, B Y t
21 22
B Y t, Nin gim thng k 2008 Ibid
134
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(2) Cht thi y t pht sinh ti Vit Nam Vit Nam, lng cht thi y t pht sinh ang tng ln. Nm 2005, tng lng cht thi rn pht sinh t cc c s y t theo bo co l khong 300 tn mi ngy, trong 40 tn l cht thi y t nguy hi v cht thi c x l km23. T l pht snh cht thi y t ph thuc vo s ging bnh, trnh v loi cng ngh y t v kh nng tip cn ca ngi dn i vi cc dch v chm sc sc khe. Bng 4-3 cung cp thng tin v vic pht sinh cht thi y t ti cc bnh vin v cc khoa thuc cc bnh vin trung ng, tnh v qun24. Bng 4-3 Lng cht thi y t pht sinh ti cc bnh vin v cc khoa trong bnh vin
Tng lng cht thi y t pht sinh (kg/ging/ngy) Bnh vin/Khoa BV trung ng Khm bnh Chm sc c bit Khoa dc Tr em Phu thut Ph sn Khoa mt/Khoa tai Khoa bnh hc 0.97 1.08 0.64 0.50 1.01 0.82 0.66 0.11 BV cp tnh 0.88 1.27 0.47 0.41 0.87 0.95 0.68 0.10 BV cp huyn 0.73 1.00 0.45 0.45 0.73 0.73 0.34 0.08 TB 0.86 1.11 0.52 0.45 0.87 0.83 0.56 1.0 BV trung ng 0.16 0.30 0.04 0.04 0.26 0.21 0.12 0.03 BV cp tnh 0.14 0.31 0.03 0.05 0.21 0.22 0.10 0.03 BV cp huyn 0.11 0.18 0.02 0.02 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.03 TB 0.14 0.26 0.03 0.04 0.21 0.20 0.10 0.03 Lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh (kg/ging/ngy)
Ngun: Tng hp t mt s ti liu thu thp t B Y t
Lng ln cht thi y t nguy hi pht sinh t cc c s y t lit k trong bng 4-2. Do tng s ging bnh ti cc bnh vin a khoa, chuyn ngnh, cc bnh vin ngnh, bnh vin t nhn chim ti 150,000 ging, nn lng cht thi y t t cc c s ny chim ti 70% tng lng pht sinh. Khi lng cht thi y t pht sinh mi ngy trong nm 2010 c tnh khong 380 tn/ngy, trong 45 tn/ngy l cht thi y t nguy hi. Con s ny c tnh s tng ln khong 600 tn/ngy vo nm 2015 v trn 800 tn/ngy 202025. Bng 4-4 th hin thnh phn cht thi y t ti Vit Nam i chiu vi n . Cc s liu v thnh phn cht thi y t thng rt him ngay c i vi cc quc gia khc do tnh phc tp trong qu trnh thc hin v phn tch. Ngoi ra, cha c danh sch chun cho cc thnh phn cht thi y t, v vy vic so snh trc tip cc thnh phn cht thi y t gp kh nhiu kh khn. Tuy nhin, t bng 4-4 c th nhn thy thnh phn cht thi nguy hi c th chim khong 20% tng lng cht thi y t.
23 24
K hoch bo v mi trng ngnh y t giai on 2009 - 2015, Quyt nh 1873-QD-BYT Da theo s liu trong Bng 4-3 v s dng d liu v s ging bnh trong bn 4-2, tng lng cht thi v nc thi y t nguy hi tnh c l ln lt l 190 tn/ngy v 31 tn/ngy, thp hn nhiu cc s liu ny. S khc bit ny c th do s ging bnh trn thc th nhiu hn s ging bnh danh ngha c nu trong Bng 4-2 ti hu ht cc bnh vin. iu ny c th khin cho lng cht thi nhiu hn con s c tnh theo s ging bnh v t l pht sinh cht thi c nu trong Bng 4-3. 25 Ministry of Health: Proposal on Project document on healthcare waste management, March 25, 2010.
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Bng 4-4 V d v phn tch thnh phn cht thi y t Loi cht thi Cht thi thng thng Kim tim v vt sc nhn Bng bng dnh mu Mu xt nghim Nha Giy Kim loi Thy tinh, v chai Dc phm ht hn Cht thi ly nhim Khc Vit Nam26 26.8~40.0 1.3~2.29 4.58~18.1 1.31~13.8 2.63~3.2 0.64~1.4 1.8~2.63 0.1~1.6 12.5~26.0
(% da trn khi lng t) Ghi ch * bao gm trong kim loi
n 27 53.5 * 15 10 15 1 4.0 1.5 -
(3) Nc thi y t pht sinh ti Vit Nam Lng v c im nc thi ca cc c s y t thay i theo thi gian, theo tng ngy trong tun, lng cht thi c tnh gn bng lng nc tiu th cc c s. Cc gi tr tiu chun v lng nc thi pht sinh ti Vit Nam c trnh by trong Bng 4-528. Tuy nhin, cc trung tm y t d phng hoc cc trm y t x, lng nc cung cp thng thp hn nh trnh by trong Bng 4-5.
Bng 4-5 Tiu chun cp nc v lng nc thi ca cc bnh vin

Quy m bnh vin (s ging) t hn 100 ging bnh 100~300 ging 300~500 ging 500~700 ging Nhiu hn 700 ging bnh Bnh vin ca trng i hc ln hn 700 ging Cp nc (L/ging/ngy) 700 700 600 600 600 1,000 Nc thi(m3/ngy) 70 100~200 200~300 300~400 Nhiu hn 400 Nhiu hn 500
Ngun: Trung tm mi trng th v khu cng nghip, i hc Xy dng H Ni, 2002.
Nc thi x ra t cc c s y t c cha cc cht nhim tng t nh nc thi sinh hot nhng mc cc cht nhim ny c s khc bit tu thuc vo c im ca bnh vin v ca khoa. Bn cnh cc cht nhim, nc thi t cc c s y t cn c th cha cc cht c th nh thuc, cht ty, thuc th ho hc, dung mi, ng v phng x s dng trong phn tch v iu tr. Mc ca cc cht ny c th ph thuc nhiu vo c im v hot ng ca cc c s y t. Bng 4-6 tng hp v d v cht lng nc thi x ra t mt s khoa ca bnh vin ti Vit Nam. Mt s thng s nh H2S, BOD5, COD, Nit tng v cht rn l lng thay i theo tng khoa.
26 Nguyen Thi Kim Thai, Bo co D n nghin cu v Tiu chun Lu tr, thu gom, vn chuyn, x l v tiu hy cht thi nguy hi MONRE, 2007 v mt s bo co, vn bn thu thp t B Y t 27 Vin nghin cu mi trng xy dng quc gia (personal communication, 1997) v cc hot ng qun l cht thi an ton, A. Pruss, E.Girouult, and P. Rushbrook, WHO 1999. 28 Lng nc thi thc t c th nhiu hn gi tr tiu chun trong Bng do l do c nu trong ch thch s 4.
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Bng 4-6 V d v nc thi bnh vin theo tng khoa

Khoa pH Hnh chnh Kim sot bnh truyn nhim Phng th nghim Dc 6.40 7.04 7.04 6.55 DO 1.91 1.81 1.76 1.64 H 2S 2.07 5.50 3.32 5.95 Thng s (mg/L tr pH) BOD5 87.1 117.60 COD 126.6 168.98 Tng pht pho 0.94 1.57 Tng nit 9.54 12.82 SS 37.99 55.82 23.46 51.48
105.43 149.25 1.10 10.12 181.83 235.05 1.56 20.74 Ngun: Vin mi trng v sc khe lao ng, B y t v mt s vn bn thu thp t B Y t
Hnh 4-3 a ra mt s so snh v cht lng nc thi c phn tch trong mt s bo co khc nhau29,30,31,32. Cc bnh vin c kho st cp trong ch thch 27 trong bao gm 6 bnh vin trc thuc s qun l ca B Y t nm trong xut cc bnh vin cn cn c nng cp h thng x l nc thi kp thi ca B Y t. Cc bnh vin cp trong ch thch s 32 bao gm cc bnh vin a khoa v chuyn khoa cp trung ng v cp tnh cn c u t xy dng h thng x l nc thi. Ch thch s 31 tp trung vo tm (08) bnh vin c tn trong danh sch quyt nh 64/2003/QD-TTg. Nghin cu cp trong ch thch s 32 c cp ti nm (05) bnh vin (trong , 2 bnh vin trc thuc B Y t ti H Ni v 3 bnh vin cp tnh ti ng Nai, Tp.HCM v Thi Nguy9n). Hu ht cc bnh vin cp y, tr cc bnh vin nu trong nghin cu ti ch thch s 32, u khng t cc tiu chun v nc thi v h thng x l nc thi ti cc bnh vin ny i hi phi c nng cp hoc xy mi. V vy, cn phi ch rng s liu nu ra trong hnh4-3 khng phi l cc s liu i din cho cht lng nc thi ca cc bnh vin Vit Nam m ca cc bnh vin c h thng x l nc thi km hoc khng c h thng x l nc thi. Tt c cc mu phn tch y u khng t chun v cc ch s BOD5, COD v coliform tng. Mt trong s cho kt qu rt cao i vi ch COD, c th do mt vi loi nc thi y t c thi trc tip ti h thng x l nc thi m khng c bt c bin php x l s b no. (Hnh 4-3(a)). Mu ny cng c kt qu tng t vi gi tr pH cao nht (v sunfua) (Hnh 4-3(b)). Hin nay, cha c tiu chun i vi ch tiu Fecal coliform, tuy nhin hnh 4-3(d) cho thy kt qu kh cao trong ch tiu coliform tng i vi tt c cc mu. Nguyn nhn ca kt qu ny c th do nc thi ca cc bnh vin c kho st k c cc bnh vin nu trong ch thch s 30, cha c x l trit . Vic pht hin ch tiu Fecal coliform cho thy kh nng tn ti ca vi khun ng rut trong nc thi.
Yachiyo Engineering Co. Ltd., v System Science Consultants Inc., Kho st chun b cho Chng trnh ca JICA nhm ci thin h thng x l nc thi v cht thi rn y t, D tho bo co cui cng, Thng 1/2011. 30 Bo co d n u t: Xy dng cc trm x l nc thi cho cc c s y t trc thuc B Y t, Trung tm T vn v Chuyn giao cng ngh Nc sch v Mi trng (CTC) 31 Trung tm nghin cu Cng ngh Mi trng v Pht trin bn vng (CETSD), i hc khoa hc t nhin, Kho st nhim nc thi bnh vin trong khu vc H Ni cho D n Tng cng nng lc qun l Mi trng cho B TN&MT nhm thc hin Quyt nh s 64, JICA, Thng 11/2005. 32 Vin k thut nc v Cng ngh Mi trng (IWEET), iu tra cng nghip chun b xy dng hng dn x l nc thi (cho cc ngnh chn nui, bnh vin, cng nghip m), Bo co cui k, JICA, Thng 12/2009.
29
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1000 900
Standard of BOD5: 30 mg/L
800 700
COD (mg/L)
600 Source: 500 400 300 200

Standard of COD: 100 mg/L Footnote 27 Footnote 28 Footnote 29 Footnote 30
100 0 0 100 200 300 400 BOD5(mg/L) 500 600 700
60 50
Standard of S2-: 1 mg/L
(a) BOD5 vs. COD

Standard of pH: 6.5-8.5
S2- (as H2S) (mg/L)
40 30 20 10 0 3 4 5 6 pH
9
Source:
Footnote 27 Footnote 28
(b) pH vs. S27 8 9 10
9
8 7
Standard of
Standard of 8 T-N: 30 mg/L T-N: 30 mg/L
Standard of T-P: 6 mg/L Standard of T-P: 6 mg/L
7
6
T-P (mg/L) T-P (mg/L)
6 5 4 3
Source: Source:
5 4 3 2
2
1
1
0
Footnote 27 Footnote 27 Footnote 28 Footnote 28 Footnote 29 Footnote 29 Footnote 30 Footnote 30
(c) T-N vs. T-P

120 120
0 0 0
20 20
40 40
60 60 T-N (mg/L) T-N (mg/L)
80 80
100 100
1.0E+08 1.0E+07 1.0E+06 Source: 1.0E+05 1.0E+04 1.0E+03 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.0E+10 Total Coliform (MPN/100mL)
Footnote 29 Footnote 30 Standard of Total Coliform: 5,000 MPN/100mL
Fecal Coliform (MPN/100mL)
(d) Coliform tng vs. Fecal Coliform
Hnh 4-3 V d v cht lng nc thi ti cc c s y t
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Vic pht hin cc ch tiu S2- ln hn tiu chun cho php c th gii thch rng lng oxy ha tan t to ra mi trng hiu kh trong nc thi ca cc bnh vin. iu ny cng khng nh qu trnh kh ni-t chm, i hi lng ni-t ln hn nh th hin trong hnh 4.3(c) i vi rt nhiu mu th. (4) Hin trng x l cht thi v nc thi y t Theo kho st thc hin vo nm 2006 bi Vin y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng- B Y t, khong 50% cc bnh vin trn tng s 1,042 bnh vin thu gom cht thi theo ng quy nh trong Quy ch qun l cht thi ngnh y t. Mc d hn 500 l t c lp t, nhng 33% cc l t cht thi y t khng hot ng ti thi im kho st do chi ph vn hnh v bo dng cao, cng tc vn hnh thc t km. Ngoi ra, nhiu l t c cho rng gy nhim mi trng xung quanh do thiu thit b kim sot kh t v tnh trng yu km ca cng tc vn hnh v iu chnh. Hn na, cc tiu chun v tiu ch k thut cho cc l t khng c ph bin nn cc bnh vin gp kh khn trong vic iu hnh v thc hin cc chng trnh bo v mi trng. Cng trong mt kho st, 81% bnh vin trung ng, 46% bnh vin tnh, 30% bnh vin huyn v 86% cc bnh vin t nhn c h thng x l nc thi. Tuy nhin, t l cc h thng c vn hnh tt ca cc bnh vin cp trung ng l 61%, tnh l 25%, huyn l 8% v cc bnh vin t nhn l 71%. C 634 bnh vin trong s 1042 bnh vin c kho st khng c h thng x l nc thi, v 217 bnh vin cn nng cp h thng33. Cc kt qu chnh ca nghin cu ny c tm tt trong Bng 4-7. Bng 4-7 Cc kt qu chnh ca nghin cu trn phm vi ton quc v qun l cht thi v
nc thi y t thc hin bi Vin y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng nm 2006 Cc c s y t Bnh vin X l cht thi rn 95.6% bnh vin phn loi ti ngun v 90.9% bnh vin thu gom rc hng ngy. Nhng ch c 50% cc bnh vin tun th Quy ch trong thu gom v lu tr cht thi. 73.3% cc bnh vin t cht thi ti ch hoc bn ngoi. Cc l t c vn hnh thng xuyn ti cc bnh vin nh sau: - 5 trong s 5 bnh vin trung ng, - 79 trong s 106 bnh vin cp tnh, - 97 trong s 201 bnh vin cp huyn. Tt c cc l t u thiu thit b kim sot nhim kh thi p ng tiu chun kh thi. X l nc thi S lng cc bnh vin thc hin tt: - Bnh vin trung ng: 22 - Bnh vin tnh: 88 - Bnh vin huyn: 51 - Bnh vin t nhn: 30 - Tng 191 S lng cc bnh vin cn sa cha: - Bnh vin TW 7 - Bnh vin tnh 70 - Bnh vin huyn: 134 - Bnh vin t nhn 6 - Tng 217 S lng cc bnh vin khng c cng trnh x l: - Bnh vin TW 7 - Bnh vin tnh 188 - Bnh vin huyn 433 - Bnh vin t nhn 6 - Tng 634 Nhn thc v qun l cht thi v nc thi rt thp, v hu ht cc tram y t x phng u khng x l cht thi trc thi b 17% trung tm y t d phng s B t hoi l h thng ph bin, dng l t n gin. nhng khng c cc cng trnh x l 39% trung tm y t d phng k nc thi c lp t. hp ng vi cc bnh vin ln cn t rc. Hu ht cc c s khng c h thng x l cht thi rn v lng.
Trm y t x Cc trung tm d phng v vin nghin cu
Cc c s gio dc v o to y t Ngnh dc 91 c s trong s 181 c h thng x l cht thi theo Quy ch. *Quy nh v qun l cht thi y t (Theo quyt nh s 43/2007/QD-BYT ban hnh ngy 30/11/2007 ca B Y t)
33
Theo trch dn t mt s ti liu khng c tn th nc thi bnh vin t 84.5%~86.3% bnh vin v 88.4% bnh vin
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(5) Cng ngh x l cht thi rn v nc thi y t ti cc c s y t Vit Nam H thng x l nc thi y t Nh cp trong phn trc, hn mt na s trong tng s 1,042 bnh vin c kho st khng c h thng x l nc thi. Ngay c i vi cc c s hin ti c h thng x l nc thi, hn mt na s ny cng a ra yu cu v vic nng cp h thng x l nc thi nhm t tiu chun nc thi. C mt s bo co nu ra thng k v cc coogn ngh x l nc thi c s dng ti cc c s y t ca, mt s nhm cng ngh c a ra sau y l kt qu ca kho st c thc hin vo u nhng nm 200034. Nhm 1: Nc thi c a vo b cha t hoi v x l ban u vi b lng. Sau , nc thi c kh trng vi clo v c x ra ngoi. y l cng ngh ph bin c s dng trong cc bnh vin c. Nhm 2: Nc thi sau khi ri b cha s c x l ha hc ti b lng (B Imhoff), lc qua b lc nh git v c kh trng bng clo trc khi x ra h thng cng thot chung. Ti mt s bnh vin, nc thi sau khi cho lng cn ti b lng s c bm ln mt b cha vphn hy t nhin (nhm x l theo phng php gi l h thng h cn- lagoon system v h thng t ngp nc wet land system c th c lit k trong nhm ny) Nhm 3: Nc thi sau khi ra khi b t hoi c x l bng cng ngh bn kch hot, v c kh trng trc khi x thi. Cng ngh ny c p dng ch yu ti cc c s y t xy dng sau nm 1990. Nhm 4: C th coi cng ngh nhm 4 ny l nhm cng ngh ci thin t nhm s 3 v l nhm cng ngh x l nc thi tin tin. Nc thi sau khi dn ra t b t hoi s c x l s b ti b lng v sau c x l sinh hc vi mt lng ln vi sinh vt. Sau , l giai on lng v kh trng th cp. Mt s cng ngh chnh sa da trn nhm cng ngh ny c pht trin ti a phng, v d nh VN69, CN2000 v h thng lc nh git sinh hc. Bn cnh cc cng ngh k ra trn y, cc c s y t ti Vit Nam cn p dng mt s mt s cng ngh x l nc thi khc. Trong bao gm cng ngh phn ng b tun t (sequential batch reactor) AAO (k kh thiu kh- hiu kh) c bit n vi tn l h thng Johkasou, cng ngh mng lc v thit b lc cc bon hot tnh. B sung thm cho qu trnh kh trng, i vi mt s h thng, ngi ta s dng UV hoc O3. Hnh 4-4 th hin quy trnh x l nc thi t nhm 1 n nhm 4 v mt s h thng c trnh by trong nh 4-1. Cng ngh x l cht thi rn y t Nh nu trong phn kt qu ca kho st, l t l cng ngh ph bin c s dng ti cc c s y t ca Vit Nam. Trc khi cc quy nh v cc tiu chun k thut v l t (TCVN 7380-2004) v cc phng php nh gi v thm nh (TCVN 7381-2004) c ban hnh, hu ht cc l t c s dng l cc l t c sn xut trong nc vi dng n gin ch c mt bung t. Chnh v vy, hu nh cc loi l t ny s rt kh t c cc tiu chun v kh thi nh quy nh trong TCVN 5939-1999.Sau nm 2000,chnh ph c nhng khuyn khch v h tr ti chnh lp t cc thit b l t cht thi hin i hn, ch yu l cc l t theo cng ngh nc ngoi ti cc c s y t. Theo , tnh n nm 2006, hn 500 l t c lp t ti cc c s y t ti Vit Nam theo kt qu ca cuc kho st nghin cu nu. Tuy nhin, trong s c ti hn 33% s l khng c hot ng do nhiu l do khc nhau. S lng cc bnh vin c l t cht thi y t c hot ng nh sau: 5/5 bnh vin tuyn trung ng, 79/106 bnh vin tuyn
34
ibid.
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tnh, 97/201 bnh vin tuyn huyn nh th hin trong bng 4-7. Tuy nhin, khng c bnh vin no c h thng x l kh thi.
Nhm 1: X l vt l n gin (Lng cn)

B t tank Septic hoi B lng Sedimentation Kh trng Disinfection X thi Discharge
Nhm 2: X l sinh hc truyn thng (I) (Mng lc nh git, phng php h cn, phng php t ngp nc)
B t hoi n nh B lng p bn B t Septic hoi tank Mng lc nh git Thu bn
H thng h cn/ Lagoon system/ H thngland system Wet t ngp nc
B lng
Kh trng
X thi
n nh Equalization
B lng Sedimentation
Discharge X thi
Sludge withdrawal Thu bn
Nhm 3: X l sinh hc truyn thng (II) (bn kch hot)

Bn B t hoi Lc sn /n nh B lng p bn Bn kch hot Thu bn B lng Kh trng X thi
Nhm 4: H thng x l sinh hc ci tin (Thng gi tip xc, mng sinh hc, hiu kh, VN69, CN2000, mng lc sinh hc nh git)
B t hoi Lc sn /n nh B lng Phn ng sinh hc B lng Kh trng X thi
p bn
Thu bn
Hnh 4-4 S rt gn cc cng ngh x l nc thi y t Bng 4-8 nu mt s cc yu cu k thut v l t cht thi y t trong TCVN 7380-2004. Mc d cc quy nh v nhit l t, thi gia c tr kh t, v lng to c quy nh kh cht ch v chi tit, tuy nhin cc yu cu v x l kh thi l t nh vt bi, x l kh axit v kim sot dioxin vn cha c nu trong y, tr chiu co ca ng khi
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(a)
(b)
(c)
nh 4-1: Mt s hnh nh cc h thng x l nc thi y t ti Vit Nam a. H thng t ngp nc, b. CN2000, c. H thng bn kch hot, d. H thng Johkasou, e. H thng mng sinh hc nh git
(d)
(e)
Thng tin v cng ngh x l cht thi rn y t cha c tng hp, tuy nhin, trong thi gian gn y, mt s bnh vin ang s dng hoc ang lp p h thng l vi sng kt hp vi h thng sy kh khun. Cng ngh ny l cng ngh nhp t nc ngoi v hin ti ang c WHO v MOH nh gi hiu qu v kh nng p dng ti Vit Nam. C bo co cp n h thng hp cht thi y t ang c bnh vin tnh Dak Lak, tuy nhin khng c thng tin chi tit no lin quan n h thng ny. nh 4-2 th hin mt s l t cht thi y t v h thng hp tit trng.
(a)
(b)
(c)
nh 4-2: Cng ngh x l cht thi rn y t a. L t bng gch, b. L t hai bung sau trc, c. L t hai bung song song, d. L t b tng, e. H thng hp tit trng
(d)
(e)
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Bng 4-8 Cc yu cu k thut i vi l t cht thi y t

TCVN 7380:2004 L T CHT THI RN Y T - CC YU CU K THUT (Trch dn 1. Phm vi p dng 1.1 Tiu chun ny a ra cc yu cu k thut cn bn i vi l t cht thi rn y t (l t) trong vic thit k, xy dng, lp t, phn tch v thm nh l t. Tiu chun ny p dng cho cc loi cht thi y t bao gm cc nhm: Nhm A, Nhm B, Nhm C, Nhm D (tuy nhin khng p dng cho cc loi: dc phm qu hn, dc phm ly nhim, dc phm khng s dng) v Nhm E nh nu trong Quy nh v qun l cht thi rn y t. 1.2 Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho Cht thi khng phi th rn, cht gy c t bo, cht thi phng x, bnh cha p sut, thng nha cha clo nh PVC, kim loi nng. Cht thi thng thng, L t dnh cho cc loi cht thi khc, VD nh cht thi cng nghip v, L ha tang 2. Cc yu cu k thut 2.1 Cu to l t L t cn c t nht hai ngn: bung s cp v bung th cp. Cc bung ny cn phi c thit k kh l t c th phn b u trong cc bung t. V l t phi c lm t kim loi (hoc cc cht liu khc) sao cho ph hp vi nhit v mi trng xung quanh v nhit ca v l t bn ngoi khng c vt qu 50. L t phi kn kh trong l khng th thot ra ngoi Ca b rc phi d dng, thun tin trong vic ng m, v phi ng kn trong sut qu trnh t p sut m trong l phi c m bo 2.2 Nhit l t Nhit ca l t s cp khng c thp hn 800. Nhit ca l t th cp khng c thp hn 1,050. Nhit ca kh thi khi thi ra mi trng khng c ln hn 250. 2.3 Thi gian lu chy Thi gian lu chy ca kh t trong bung t th cp khng c nh hn 1.5 giy 2.4 Thng gi kh thi Thng gi cho l t buc phi l thng gi cng bc Gii hn ti a cho php ca cc thng s nhim trong kh thi ca l t khng c vt qu gii hn quy nh TCVN 5939:1999*. 2.5 Mc n Mc n ca l t trong qu trnh hot ng khng c vt qu 85 dBA ti im o cch 1m so vi l t, phng php o c p dng theo TCVN 3985:1999. 2.6 Tro x L t phi c cu to sao cho l t c thu gom mt cch d dng v khng ri vi ra cung quanh l t. Hm lng cc cht cht c trong tro x khng vt qu 0.5%. 2.7 ng khi ng khi phi c cu to t cht liu bn vng di tc dng ca nhit v n mn ca kh thi ng khi phi cao hn t nht 3m so vi chiu cao ca nc ngi nh co nht trong phm vi bn knh 40m ca l t. Trong trng hp l t c xy dng trong khu vc khng c nh , chiu cao ca ng khi phi t t nht 8m tnh t mt t. Khi l t hot ng n nh cng sut nh mc, tc kh thi thot ra ti ming ng phi t nh nht l 15m/s. *Tiu chun ny c thay th bi QCVN 02: 2008/BTNMTQuy chun quc gia v kh thi i vi l t cht thi y t
4.1.4
Thc hin Quyt nh s 64/2003/QD-TTg Trong nm 2003, 84 bnh vin cp tnh v cp trung ng c xc nh l cc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng (Quyt nh s 64/2003/QD-TTg ngy 22 thng 4 nm 2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph). Trong s c 6 bnh vin thuc thm quyn qun l ca B Y t v 78 bnh vin thuc qun l ca cc tnh/ thnh hoc ca cc b/ngnh khc. (1) Bnh vin tuyn trung ng Su bnh vin do B Y t qun l v c lit k trong Quyt nh 64 bao gm: Bnh vin a khoa trung ng Thi Nguyn Bnh vin 74 Bnh vin K Bnh vin Vit c Bnh vin ph sn trung ng, v Bnh vin C Nng
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Vo nm 2009, hai bnh vin do B Y t qun l (Bnh vin 74 v Bnh vin Vit c) v 33 bnh vin a phng c a ra hoc nhn c chng ch c a ra khi danh sch. Bn bnh vin do B Y t qun l v 20 bnh vin a phng cn li lp t cng trnh x l cht thi v ang chun b ti liu xin chng ch c a ra khi danh sch. Tnh hnh thc hin Quyt nh 64 ca cc bnh vin trung ng nh sau: Bnh vin Vit c: Vo cui nm 2008, bnh vin x dng h thng x l nc thi vi cng sut 1,000m3/ngy v vn hnh t thng 2 nm 2009. Bnh vin ngh xc nhn vic hon thnh cng tc ci thin mi trng cn c theo Quyt nh s 10/2006/QD- BTNMT ban hnh ngy 21 thng 8 nm 2006 ca B TNMT35. Bnh vin ny do c coi l bnh vin s c a ra khi danh sch quyt nh 64. Bnh vin K: Do bnh vin K khng xy dng chng trnh qun l mi trng v khng ng k ch ngun thi nguy hi, v x nc thi vt qu tiu chun cho php i vi cc cht nhim, bnh vin c lit k l c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. Sau , bnh vin lp t h thng x l nc thi vi cng sut 300m3/ngy. T thng 8 nm 2008, h thng ny hot ng p ng tiu chun nc thi. Bnh vin ngh xc nhn vic hon thnh cng tc ci thin mi trng cn c theo Quyt nh s 10/2006/QDBTNMT Bnh vin a khoa trung ng Thi Nguyn: Bnh vin ny lp t h thng x l nc thi vo nm 1997. T nm 2004 n nay, bnh vin tin hnh nng cp h thng. S TNMT tnh Thi Nguyn nh gi v kt lun rng h thng x l nc thi c vn hnh p ng c bn cc tiu chun mi trng. Bnh vin 74:: thc hin Quyt nh 64/2003/QD-TTg, bnh vin ny xy dng h thng thu gom v x l nc thi v h thng thu gom v x l cht thi y t vo nm 2006. H thng x l nc thi bt u hot ng, m bo nc thi p ng tiu chun mi trng. ng thi bnh vin cng u t l t vi cng sut 30kg/h x l cht thi y t. Bnh vin ny c cng nhn l bnh vin p ng cc tiu chun mi trng vo thng 8 nm 2009. Bnh vin ph sn trung ng: Vo thng 11 nm 2008, bnh vin ny hon thnh vic lp t h thng x l nc thi vi cng sut 400m3/ngy. Theo cc kt qu quan trc, cht lng nc thi p ng cc tiu chun. Bnh vin ngh xc nhn vic hon thnh cng tc ci thin mi trng cn c theo Quyt nh s 10/2006/QD- BTNMT Bnh vin C Nng: T nm 2005 bnh vin thc hin nhiu hot ng nhm khc phc nhim mi trng bng cch nng cp l t v h thng x l nc thi. Tuy nhin, nhng hot ng ny ch c tnh tm thi. Vo nm 2008, B TNMT cp ngn sch xy dng mt h thng x l nc thi mi ph hp vi k hoch pht trin ca bnh vin. Bnh vin hon thnh vic lp t v vn hnh h thng. (2) Cc bnh vin do S y t qun l trong khu vc nghin cu Ti cc thnh ph nghin cu trong nghin cu, c 4 bnh vin do B Y t qun l, 8 bnh vin do S Y t qun l v 2 bnh vin do B Quc phng qun l nh trong Bng 4-8. Cc c s ny c du hiu vi phm cc tiu chun nc thi (BOD5, tng nit, tng pht pho,
35
Quyt n s.10/2006/QD-BTNMT ban hnh ngy 21/08/2006 ca B trng B TN&MT v vic thc hin k hoch x l trit cc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng theo quy nh s 64/2003/QD-TTg ca th tng chnh ph
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v tng coliform) v tiu chun v kh thi (Bi, SO2, CO, NOx, v Dioxin), v/hoc qun l cht thi nguy hi km theo tiu ch la chon36 ca danh sch cc c s trong Quyt nh 64. Tnh trng ca cc c s ny v tnh hnh thc hin khc phc mi trng c trnh by tm tt trong phn di y. Bng 4-9 Cc bnh vin lit k trong Quyt nh s 64 v nm ti cc thnh ph nghin cu
Thnh ph Hi Phng Tn bnh vin C quan qun l S Y T S Y T B Y t B Y t B Y t S Y T S Y T S Y T Nguyn nhn nhim Cht thi, nc thi Cht thi, nc thi Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi Cht thi, nc thi Nc thi Nm ci thin Ch
Bnh vin Hu ngh Vit Tip Bnh vin Lao Phi Bnh vin Vit c Bnh vin K Bnh vin ph sn trung ng Bnh vin a khoa ng a Bnh vin a khoa Sn Ty Bnh vin a khoa Thanh Nhn (Bnh vin Hai B Trng) Bnh vin ph sn Bnh vin a khoa H ng Bnh vin C Bnh vin a khoa Bnh vin qun i 17
2003~2006 2003~2006 2003~2006 2003~2006 2003~2006 2003~2006 2003~2006 2003~2006 Thuc tnh H Ty c
H Ni
S Y T S Y T B Y t S Y T B Quc Phng B Quc Phng
Nng
HCMC
Bnh vin qun i 7A
Nc thi Cht thi, nc thi Cht thi, nc thi Cht thi, nc thi Cht thi, nc thi Cht thi, nc thi
2003~2006 2003~2006 2003~2007 2003~2007 2003~2007 2003~2007
Thuc tnh H Ty c
Bnh vin hu ngh Vit Tip (Hi Phng): Bnh vin ny nhn c giy chng nhn hon thnh cc bin php gim thiu nhim mi trng. Bnh vin Lao v bnh (Hi Phng): Do kh khn v ngn sch nn bnh vin ny vn cha nng cp c s x l nc thi v khng tin hnh cc d n v mi trng, kho st, phn tch v bo co v thanh tra mi trng. Do , bnh vin ny vn cha c cng nhn hon thnh cc bin php khc phc. Bnh vin a khoa Thanh Nhn (H Ni): Bnh vin ny hon thnh cc bin php cn thit p ng yu cu v qun l cht thi nguy hi. Bnh vin ny xy dng h thng x l nc thi v vn hnh t nm 2006. H thng x l ny c 3 bnh vin s dng chung gm: bnh vin Thanh Nhn, bnh vin U bu, bnh vin Lao H Ni. Bnh vin ngh xc nhn vic hon thnh cng tc ci thin mi trng cn c theo Quyt nh s 10/2006/QD- BTNMT
36
Thng t 7/2007/TT-BTNMT, hng dn phn loi v xc nh danh mc cc c s gy nhim mi trng cn x l
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Bnh vin ph sn (H Ni): Bnh vin ny, ging nh bnh vin Thanh Nhn, hon thnh cc bin php cn thit p ng yu cu ca cng tc qun l cht thi nguy hi theo Quy nh qun l cht thi nguy hi v Quy nh qun l cht thi y t. V bnh vin ny ang chun b bo co cn thit gi S TNMT. Bnh vin a khoa Sn Ty (H Ni): Bnh vin ny khng c chng trnh bo v mi trng v khng tin hnh quan trc mi trng hng nm. Ngoi ra, bnh vin cng khng ng k ch ngun thi nguy hi v nc thi ca bnh vin vt tiu chun nc thi. Mt mu cht thi cho thy nng BOD5 v tng coliform tng ng l 90~93 mg/L v 6x105~4x106 MPN/100mL. Bnh vin xy dng h thng x l nc thi v a vo hot ng t nm 2007. Bnh vin ny ang tip tc hon thnh yu cu v cc bin php qun l cht thi y t nguy hi v d kin s hon thnh cc bin php ny trong nm 2010. Bnh vin a khoa ng a (H Ni): Bnh vin ny khng ng k ch ngun thi nguy hi v khng xy dng bo co TM. Bnh vin khng c cng trnh x l ncthi v do nc thi vt qu tiu chun. Sau , mt h thng x l nc thi tp trung c xy dng trong khun kh d n u t ca B Y t v xy dng c s vt cht cho 2 bnh vin (Bnh vin ng a v Bnh vin Ph sn H Ni). D n bt u vo thng 7 nm 2009 v chnh thc a h thng x l vo hot ng vo thgn 12 nm 2009. Bnh vin ang tip tc hon thnh yu cu v cc bin php qun l cht thi nguy hi sau khi nhn c kt qu thanh tra t B TNMT v d kin s hon thnh c bin php trong nm 2010. Bnh vin H ng (H Ni): Bnh vin ny khng ng k ch ngun thi nguy hi v cht thi nguy hi khng c phn loi, thu gom theo quy nh. Sau S TNMT H Ni x pht hnh chnh vi mc pht 24 triu VND. Bnh vin xy dng h thng x l nc thi v a vo hot ng t nm 2006. Bnh vin c chng nhn hon thnh x l nhim. Cc nh ti tr v hot ng ca khu vc t nhn (1) Cc d n c thc hin vi s h tr ca cc nh ti tr Mt s nghin cu v d n c thc hin v lnh vc ny, c bit t nm 2000. Trong bao gm vic pht trin nng lc ca h thng qun l cht thi y t v nc thi c cc bnh vin cp trung ng v tnh v nng lc qun l, pht trin quy hoch, mua v lp t cc thit b v c s x l cht thi y t v nc thi mt s vng v tnh. Mt s nghin cu/d n c tm tt trong Bng 4-9. c bit ch n cc chng trnh c thc hin gn y hoc ang c thc hin bi WHO, UNDP v Ngn hng Th gii c gii thiu nh di y. T chc Y t Th gii h tr thc hin k hoch hnh ng37 qun l cht thi y t. K hoch hnh ng ny nhm vo mc tiu: pht trin chin lc qun l an ton cht thi y t nhm bo v sc khe con ngi v mi trng trn cc kha cnh a phng, x hi, kinh t v mi trng; t ra hot ng u tin nhm gii quyt cc vn cp thit nht; v thit lp c ch ti chnh c th thc hin c k hoch hnh ng ny. K hoch hnh ng xut cho thi gian t 2008 n 2020 v c chia thnh 3 giai on: 2008 n 2010, 2011 n 2015, and 2016 n 2020. Trong giai on th nht, cc hot ng ch trng vo cng tc tp hun nng cao nng lc cn b, cng nh r sot, b sung cc chnh sch, hng dn, quy nh k thut. Giai on th hai tp trung m hnh ha h thng qun
K hoch hnh ng xut v qun l cht thi y t ti Vit Nam, T chc y t th gii, Vn phng ti Vit Nam v vn phng Ty Thi Bnh Dng, 26 thng 1 nm 2009.
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4.1.5
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l cht thi y t. Mt trong cc chng trnh ca giai on ny l hin i ha cc l t c theo m hnh cng ngh cc l t hiu qu v chi ph. Giai on ba l cc hot ng hon thin m hnh ha v duy tr, pht trin. K hoch hnh ng ny, mc d cha c Chnh Ph ph duyt, xut mt h thng qun l cht thi tp trung trong c s x l cht thi y t hin ny (ch yu l l t) ti mt s bnh vin ch cht, nu c s c cng sut vt qu nhu cu, c th x l cht thi t cc bnh vin khc nm trong khong cch chuyn ch cht thi ph hp v tit kim. K hoch nghin cu v h thng ny c gii thiu trong k hoch hnh ng. Ngoi ra WHO cng h tr xy dng s tay k thut v cc cng ngh x l cht thi y t bng phng php khng, v vo thi im vit bo co ny th chng trnh ny vn ang c thc hin. ng thi WHO cng h tr nghin cu v cch ci thin hiu qu ca h thng l t cht thi y t. T chcUNDP, trong chng trnh ca Qu Mi trng ton cu, ang tin hnh thc y cng ngh x l cht thi y t nhm ngn chn cht thi kh c cha ho cht nguy hi vo mi trng, nh thu ngn v POPs. T chc ang ln k hoch lp t h thng kh trng quy m ln (200 kg/ln, 2 n v) ti URENCO H Ni, ch s dng cho x l cht thi y t v cc cng ngh khc ti mt s bnh vin cc tnh ln cn nh tnh Ninh Bnh. Tuy nhin, d n ny vn cha c thc hin vo thi im bo co ny c xy dng. Tri ngc vi d n do WHO v UNDP thc hin, Ngn hng Th gii li tp trung vo qun l cht thi t di vic vn hnh chng trnh Tn dng h tr gim ngho ti Vit Nam. D n ny bao gm vic mua sm v nng cp cc h thng x l nc thi cc bnh vin cp tnh, huyn v trung ng cng nh h tr vic pht trin v ci thin khung php l v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t v cc chng trnh o to cng c nng lc cho lnh vc ny. Trong d n 5 nm ny, ngn hng Th gii phn b to ng ngun vn ln ti 150 triu USD, cho cng c c s chnh sch (50 triu USD), cng c nng lc th ch (9 triu USD), ti tr ci thin c s vt cht (90 triu) v h tr thc hin v iu phi chng trnh (1 triu). Ngn hng d kin khong 200 n 250 bnh vin s c hng li t d n ny. Hin nay, c gn 30 tnh ang ngh c tham gia d n ny. Cc tnh ny xy dng quy hoch tng th v h thng qun l cht thi y t v nc thi ti tnh mnh. Mi bnh vin ng c u phi np cc ti liu cn thit theo mu ca ngn hng. Tiu ch la chn cc bnh vin bao gm cc bnh vin c hn 200 ging v khng nhn c h tr t cc nh ti tr khc. Cc cng ngh c la chn t danh sch ca WB c s t vn ca B y t. Theo chnh sch an ton ca WB, l t khng c h tr trong d n ny nhng phng tin thu gom cht thi cho h thng x l cht thi y t c th c mua.
147
Bo co gia k
Bng 4-9 Cc hot ng ca nh ti tr lin quan n qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti Vit Nam
Tn d n X l cht thi rn y t Quy hoch qun l cht thi rn H tr y t cho 5 tnh trung du H tr y t cho vng bin pha Nam H tr y t cho ng bng sng Mekong H tr y t cho 7 tnh cao nguyn pha Bc H tr y t cho 6 tnh min Trung v Bc b H tr y t cho cc bnh vin cp tnh (giai on 1,2) H tr y t cho h thng y t cp tnh Qun l cht thi y t Ngun ti chnh ODA ca c ODA Php ADB ca Ni dung lin quan n HCWM Mua 25 l t HOVAL Thi gian v a im ca d n 2000-2004 (25 bnh vin a khoa v bnh vin cp tnh ) 2001-2003 (B y t v 6 a im trnh din) 2005-2010 (thc hin ti mt s bnh vin cp tnh v qun/huyn ca 5 tnh trung du ) 2008-2010 ( thc hin ti mt s bnh vin cp tnh v qun/huyn ca 8 tnh vng bin pha Nam) 2006-2012 (thc hin ti 13 tnh khu vc ng bng sng M kng) 2008-2012 (Thc hin ti cc bnh vin cp tnh v huyn ti 7 tnh cao nguyn) 2010-2016 (Thc hin ti cc bnh vin cp tnh v huyn ti 6 tnh min Bc v min Trung) 2001-2010 (9 bnh vin cp tnh) C quan MOH
Xy dng quy hoch v qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam (i) Mua v lp t cc thit b x l nc thi v cht thi ; (ii) Lp Bo co TM v quy hoch qun l mi trng; (iii) o to (i) Mua v lp t thit b y t, thit b x l cht thi v nc thi; (ii) Lp Bo co TM v quy hoch qun l mi trng; (iii) o to Xy dng quy hoch tng th v qun l cht thi y t khu vc (i) Mua v lp t cc thit b x l nc thi v cht thi ; (ii) Lp Bo co TM v quy hoch qun l mi trng; (iii) o to (i) Mua v lp t cc thit b x l nc thi v cht thi ; (ii) Lp Bo co TM v quy hoch qun l mi trng; (iii) o to (i) Cc hot ng t vn lp k hoch; (ii) o to, mua sm v lp t cc thit b x l nc thi v cht thi y t. (i) Cc hot ng t vn lp k hoch; (ii) o to, mua sm v lp t cc thit b x l nc thi v cht thi y t.. (i) Xy dng k hoch qun l cht thi y t; (ii) Ti liu hng dn qun l nc thi y t; (iii) Gii thiu cch x l cht thi y t bng cng ngh khng t; iv) Xy dng m hnh nghin cu x l cht thi y t trm y t x bng chn lp v sinh. (i) Xy dng m hnh x l cht thi y t ti mt s a im nghin cu; (ii) Thc hin v nh gi cng ngh khng t; (iii) p dng khng thu ngn ti cc im nghin cu; (iv) o to v xy dng nng lc v HCWN, (v) xem xt cc vn lin quan v khung php l .
MOH
MOH
ADB
MOH
World Bank World Bank
MOH
MOH
World Bank
MOH
KfW c v Ngn sch nh nc KfW c v ngn sch nh nc WHO
MOH, PPC MOH, PPC MOH
2008-2012(cc bnh vin cp tnh v cp huyn Yn Bi, Thanh Ho, Ph Yn) 2009-2011
Cc thnh tch tt nht v gim thiu cht thi y t nhm trnh pht sinh kh thi c cha dioxin v thu ngn ra mi trng
UNDP
2009-2014
MONRE
148
Bo co gia k
(2) Xu hng tham gia ca khu vc t nhn S tham gia ca khu vc t nhn vo cng tc qun l cht thi v nc thi y t c xem xt trn hai kha cnh: mt l dch v thu gom cht thi y t v hai l dch v x l/ch bin cht thi v nc thi y t. Dch v thu gom c thc hin mt s bnh vin ln nh bnh vin Bch Mai H Ni v bnh vin Ch Ry thnh ph H Ch Minh. Cc cng ty dch ny cng cung cp dch v v sinh ti cc bnh vin trong mt s trng hp ng thi vi vic chun b v thu gom cht thi x l ti ch v bn ngoi ti cc khu vc lu tr cht thi. Thng thng, cht thi ti ch c c phn loi ti khu vc lu tr bi cng ty thu gom hoc ngi mua ph liu. Vic ti ch cht thi y t khng c chnh thc ho v lung cht thi y t ti ch vn cha c xc nh chi tit. Cc hot ng ti ch hin nay trn khu vc khng ln thu ht u t t khu vc t nhn. Dch v x l cng khng thu ht khu vc t nhn tham gia. Mc d c mt s cng ty qun l cht thi t nhn c B TNMT v S TNMT cp php thu gom v/hoc x l cht thi nguy hi, khng c cng ty x l cht thi y t hoc nc thi y t. Cht thi y t cc thnh ph ln, ni c lng cht thi y t ln hnh thnh dch v thng mi, c thu gom v x l bi cc cng ty nh nc hay URENCO. L t, nu c s dng cho x l cht thi y t, cn phi c u t nhiu mi p ng c tiu chun kht khe v kh thi v n khng em li hiu qu kinh t cho khu vc t nhn. c th l l do ti sao khu vc t nhn khng tham gia mnh vo lnh vc ny. Theo bo co, mt s bnh vin cp tnh ti thnh ph H Ch Minhd k hp ng x l nc thi y t cho cng ty t nhn, nhng khng c thng tin chi tit no. 4.2 4.2.1 Hin trng v cc vn v QLCTNTYT ti cc thnh ph nghin cu Cc bnh vin c kho st trong khu vc nghin cu (1) Cc bnh vin c kho st Cc bnh vin c kho st bao gm bnh vin cng cng cp trung ng, tnh v cp huyn cng nh cc bnh vin t nhn38. C 194 bnh vin cng (39 bnh vin cp trung ng, 81 bnh vin cp tnh, 74 bnh vin cp huyn) v 63 bnh vin t nhn ti Hi Phng (HP), H Ni (HN), Tha Thin Hu (HU), Nng (DN) v H Ch Minh (HCM) vo thi im chun b kho st. Trong s , 151 bnh vin cng v 21 bnh vin t c la chn kho st bng bng cu hi. S lng tr li l 172, chim 82.2% (80% bnh vin cng v 42.5% bnh vin t) trong s cc bnh vin hin c ti cc thnh ph nghin cu. S lng tr li c tm tt trong Bng 4-10 theo tng hng mc. C 108 bnh vin trong s 172 bnh vin tr li l bnh vin a khoa v s cn li l bnh vin chuyn mn. Bng 4-10 S lng v phn loi cc bnh vin hin c v c kho st ti cc thnh ph nghin cu
Thnh ph Bnh vin hin c Bnh vin tr li
C P D Pri Tng C P D Pri Tng HP 0 11 16 2 29 0 5 12 0 17 HN 32 23 16 20 91 18 22 16 5 61 HU 1 7 13 3 24 1 7 13 2 23 DN 1 11 6 4 22 1 9 6 4 20 HCM 5 29 23 34 91 4 26 12 9 51 Total 39 81 74 63 257 24 65 57 20 172 (Note: C; trung ng (bnh vin do BYT qun l), P; cp tnh, D: cp huyn, Pri; t nhn)
S ging bnh c tm tt trong Bng 4-11, cho thy s lng ging trn thc t ln hn s lng theo quy hoch. C th thy bnh vin ti Tha Thin Hu v Nng tng i qu ti vi t l 1.21 ti Tha Thin Hu v 1.41 ti Nng. T l qu ti trung bnh l 1.14.
38
Cc bnh vin ngnh do cc b/ngnh khc qun l khng nm trong danh sch kho st.
149
Bo co gia k
Bng 4-11 Tng s ging bnh ti cc bnh vin tr li kho st

Thnh ph HP HN HU DN HCM Tng S lng phn hi 17 61 23 20 51 172 S ging theo quy hoch 3,485 16,388 2,882 3,600 20,757 47,112 S ging trn thc t 3,761 19,210 3,617 5,084 22,147 53,819 T l qu ti 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.41 1.07 1.14
(2) Vic thc hin qun l cht thi ti ngun Tt c cc bnh vin tr li u phn loi ci vt sc nhn ti ngun c s dng nhiu loi thng khc nhau. Gn nh 1 na trong s cc bnh vin s dng cc thng nha rng qua s dng nh thng PET cho mc ch khc, ch yu l thng cha ung. 57 trong s 172 bnh vin tr li s dng thng theo quy nh i vi cc vt sc nhn. Theo Quy nh39, thng cha cht thi sc nhn phi p ng tiu chun cng v c kch c ph hp, hoc chng nc. Cc chai, x, can kim loi, thng nha rng cng c th c s dng lm thng cha cc cht ny vi iu kin chng cng. Mt cch tng th, cac bnh vin c kho st ti cc thnh ph nghin cu u thc c s cn thit phi kim sot cc cht thi st nhn v phn loi cc loi cht thi khc nhau c s dng nhiu loi thng an ton khc nhau. Bng 4-12 Dng c phn loi v thu gom cht thi ti ch
TP S lng tr li Thng cha vt sc nhn Thng rc theo quy nh 5 28 4 5 15 57 Thng nha 12 29 17 11 25 94 Hp khc 0 2 0 4 1 7 Khc 1 11 4 1 14 31 Ti cha cht thi ly nhim Ti vng 17 58 23 20 51 169
HP HN HU DN HCM Total
17 61 23 20 51 172
Theo quy nh, cht thi ly nhim phi c vo cc ti nha mu vng. Tuy nhin, 3 trong s 172 bnh vin khng s dng loi ti ny. Cc bnh vin khc, tng ng vi 95 bnh vin tr li, s dng ti theo quy nh v phn loi theo Quy nh: ti vng cho cht thi ly nhim v ti xanh l cy hoc da tri cho cht thi thng thng. i vi cng tc thu gom cht thi, hu ht cc bnh vin s dng thng nha c bnh v/hoc xe tay thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi ti ch. Xe tay v thng c bnh c th c s dng ng thi ti mt s bnh vin. Tuy nhin, cc dng c khc bao gm cc dng c vn chuyn bng tay c s dng ti 39 bnh vin. c bit nhiu bnh vin (!1 trong s 17 bnh vin) ti Hi Phng vn chuyn cht thi bng tay thu gom v vn chuyn ti ch. Cht thi, khi c thi ra, c lu tr trc khi x l ti ch hoc ti cc khu vc x l bn ngoi. Cc khu vc lu tr phi c trang b iu ho v h thng thng gi theo Quy nh. Tuy nhin, theo Bng 4-13, ch gn 1/3 cc bnh vin tr li c khu vc lu tr nh th. 31 bnh vin s dng phng chung lu tr cht thi tm thi v 45 bnh vin s dng phng khng c h thng iu ho v thng gi. ng ch hn l
39
Quy nh v qun l cht thi y t (Quyt nh S 43/2007/QD-BYT ban hnh ngy 12/12/2007 ca B Y t)
150
Bo co gia k
30 bnh vin khng c phng lu tr cht thi ring cho cht thi y t. c bit, mt na trong s bnh vin tr li ti Tha Thin Hu khng c phng lu tr. Kt qu ny cho thy mc d vic phn loi rc ti ngun tng i tt, nhng bc qun l ti ch tip theo nh thu gom v lu tr khng c tt ti nhiu bnh vin. Bng 4-13 Dng c thu gom cht thi v lu tr cht thi ti ch
Thn h ph S lng tr li Dng c thu gom ti ch Xe Thng Khc tay c bnh 2 4 11 32 25 15 1 14 0 9 5 6 30 27 7 74 75 39 C iu ho v thng gi 1 24 1 2 38 66 Lu tr cht thi Khng c iu Phng ho v thng chung gi 3 8 13 15 5 5 13 2 11 1 45 31 Khng c khu lu tr 5 9 12 3 1 30
HP HN HU DN HCM Tng
17 61 23 20 51 172
(3) Lng v loi cht thi Lng ca cht thi rn y t tu thuc vo c im ca bnh vin (chuyn khoa, s ging bnh, trnh cng ngh y t p dng, v mc nh gi v dch v sc kho). Trong Quy nh, cht thi y t c phn thnh 5 loi: cht thi ly nhim, cht thi ho hc, cht thi phng x, bnh nn v cht thi thng thng. Cht thi ly nhim, cht thi ho hc, cht thi phng x v bnh nn c coi l cht thi y t nguy hi. Cht thi ly nhim cn c phn thnh 4 loi: cht thi sc nhn (Nhm A), cht thi ly nhim khng sc nhn (Nhm B), cht thi ly nhim cao (Nhm C), v cht thi gii phu (Nhm D). Cht thi ho hc bao gm cht thi dc, cht thi ho cht c hi, cht thi t bo c hi v cc cht thi c cha kim loi nng. Bng 4-14 tm tt lng pht sinh cht thi y t trung bnh ti cc bnh vin c kho st trong khu vc nghin cu. Lng cht thi c tnh theo n v (kg) trn mt ging bnh. Lng cht thi y t pht sinh trung bnh t cc bnh vin nghin cu l 1.4kg/ging/ngy, 0.3kg/ging/ngy i vi cht thi c hi (21.4% tng lng cht thi) v 1.1 kg/ging/ngy i vi cht thi y t thng thng (78.6% tng lng cht thi). Cht thi ly nhim pht sinh l 0.26 kg/ging/ngy, chim 18.6% tng lng cht thi y t. Cc bnh vin thnh ph H Ch Minh c lng cht thi ly nhim pht sinh nhiu hn (0.36 kg/ging/ngy) so vi cc khu vc khc. Thng tin v lng cht thi ho cht, bnh nn v cht phng x cn rt hn ch, 33 bnh vin c thng tin v cht thi ho cht v 44 bnh vin c thng tin v cht thi phng x. c bit bnh nn ch c cc bnh vin H Ni xc nhn. S dng ngun thng tin hn ch . Lng cht thi phng x v ho cht c tnh ton ln lt l 0.03 kg/ging/ngy v 0.1 kg/ging/ngy.
151
Bo co gia k
Bng 4-14 T l pht sinh cht thi y t ti cc bnh vin cc thnh ph nghin cu
(n v: kg/ging/ngy) Tng s bng cu hi Cht thi ly nhim Cht thi y t nguy hi Cht thi thng thng Tng lng cht thi y t (cht thi nguy hi + cht thi thng thng) HP 17 0.13 0.14 1.09 1.23 HN 61 0.19 0.20 1.08 1.28 HU 23 0.17 0.17 0.96 1.13 DN 20 0.17 0.19 0.89 1.08 HCM 51 0.36 0.45 1.18 1.63 Tng 172 0.26 (0.23) 0.30 (0.26) 1.10 (0.97) 1.40 (1.23)
Ch thch: S liu trong du ngoc n dng Tng l t l cht thi pht sinh trn s ging thc t.
(4) X l cht thi y t X l cht thi ly nhim Vt sc nhn (Nhm A) l cht thi thuc loi kim tim, ng thng ng tiu, thu tinh v, gy st thng v mm bnh cho cc nhn vin y t v cc bnh nhn. Vic x l cc cht thi ny cn m bo an ton ngh nghip v v sinh mi trng trnh nhng nguy c tim nng. Phn ln cc bnh vin (140 trong s 172 bnh vin tr li) k hp ng vi URENCO x l nhng cht thi ny. C 14 bnh vin s dng l t ti ch v 7 bnh vin x l bng cch hu kim tim. V 7 bnh vin khc s dng phng php chn sau khi trn vi xi mng trong ng. C 2 bnh vin cng s dng hp kh trng nhng khng c bnh vin no ty nhim bng ho cht. Cc cht thi khng sc nhn (Nhm B) bao gm cc bnh c cha mu hoc nc v cht thi t ngi bnh t cc khu cch ly v do cn c bit ch trnh tip xc trc tip khi x l nhng cht thi ny. C 146 trong s 172 bnh vin k hp ng vi URENCO ca tnh x l cc cht thi ny. Tuy nhin, c 1 bnh vin H Ch Minh hp kh trng v 14 bnh vin t ti ch. Cc cht thi ly nhim cao (Nhm C) pht sinh t cc khoa c bit ca bnh vin nh phng th nghim hoc th nghim c th b nhim cc mm bnh ly nhim v do cn phi c ty nhim ti ch trc khi x l tip theo. 135 bnh vin la chn k hp ng x l vi bn ngoi. Tuy nhin, khng r l cc bnh vin ny c x l s b cc cht thi ny hay khng. S lng bnh vin tin hnh ty nhim bng hp tit trng v bng ho cht ln lt l 8 v 7. Mt bnh vin s dng phng php trung ho v 13 bnh vin s dng l t ti ch. Cht thi gii phu (Nhm D) bao gm m con ngi, ni tng, b phn c th, nhau thai, bo thai, v xc xc vt th nghim. C 14 bnh vin s dng l t ti ch trong khi 155 k hp ng x l bn ngoi. Ch c 20 bnh vin x l bng hp tit trng v mt bnh vin s dng ty nhim bng ho cht v 2 bnh vin x l bng trn xi mng. Cc cht thi ly nhim c x l bng cch k hp ng bn ngoi (cho URENCO) ti phn ln cc bnh vin trong khu vc nghin cu (78.4%~90.1% ph thuc vo loi cht thi ly nhim). Cc l t ti ch cng c s dng x l cht thi ly nhim ti mt s bnh vin, chim 4.6%~8.1% tu thuc vo loi cht thi ly nhim. Cc bnh vin ny c th nm xa trung tm thnh ph v khng th s dng dch v thu gom cht thi ca URENCO v do phi ph thuc vo cc l t x l cht thi y t.
152
Bo co gia k
Sc nhn
2 14 7 7 0
Kh trng kim tim t ti ch
Khng sc nhn
1 14 0
t ti ch Hp Hp Kh trng ha cht Kh trng ha cht
140
Ha rn vi xi mmg
146
Hp ng vi cng ty x l
Ly nhim cao
t ti ch
Gii phu
2 0 1 2 8
t ti ch Hp Vi sng Kh trng ha cht
13
8 7
Hp Kh trng ha cht Trung ha
135
Hp ng vi cng ty x l
155
Chn lp trong h b tng
Hnh 4-2 Phng php x l cht thi ly nhim ti cc bnh vin c kho st Figure 4-3 Treatment methods of chemical waste at surveyed hospitals Hnh 4-2 Phng php x l cht thi ly nhim ti cc bnh vin c kho st X l cht thi ho cht Hu ht cc bnh vin x l thuc ht hn bng cch k hp ng vi cc cng ty x l cht thi nh URENCO. Ch c 6 trong s 172 bnh vin x l bng l t ti ch trong khi 27 bnh vin tr li cho nh cung cp. 111 trong s 172 bnh vin c th khng bit cch x l ho cht c hi v k hp ng x l bn ngoi. Ch c 3 bnh vin x l bng l t ti ch trong khi 23 tr li cho nh sn xut v 28 bnh vin s dng chn xung h/b xi mng lm rn cc ho cht . Ch c 2 bnh vin bit trung ho ho cht c hi. V t l tr li tng i thp cho cu hi ny, nn hu hu cc bnh vin c v khng bit r cch x l ho cht c hi pht sinh ti bnh vin. Ch c 8 trong s 172 bnh vin t cc cht gy c t bo ti ch. Cn nhc c im ca l t lp t ti cc bnh vin, cht thi t bo c hi dng nh khng c ph hu mt cch hiu qu. Hu ht cc bnh vin (111 bnh vin) k hp ng x l cht thi t bo c hi. Khng phi tt c cc bnh vin bit cch x l loi cht thi ny. Cc phng php x l thng thng ti ch c s dng i vi cc cht thi c cha kim loi nng l chn trong cc b b trong sau khi lm rn (8 bnh vin) hoc trung ho (4 bnh vin). Tuy nhin, hu ht cc bnh vin (113 bnh vin) ph thuc vo phng php thu bn ngoi hoc tr li cho nh cung cp x l. Cc cht thi ho cht ch yu c x l bng phng php k hp ng x l bn ngoi ti cc bnh vin trong khu vc nghin cu. Tuy nhin, tr li nh cung cp cng l mt phng php thng c s dng x l cc cht thi ny. Cc cht thi t bo c hi nn c tr li nh sn xut, nhng khng c bnh vin no s dng cch ny. Mc d thuc t bo c hi t c s dng ti cc bnh vin, nhng s lng bnh vin tr li thu bn ngoi x l li ti 111. iu ny c l do ngha ca cht thi t bo c hi khng c cc bnh vin hiu r .
153
Bo co gia k
Ch t th i d c
3 22 6 24
Hon tr nh cung cp t ti ch
Cht thi ha hc
28 10
Trung ha
t ti ch X l ha hc Trung ha
16 106
Khc Hp ng vi cng ty x l
23 111
Ha rn vi xi mng Hon tr nh cung cp Hp ng vi cng ty x l
Ch t th i gy c t bo
Cht thi cha kim loi nng

4
6
t ti ch Kh trng ha cht Hp ng vi cng ty x l
8 11
Ha rn vi xi mng Trung ha Hon tr nh cung cp Hp ng vi cng ty x l
111
113
Hnh 4-3 Cc phng php x l cht thi ho cht ti cc bnh vin kho st
X l cc cht thi phng x Cc cht thi phng x c 112 trong s 172 bnh vin k hp ng x l bn ngoi. 14 bnh vin trn cc cht thi phng x vi xi mng v chn xung h. Mt s bnh vin s dng cng ngh trung ho. V khng phi tt c cc bnh vin u lm pht sinh cht thi phng x, nn nhn thc v x l cht thi phng x mt cch hp l cn thp. Thc th, ch c 5 trong s 23 bnh vin Tha Thin Hu pht sinh cht thi phng x vi khi lng l 0.5~5kg/ngy. Ch c 5 trong s 61 bnh vin H Ni lm pht sinh khong 47,7 kg cht thi phng x mi ngy. Bn cnh , 9 bnh vin trong s 51 bnh vin thnh ph H Ch Minh lm pht sinh l mt lng cht thi phng x l 198,27 kg/ngy (c cht thi lng v rn), v mt trong s 17 bnh vin ti Hi Phng tr li rng h lm pht sinh 3 kg cht thi phng x mi ngy. Cht thi phng x pht sinh ch yu trong cc phng chp X quang v b phn dc ht nhn. Mt s bnh vin pht sinh cht thi phng x dng lng ch yu t b phn dc ht nhn s dng cc cng ngh khc nh phn r v pha long mc phng x, v cc cng ngh ny khng thuc cc la chn sn c trong bng cu hi.
5 14 6
t ti ch Ha rn vi xi mng Trung ha Hp ng vi cng ty x l
122
Hnh 4-4 Phng php x l cht thi phng x
154
Bo co gia k
X l cc bnh nn 82.1% bnh vin tr li cu hi ny tr li rng h tr li cc bnh nn rng cho nh my/nh cung cp, trong khi 17% la chn k hp ng x l bn ngoi. X l cht thi thng thng Ch c 5 bnh vin s dng l t ti ch v hu ht cc bnh vin k hp ng vi cng ty x l (169 bnh vin). Hai bnh vin dng c hai phng php x l cht thi thng thng. Cc bnh ny s dng l t ti ch thng nm xa trung tm thnh ph v thng l cc bnh vin cp huyn. (5) Cc cng ngh x l cht thi ti ch Trong s cc bnh vin tr li, c 21 bnh vin c h thng x l ti ch, v cng ngh thng c s dng l l t (16 bnh vin), v hp tit trng (2 bnh vin) v l tit trng bng hi nc (3 bnh vin). Ti H Ni, 12 bnh vin c l t nhng 3 trong s khng c vn hnh v trc trc. Hu ht cc l t u c sn xut Hn Quc v Thu s v mt s c sn xut trong nc. Mt l t Tha Thin Hu ca bnh vin a khoa Hu (cng sut: 200 kg.h) v hai l t (l gch n gin) ca cc bnh vin cp huyn. Mt l t ca mt bnh vin cp qun ti thnh ph H Ch Minh khng c vn hnh.
Bng 4-15 Cc cng ngh x l cht thi ti ch cc bnh vin

T.ph HP HN HU DN HCM Tng S lngtr li 17 61 23 20 51 172 S bnh vin L t 0 12 3 0 1 16 Hp tit trng 1 0 0 0 1 2 L tit trng bng hi nc 0 1 0 2 0 3
H thng hp tit trng c s dng ti mt bnh vin cp huyn ti Hi Phng. H thng c cng sut 7kg/h vi thi gian hot ng trung bnh l 3h/ngy. Mt h thng tng t c s dng ti mt bnh vin H Ch Minh. L tit trng bng hi nc c s dng ti 2 bnh vin, mt ti H Ni v mt ti Nng. Ti Nng, c mt bnh vin khc cng ang lp t h thng l tit trng bng hi nc. (6) Chi ph x l cht thi Thng tin v chi ph x l cht thi y t trong trng hp cc bnh vin k hp ng x l bn ngoi, ch yu cho URENCO, rt hn ch. Chi ph x l cht thi nguy hi cao hn x l cc cht thi thng thng v chi ph thay i theo tng khu vc. Thng thng, URENCO p dng mc ph i vi cc bnh vin t nhn r hn bnh vin cng. Chi ph x l cht thi thng thng ti H Ni thay i t 160,000VND/tn n 421,000VND/tn. Chi ph x l cht thi thng thng ti Hi Phng v H Ch Minh tng ng l 420,000VND/tn v 100,000VND/tn. Chi ph ti Nng v Tha Thin Hu khng c cng b trong cuc kho st ny. Chi ph x l cht thi y t nguy hi Hi Phng tng i thp, 7,900,000VND/tn. Chi ph trung bnh x l cht thi nguy hi thnh ph H Ch Minh v Tha Thin Hu l 155
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12,000,000VND/tn trong khi chi ph ti H Ni v Nng tng ng l 9,400,000VND/tn v 8,100,000VND/tn. Bng 4-16 Ph x l cht thi bn ngoi (VND/tn)
T.ph HP HN HU DN HCM S mu 5 9 2 2 6 Cht thi y t nguy hi 7,900,000 8,980,000~9,878,000 12,000,000 8,083,000~8,172,000 10,000,000~14,000,000 Cht thi thng thng 100,000 380,000~421,000 NA NA 420,000
(7) H thng x l nc thi y t Trong 172 bnh vin tr li, c 92 bnh vin c h thng x l nc thi (53.5%), tuy nhin 12 bnh vin khng vn hnh h thng ny do mt s l do. 70 trong s 172 bnh vin khng c h thng x l nc thi (40.7%). c bit c ti hn 60% trong s cc bnh vin tr li ti Hi Phng khng c h thng x l nc thi. T l tng ng ti Hi Phng v Tha Thin Thu. H Ni ln lt l 64.7%, 60.9% v 59%. Gn 80% cc bnh vin ti Nng (80%) v H Ch Minh c h thng x l cht thi ang hot ng. Bng 4-17 S bnh vin c hoc khng c h thng x l nc thi
T.ph HP HN HU DN HCM Tng S lng tr li 17 61 23 20 51 172 Cng trnh ang hot ng 3 (17.6%) 22 (36.1%) 9 (39.1%) 16 (80.0%) 40 (78.4%) 80 (46.5%) Cng trnh khng hot ng 3 (17.6%) 3 (4.9%) 0 0 6 (11.8%) 12 (7.0%) Khng c cng trnh 11 (64.7%) 36 (59.0%) 14 (60.9%) 4 (20.0%) 5 (9.8%) 70 (40.7%)
Hnh 4-5 trnh by v nm lp t cc cng trnh x l nc thi ang hot ng ti cc tr li. Hu ht cc cng trnh c lp t sau nm 2000, c bit sau nm 2005. Trong s cc l do cc cng trnh x l nc thi khng hot ng, trc trc (v khng th sa) l l do ch yu, sau l thiu nng lc p ng tiu chun nc thi v qu ti ca h thng .
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Hnh 4-5 Thi im lp t h thng x l nc thi
Hnh 4-6 L do khng hot ng ca h thng x l nc thi
(8) Cng ngh x l nc thi Kt qu kho st bng bng cu hi cho thy cc cng ngh x l nc thi thng c s dng ti cc bnh vin c kho st c phn loi nh sau: Quy trnh sinh hc truyn thng (Loi I): Loi cng ngh ny bao gm mt b lc nh git v bn hot tnh v thng bao gm b ngang, lc sn, lc v lng cn, b lc nh git hoc bn hot tnh, li lm sch v ty nhim. Bn tha c cho vo b ngm kh nm trong quy trnh bn hot tnh, v bn c ly ra nh k t b lng cn. Quy trnh x l sinh hot tip xc (Loi II): H thng ny v c bn ging nh loi I, tuy nhin, c nhiu cht trung gian lm tng mng sinh hc c a vo (trong b thng kh tip tc) thay v cho quy trnh b lc nh git v bn hot tnh ca Loi I. Cng ngh thng c bit vi tn CN 2000 ti Vit Nam l cng ngh in hnh ca quy trnh ny. Quy trnh mng sinh hc (Loi III): Thay v b ngm kh ca loi II, mt l phn ng mng sinh hc (MBR) c a vo trong quy trnh. Cng ngh V69 ti Vit Nam l cng ngh in hnh ca quy trnh ny.
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Quy trnh sinh hc k kh (Loi IV): Sau qu trnh lng cn, nc thi c x l bng b k kh, tip l kt t/lng cn v quy trnh ty nhim. Quy trnh tin tin (Loi V): Nhng quy trnh ny bao gm quy trnh AAO (k kh thiu kh xy ho) v l phn ng theo m c kt hp vi b lc carbon hot tnh v/hoc quy trnh ty nhim bi UV hoc O3.
Hnh 4-7 cho thy cng ngh ph bin nht l Loi I, tip ln lt l Loi IV, Loi II, Loi III v Loi V. Loi I ch yu c s dng ti Nng (14 trong s 16 bnh vin), H Ch Minh (28 trong s 46 bnh vin), v H Ni (13 trong s 25 bnh vin). Loi III c s dng ch yu ti Hi Phng (4 trong s 6 bnh vin) v Loi IV c s dng ti Tha Thin Hu (7 trong s 9 bnh vin).
7 16
Quy trnh sinh hc truyn thng (Loi I) Quy trnh sinh hc tip xc (Loi II)
10 58
Quy trnh mng sinh hc (Loi III) Quy trnh sinh hc k kh (Loi IV) Quy trnh tin tin (Loi V)
11
Hnh 4-7 Cc h thng x l nc thi ti cc bnh vin c kho st. (9) Qun l cht thi dng lngs Mt s bnh vin c th pht sinh cht thi lng c cha nhiu cc cht nhim nh ho cht nguy hi, cc m ly nhim, hoc cht phng x kh x l c bng h thng x l nc thi tp trung thng thng t mc an ton phng trnh nhng nh hng xu n sc kho v mi trng. Nhng loi v mc cc cht thi lng thay i ph thuc vo bnh vin c cc b phn hoc khu s dng v thi cc tht lng nh th. Hnh 4- 8 trnh by cch thc cc bnh vin x l cc cht thi lng ny.
22 39
X l ring bit X l chung vi cc loi nc thi khc Hp ng vi cng ty x l
26
Khng pht sinh cht thi lng
85
Hnh 4-8 Qun l nc thi
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C khong mt na cc bnh vin tr li (85 trong s 172 bnh vin) trn cc cht lng v ra h thng x l nc thi tp trung. T l cc bnh vin ti Nng ln cht thi vi cc loi nc thi khc l cao nht, chim n 75% s lng bnh vin tr li, tip l H Ni (59%). Hi Phng (50%), Tha Thin Hu (38%) v H Ch Minh (33%). Ch c 15% cc bnh vin (26 trong s 72 bnh vin) x l cht thi lng ring bit trong khi 15% (26 trong s 172 bnh vin) k hp ng x l bn ngoi. 23% cc bnh vin tr li ti thnh ph H Ch Minh x l ring bit, tip l H Ni (15%). 23% cc bnh vin (39 trong s 172 bnh vin) khng pht sinh cc cht thi lng nh th. (10) Nng cao nhn thc v cc hot ng tp hun v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t Cc bnh vin mt s chng trnh nng cao nhn thc cho nhn vin y t ci thin cng tc qun l cht thi v nc thi y t. Cc chng trnh ny c th bao gm cc t ri hoc p phch, cc chin dch nh k, t chc hoc tham gia cc hi tho hoc hi nghi trong hoc ngoi bnh vin, thnh lp i hoc t chc chuyn v qun l cht thi v nc thi, t chc cc chng trnh o to/giodc, vv. Hnh 4.2.8 trnh by v cc chng trnh c cc bnh vin kho st thc hin i vi cc nhn vin y t. C th lac chn cng lc nhiu chng trnh.
Nc thi Cht thi rn
2 11 0 23 59 51
101
10 92
0 67 81
p phch, t ri Tuyn truyn nh k v qun l nc thi T chc hi tho trong bnh vin Tham gia cc hi tho vi quy m ngoi bnh vin Thnh lp ban/ b phn chu trch nhim v x l nc thi ca bnh vin
62
55
87
83
C chng trnh tp hun ring v vn nc thi Khc Khng r
Hnh 4-9 Cc chng trnh nng cao nhn thc cho cn b y t

Hu ht cc chng trnh thng xuyn c thc hin l thnh lp i hoc uy ban chuyn v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t. Tuy nhin, khng c bnh vin no s dng t ri hoc t bm nng cao nhn thc v qun l nc thi v c 11 bnh vin khng c chng trnh c th nng cao nhn thc v qun l nc thi. So vi qun l nc thi th vic pht cc t ri/t bm v chin dch nh k thng c s dng trong nng cao nhn thc v qun l cht thi.
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Nc thi
Cht thi rn
2 9 50 59
86
4
Tp hun/ gio dc thng xuyn v v sinh an ton lao ng v x l tai nn Tp hun nh k v qun l nc thi Tham gia cc hi tho t chc bn ngoi bnh vin Xy dng hng dn cho vic vn hnh trm x l nc thi
91
46
103 97
Khc
Khng r
59
Hnh 4-10 Tp hun/ Chng trnh gio dc cho nhn vin (khng phi cn b y t) Cc chng trnh o to/gio dc cng quan trng i vi cc cn b bnh thng ang lm vic trc tip v x l cht thi v nc thi y t nh cn b thu gom rc v cng nhn lm vic ti cng trnh x l ti ch. Mc d mt s bnh vin k hp ng x l vi cc cng ty chuyn mn bn ngoi, cc hot ng gio dc/o to vn cn c m rng n cc i tng cng nhn ny. Hnh 4-10 trnh by v cc chng trnh gio dc/o to c thc hin ti cc bnh vin. Cc chng trnh ny ch yu cho cc cn b bnh thng lm vic v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t. Hot ng gio dc/o to v an ton ngh nghip v cc bin php i ph vi cc s c, tp hun nh k v qun l cht thi hoc nc thi, tham gia vo cc hi tho/hi ngh t chc bn ngoi bnh vin, xy dng s tay v cc cng trnh x l l nhng chng trnh c thc hin ph bin nht nng cao nng lc cho cc cn b bnh thng. (11) Tm tt kt qu kho st T cuc kho st bng bng cu hi c thc hin trong thng 6 v thng 7 nm 2010, c mt s vn ng lu v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti mt s bnh vin trong khu vc nghin cu: Phn loi cht thi c t chc tt v thc hin ti hu ht cc bnh vin, c bit s dng nhiu loi thng cha kim tim v cc vn sc nhn, tuy nhin, mt s dng c cha vn khng cng ngn chn vic kim tim gy thng tch. Mc d vic phn loi cht thi y t c thc hin tng i, nhng nhng cht thi thng khng c lu tr theo ng Quy nh. 30 bnh vin khng c phng lu tr v thm ch c n 71 bnh vin c phng lu tr c s dng chung cho cc mc ch khc khng p ng theo quy nh. Lng chtt hi ly nhim v thng thng pht sinh ln lt l 0.26kg/ging/ngy v 1.10kg/ging/ngy. T l pht sinh cht thi nguy hi khc ngoi cht thi ly nhim l 0.04 kg/ging/ngy. Cn lu rng thng tin v lng cht thi y t nguy hi pht sinh ngoi cht thi ly nhim cn rt hn ch so vi thng tin v cht thi thng thng v cht thi ly nhim. Hin ti, hu ht cc bnh vin k hp ng x l cht thi vi URENCO t khu vn chuyn n x l cui cng. URENCO ti cc thnh ph nghin cu, ngoi tr Hu, c cc l t ring x l cht thi y t. Ti tnh Tha Thin Hu, bnh vin trung ng Hu c l t ring v tip nhn cht thi t cc bnh vin khc trong khu vc.
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16 trong s 72 bnh vin c l t ring v t mt s loi cht thi y t ti ch. Cc bnh vin ny thng nm xa trung tm thnh ph v kh tip cn dch v thu gom cht thi ca URENCO. Cng ngh x l cht thi y t ti ch thng c dng nht l l t nh, tip n l l tit trng bng hi nc v hp tit trng ti mt s bnh vin. Cht thi dc phm, ho cht nguy hi, cht thi t bo nguy hi, cht thi c cha kim loi nng v cht thi phng x c lng pht sinh khng nhiu nhng li i hi cng ngh x l c bit. Hu ht cc bnh vin k hp ng x l bn ngoi. Tuy nhin, cc cht thi c x l nh th no v u vn cha thc s r rng . Thng tin v chi ph x l cht thi y t cng rt hn ch. c bit chi ph xl ti ch thng khng c ghi li ring bit trong cc khon chi ph. C mt s t cc thng tin v ph x l cht thi ca URENCO l 7,900,000~14,000,000VND/tn cho cht thi y t nguy hi v 100,000~420,000VND/tn i vi cht thi thng thng. 70 trong s 172 bnh vin (41%) khng c cng trnh x l nc thi tp trung. Mc d c 92 bnh vin c cc cng trnh x l nc thi nhng 12 cng trnh khng c vn hnh do nhiu l do gm c h thng trc trc (v khng th khc phc), hot ng khng ng (khng p ng tiu chun nc thi), qu ti, v khng chi ph vn hnh v bo dng. Hu ht cc h thng c lp t sau nm 2000. C mt s cng ngh c s dng ti cc h thng x l nc thi ti cc bnh vin. 58 trong s 102 bnh vin s dng quy trnh sinh hc truyn thng nh cng ngh b lc nh git hoc bn hot tnh. Quy trnh t ip xc sinh hc, quy trnh mng sinh hoc v quy trnh sinh hc k kh c s dng ng u, khong 10 16 bnh vin s dng cc loi cng ngh . Cc cng ngh hin i nh AAO hoc quy trnh tch hp vi lc cacbon hot tnh, ty nhim bng UV hoc O3 cng c s dng ti 7 bnh vin. V tiu chun nc thi kht khe nn cc quy trinh x l nc thi hin i s c lp t ti nhiu bnh vin. Mt s bnh vin hoc c s/b phn thi ra cht thi lng cn phi x l c bit trc khi ra h thng x l nc thi tp trung. Tuy nhin, 85 bnh vin trn ln cc cht thi lng vi nc thi thng thng ra h thng x l. Ch c 22 bnh vin c cc h thng ring x l cc cht thi lng . 39 bnh vin khng pht sinh cc cht thi lng i vi cc chng trnh nng cao nhn thc cho cn b y t v cht thi v nc thi t, cc bin php ph bin bao gm t chc hoc tham gia cc hi tho v hi ngh, v t t chc cc chng trnh o to/gio dc ring nhm nng cao nhn thc ca nhn vin y t. Tuy nhin, vic nng cao nhn thc thng qua cc t ri/p phch l cng c c dng cho qun l cht thi y t m thi. i vi cc chng tnh pht trin nng lc cho cn b bnh thng lm v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t, cc hot ng o to thng xuyn v an ton ngh nghip, tp hun qun l cht thi v nc thi, tham gia cc hi ngh/hi tho, v xy dng s tay hng dn s dng cc cng trnh x l lcc bin php c p dng ph bin ti cc bnh vin.
4.2.2
Qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti cc thnh ph nghin cu (1) Thnh ph Hi Phng Cc c s y t S lng cc bnh vin Hi Phng c tm tt trong Bng 4.2.1, cho thy c 31 bnh vin a khoa v chuyn khoa vi tng s ging l 5,312. Ngoi ra, cn c 10 trung tm y t trc thuc S Y t (DOH), 15 trung tm y t cp huyn v 224 trm y t cp x/phng.
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Bng 4-18: Cc bnh vin v s giing bnh ti Hi Phng* C s y t S lng S ging Bnh vin cp tnh/thnh ph** 9 2,940 Bnh vin cp huyn 16 1,895 Cc bnh vin t nhn v ca cc khu vc 6 477 khc***
*: Ngoi cc c s y t, c 15 trung tm y t cp huyn v 22 trm y t cp x/phng vi tng s 1,120 ging. **: Trung tm bo v sc kho thnh ph (50 ging) v Trung tm sinh sn (10 ging) khng c litt k trn y. ***: Bnh vin i hc y (150 ging), Bnh vin giao thng vn ti (80 beds), Vin y t hi qun (140 ging), v tiu khu 7 (50 ging) v 2 bnh vin t nhn c lit k trong hng mc ny.
Qun l cht thi y t Hin nay, cc bnh vin Hi Phng pht sinh khong 5.317,6 kg cht thi hng ngy, trong 435,5 kg l cht thi y t nguy hi v 4882,1 kg l cht thi thng thng. Bn cnh , cc trung tm y t pht sinh khong 109,13 kg cht thi y t trong 13,03 kg l cht thi y t nguy hi. Cc c s y t s dng ti phn loi rc v lu tr theo Quy nh. Mt s c s y t c h thng x l ti ch i vi cht thi ly nhim trc khi vn chuyn n cc c s x l tp trung (l t v bi chn lp) ca URENCO, Hi Phng. Ti Hi Phng, URENCO l c quan ch cht trong qun l cht thi y t ca thnh ph. URENCO thu gom khong 16 tn cht thi y t hng thng. 5 bnh vin gm bnh vin Vit Tip, bnh vin Lao v bnh phi, bnh vin ph sn, bnh vin Kin An, bnh vin Nhi u k hp ng vi URENCO x l cht thi bng phng php t. Cc chtt thi y t pht sinh t cc c s y t khc thng c URENCO thu gom cng vi cht thi thng thng v ti bi chn lp rc ca URENCO40. Theo c tnh, lng cht thi ti ch c t cht thi y t l 1,68 yn/thng hay 20,16 tn/nm theo trung bnh41. L t ca URENCO nm cch trung tm thnh ph hn 30 km. V ph x l cht thi y t ca URENCO l 7,900 VND/kg, tng ngn sch m S Y T cn l khong 42 triu VND/ngy tng ng vi 1,3 t VND/thng, nu tnh theo tng lng cht thi pht sinh l 5,317.6 kg/ngy. Cht cn sau khi t cht thi y t c x l ti bi chn lp Trng Ct. Hin trng ca h thng thot nc thi y t Hin nay c 7 bnh vin c u t theo d n x l nc thi y t. Ti cc bnh vin khc, nc thi c trc tip ra h thng cng rnh hoc thot nc sng. Mt s bnh vin c cc h thng nc thi nhng cc h thng ny c vn hnh mt cch th cng v khng thng xuyn. Cc bnh vin ny cn phi lp t h thng x l nc thi x l nc thai y t p ng tiu chun nc thi. Hin nay Hi Phng c 3 bnh vin cp tnh gm bnh vin ph sn, bnh vin y hc c truyn, bnh vin tm thn v 14 bnh vin cp huyn gm: bnh vin Hng Bng, L Chn, Trung tm y t Kin An, bnh vin Hi An, trung tm y t Dng Kinh, bnh vin Thu Nguyn, bnh vin An Dng, bnh vin Vnh Bo, bnh vin An Lo, bnh vin Kin Thu, bnh vin Ct Hi, bnh vin Lng v Bch Long V. K hoch pht trin h thng x l rc thi v nc thi y t Cng vi s gia tng ca dn s, nhiu bnh vin tr nn qu ti v lng cht thi bnh vin tng ln nhanh chng Hi Phng. Tuy nhin, nng lc thu gom v x l cht thi bnh vin khng p ng c yu cu thc t v c th nh hng n iu kin v sinh ca ngi dn. Tm thi, S Y T c k hoch lp t h l t cht thi y t cho cc bnh vin c nhiu ging, bao gm k hoch pht trin h thng x l cht thi y t, vi tng
40 41
Da theo cc thng tin ca S Y T Hi Phng cung cp trong bui gp vi Nhm nghin cu JICA ngy 1 thng 10 nm 2010. Ibid.
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ngn sch u t c tnh l 98,9 t VND (74,5 t cho h thng x l nc thi v 24,4 t cho cc l t rc) vo cui nm 2015. Ngun vn d kin c ly t nhiu ngun nh ngn sch trung ng v a phng, h tr ca cc t chc trong nc v quc t v cc c nhn, vv42. Nhng thiu st v thch thc trong x l cht thi y t Trong qu trnh x l cht thi v nc thi y t ph hp vi Quy nh, Hi Phng vp phi nhng thiu st v thch thc di y: S gia tng nhim v nhu cu v chm sc sc kho ca ngi dn vt kh nng ca h thng x l cht thi v nc thi y t hin ny, c bit ti cc bnh vin cp tnh. Mt s c s chm sc sc kho cn c lp t v nng cp h thng x l cht thi y t p ng vi cc tiu chun mi trng. Chi ph u t ban u cng nh chi ph bo dng nh ca h thng x l cht thi v nc thi y t cao. Trong khi , ph vn hnh v bo dng h thng x l li khng c tnh km trong chi ph dch v theo ging, do , cc c s y t gp kh khn trong vic m bo chi ph vn hnh v bo dng h thng. S lng cn b tham gia qun l cht thi y t khng p ng nhu cu thc t. S phi hp gia cc ngnh v t chc vn cn hn ch v cha tn dng nng lc phc v cho cng tc qun l cht thi y t.
(2) Thnh ph H Ni Trc khi B Y t ban hnh Quyt nh s 2575/1999/QD-BYT ngy 27 thng 8 nm 1999 v Quy ch qun l cht thi y t, UBND thnh ph H Ni ra quyt nh s 52/1999/QD-UB ban hnh quy nh tm thi v qun l cht thi y t ti H Ni. Sau , cc trung tm y t qun l cht thi v nc thi theo c hai quyt nh trn. Gn y, S Y T c giao nhim v mi trong Thch thc v bin php i ph hoc x l nhim mi trng nghim trng ti thnh ph H Ni n nm 2010 gim st v ch o cc c s y t qun l v x l cht thi v nc thi y t mt cch ph hp. Cc bnh vin ti H Ni Ti H Ni c 16 bnh vin do B Y T qun l vi tng s ging bnh l 6680 v c 16 vin lin quan n y t do B Y t qun l bao gm vin nghin cu, o to v phng th nghim, mt s trong c ging bnh v tng s ging l 1030. Ngoi cc c s y t thuc B Y t qun l, H Ni cn c 15 bnh vin do cc b khc hoc cc ngnh khc qun l vi tng s ging l 3270, bao gm bnh vin do B Xy dng, B Giao thng vn ti, B NN&PTNT, B Cng nghip, B Cng an, B Quc phng, Tng cng ty bu chnh vin thng, v tp on dt may. Ngoi ra, cn c 23 bnh vin cp tnh, 16 bnh vin cp qun/huyn v 20 bnh vin t nhn. Qun l cht thi y t Phn loi cht thi y t c thc hin ti cc c s y t theo Quy nh ca B Ye t. Cc c s y t nu pht sinh cc cht thi ly nhim phi ng k vi S TNMT theo Thng t 12/2006/TT-BTNMT. Thng qua s phi hp v iu phi gia b phn kim sot ly nhim v y ban kim sot ly nhim ti cc bnh vin, 100% cht thi ly nhim d kin s c x l trc khi thi ra. Cc c quan ny c vai tr kim tra v gim st cc hot ng kim sot ly nhim v x l cht thi y t. Theo kho st ti ch ti 40 c s y t thuc S Y t H Ni v tnh trng x l cht thi v
42
Ibid.
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nc thi y t, cc kt qu c xc nh di y43: 14 trong 40 bnh vin c h thng x l cht thi ch yu ti khu vc pha T y, ch yu bng cc l t nh u t nm 2004 2005, trong : 2 bnh vin (Bnh vin a khoa Sn Ty v Bnh vin a Khoa H ng) vn vn hnh cc l t. 1 bnh vin (bnh vin a khoa Chng M) c k hp ng vi cng ty thu gom x l sau khi b hng l t. 11 bnh vin chun b d n u t mi thay th cc l t c sau khi cc l t c b hng. D n ny c UBND thnh ph H Ni ph duyt vo thng 6 nm 2010. 1 bnh vin (Bnh vin y hc c truyn H Ni) c d n lp t h thng x l nc thi. 26 trong s 40 c s y t ang x l cht thi y t bng cch k hp ng vi URENCO thu gom v x l bng l t.
X l nc thi y t Trong cng cuc kho st, mt s vn chnh v qun l nc thi ti 40 bnh vin cng c xc nh nh sau. 15 bnh vin lp t cc h thng x l nc thi y t v vic kim tra, gim st v vn hnh h thng c thc hin theo Quy nh. 25 trong s 40 bnh vin ang tin hnh d n lp t h thng x l nc thi. 12 bnh vin c ph duyt d n vi tng ngn sch l 48 t VND. S Y t xy dng xut lp t h thng x l nc thi y t ti 46 c s y t v trnh ln UBND Thnh ph H Ni ph duyt.
Ngoi cc bnh vin cng, H Ni cn c 20 bnh vin t nhn. S Y t ang tin hnh kim tra nh k m bo cc c s ny p ng quy nh v tiu chun mi trng trong qun l nc thi/cht thi rn. Cc bnh ny k hp ng x l cht thi vi URENCO.
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Da theo thng tin do S Y t cung cp trong cuc gp vi Nhm nghin cu JICA ngy 1 thng 10 nm 2010.
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V d v cng tc qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti bnh vin(1)

Bnh vin a khoa Xanh Pn, Thnh ph H Ni Bnh vin c 520 ging bnh theo thit k, tuy nhin s ging trn thc t l 570 v trong tnh trng qu ti ti mi thi im trong nm. Trong nm 2000, c 44.954 bnh nhn ni tr v 660.576 bnh nhn ngoi tr, v s lng cc ca tiu phu v phu thut tng ng l 26.490 v 7000, v c hn 3.000.000 ca th thuc. Bnh vin c 975 nhn vin y t lm vic. Bnh vin ang thc hin qun l cht thi theo Quy nh v s dng cc thng theo quy nh cho cc vt sc nhn, ti nha v thng rc theo m mu v thng rc c bnh v xe y tay thu gom cht thi. Lng cht thi y t pht sinh trung bnh: 30kg nhm A, 110 kg nhm B, 3 kg Nhm C v 10 kg Nhm D, tnt cng l 153 cht thi ly nhim; 1 kg thuc v 1 kg ho cht tng cng c 2 kg ho cht nguy hil 1040 kg cht thi thng thng. Bnh vin k hp ng x l cht thi vi URENCO. Chi ph x l ca URENCO H Ni l 9,878,000 VND/tn cht thi y t nguy hi v 160.000 VND/m3 i vi cht thi thng thng. Hin nay c 6 cng nhn trc tip v qun l cht thi y t. Chi ph qun l cht thi l 513,367,842VND/nm cho x l cht thi nguy hi v 142,272,000VND/nm cho x l cht thi thng thng v 144,000,000VND cho lng cng nhn. Trong nm 2008, nh my x l nc thi cng sut 600m3/ngy c lp t s dng cng ngh x l sinh hc. Lung x l nh sau: b ngang bng b ngm kh tip xc sinh hc(CN2000) lng cn ty nhim. Lngj nc thi x l trn thc t l 400m3/ngy. Tng chi ph u t l 33,300 triu VND trong 15.103 triu mua thit b. Hng thng, chi ph vn hnh v bo dng bao gm 8, 10, 2, 8, 0.5 v 1.5 ln lt cho cht t, dng c ho hc, ph tng, lng, x l bn v chi ph khc, tng cng l 30 triu VND/thnt. Phn tch nc thi do S TNMT H Ni thc hin 2 ln/nm, chi ph l 14,8 triu VND/nm. Bnh vin xut kinh ph i mi v lp t cc bm cht thi, qut gi v nn kh cho nh my ny. - Theo kt qu kho st phng vn ca nhm nghin cu JICA
L t cht thi y t v phng tin thu gom cht thi
L t cht thi y t
L t cht thi y t ca URENCO H Ni t ti Ty M, Cu Din, T Lim, H Ni, cch trung tm thnh ph 8km. L t c sn xut ti , l t kp (Del Monego 200) c lp t nm 2001 vi tng cng sut l 200 kg/hr. Chi ph u t l US$420,000. Hin ti l t ny t 4 -6 tn cht thi y t hng ngy thu gom t 70 bnh vin cng v 250 bnh vin t nhn v cc phng khm. URENCO c 3 phng tin thu gom cht thi vi cng sut l 2 tn. URENCO tnh ph x l cho cc bnh vin l 6.8 triu VND/tn bao gm chi ph ti nha 5kg v cc thng cha 240 lt. Kh thi c phn tch 4 ln/nm bi Vin y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng
X l ng khi
nh 4-1: L t cht thi y t ca URENCO H Ni
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(3) Tha Thin Hu44 Cc c s y t Cc bnh vin trung ng v ngnh Hu c cc bnh vin do cc b qun l: Bnh vin trung ng Hu (1,500 ging), Bnh vin i hc Y Dc (300 ging), Bnh vin qun i 268 ca Qun khuIV (100 ging), Bnh vin giao thng (100 ging) v bnh x ca cnh st, cnh st bin phng. Cc cht thi y t pht sinh t cc bnh vin ny ch yu c vn chuyn n cc l t c qun l v vn hnh bi bnh vin trung ng Hu v nm ti x Thu Phng, th x Hng Thu. Cc bnh vin cp tnh Hu c 7 bnh vin cp tnh vi 1,070 ging trong c 5 bnh vin chuyn khoa v 2 bnh vin a khoa, mt ti khu pha nam ( hon thin v s vn hnh t u nm 2011) v mt bnh vin cp tnh khc vi 500 ging ang c xy dng v d kin s hot ng vo nm 2012. Hu ht cc bnh vin k hp ng ca URENCO Hu vn chuyn v x l cht thi bi l t nh cp trn. Cc c s y t cp huyn v bnh vin t nhn C 10 bnh vin a khoa cp huyn/th x/thnh ph vi tng s 760 ging bnh v 10 phng khm khu vc vi tng s 185 ging cung cp dch v chm sc sc kho v t vn v x l s b cho ngi dn trong khu vc. Bn cnh cc bnh vin cng, tnh Tha Thin Hu cn c 3 bnh vin t nhn vi tng s 107 ging bnh. Cc bnh vin thnh ph Hu k hp ng vi URENCO vn chuyn v x l cht thi bng l t nh cp trn. Cc bnh vin khc cp huyn/th x c l t x l cht thi y t ti ch. Cc c s y t cp x/phng C 152 trm y t cp x/phng chu s qun l ca trung tm y t cp huyn/th x/thnh ph. Mi trm y t c t 3 5 ging trong mt ln iu tr trong ngy. Thng thng, cc trm y t ch t cht thi v chn. Ngoi ra, ti cp x/phng, c 285 c s y t t nhn v 145 c s y hc c truyn c tham gia vo t vn sc kho v iu tr hng ngy. X l cht thi y t c k hp ng vi URENCO Hu. Qun l cht thi v nc thi ti c s y t T chc v vn hnh 100% cc bnh vin thnh lp Hi ng qun l cht thi kim sot ly nhim v h c cc bui gp g nh k hng thng v hng qu cng nh cc hot ng quan trc. Cc bnh vin t chc cc kho o to cho cc nhn vin thu gom v x l cht thi.
Phn loi cht thi Theo kho st ti 19 c s y t thuc ngnh y t a phng, tng lng cht thi y t v cht thi thng thng pht sinh tng ng l 117 kg/ngy v 320 kg/ngy. 100% c s y t thc hin phn loi rc ti tng b phn v khu vc v c cc thng vi ti nha xanh cha cht thi thng thng v cc thng vi ti nha vng cha cht thi y t. Kim tim v cc vt sc nhn c vo cc thng cng theo Quy nh. Mt s bnh vin cc vt phm ny trong cc chai nha huyt thanh. Tuy nhin, mt s c s y t vn s dng thng rc khng c np v nhn hng dn v ln cht thi y t vi cht thi thng thng. Mt s bnh vin ti nha ti ch c lu tr cht thi tri vi quy nh.
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Da theo thng thin do S Y t H Ni cung cp trong bui gp g vi Nhm nghin cu JICA vo thng 10 nm 2010
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Trong hu ht cc phng X quang ti cc c s y t, khng c cc thng v ti nha mu en lu gi cc cht thi phng x v nguy hi theo Quy nh. 100% cc c s y t phn cng nhn vin theo th t cc b phn/khu vc ph trch thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi n cc kho cha cht thi. Cc nhn vin ph trch ti cc b phn/khu vc thc hin cc hot ng gim st v kim tra. Hu ht cc c s y t s dng xe tay vn chuyn cht thi v khng c thit b vn chuyn ring Mt s trung tm y t c kho cha cht thi vi tng, mi v ca kho, cch bit vi khu dn c v phng bnh. Tuy nhin, mt s c s y t khng c kho cha cht thi hoc h c kho cha cht thi khng c mi v tng ngn. Hu ht cc c s y t khng phn loi cht thi trit ti nh kho v mt s ln cht thi thng thng vi cht thi y t. Mt s c s y t cht thi ri rc bn ngoi nh kho hoc thi cc cht thi thng thng ra thng rc cng cng. Hu ht cc c s y t t cht thi y t t 2 3 ln mt tun c s dng du lm nhin liu t b sung. Tuy nhin, nhiu l t c hiu qu t rt thp do trc trc. Hu ht cc c s y t ti thnh ph Hu k hp ng vi URENCO vn chuyn cht thi y t n l t ti Thu Phng, th x Hng Thu. Tuy nhin, URENCO khng c phng tin ring vn chuyn cht thi y t v do s dng phng tin vn chuyn cht thi thng thng. Hu ht cc c s y t k hp ng vi URENCO vn chuyn cht thi thng thng n cc bi chn lp ti Hu. Mt s c s y t chn cht thi thng thng (hng thng hoc hng qu) khu vc ln cn cc c s ny hoc t hng tun. Hu ht cc c s y t khng c h thng x l nc thi p ng tiu chun. Hu ht cht thi lng c thi ra h thng thot nc ca bnh vin v thm vo t. Mt s c s y t c h thng x l nc thi ring bit.
Thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi
Lu tr cht thi
X l cht thi rn
X l nc thi
K hoch pht trin v ci thin Cc bnh vin cn t chc Hi ng kim sot ly nhim v qun l cht thi xy dng cc quy hoch chi tit v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t, tng cng cc hot ng quan trc nh k. Tt c cc c s y t cn phi thc hin o to v ti o to v qun l cht thi y t cho tt c cc nhn vin m bo vic phn loi cht thi hon chnh ti cc b phn/khu vc. Cc thng rc chuyn ng vi np v dng c vn chuyn cht thi chuyn nghip cn c cc bnh vin mua sm. Mi bnh vin cn phi xy dng nh kho cha cht thi ring bit vi hng ro v mi v nm cao hn so vi mt t. Trong nh kho, cht thi y t cn phi c lu tr tch bit so vi cht thi thng thng, cht thi phn hu v khng phn hu theo cc cng ngh x l cui cng c s dng ti bnh vin. Cc bnh vin cp huyn/th x hoc bnh vin vi din tch ln cn xy dng l t cht thi v hin nay lng cht thi y t pht sinh t cc bnh vin ny di mc 20 167
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kg/ngy. Tuy nhin cc bnh vin v c s y t nu nm cc khu ng dn c cn phi k hp ng vi cc cng ty vn chuyn hoc x l cht thi y t. Cng sut l t thng c s dng ti cc trm y t cp huyn/x v phng khm khu vc, vv l khong 10~15 kg/ngy. Hin ti nhiu c s y t khng c h thng x l nc thi ring bit. Do , nhm ngn chn vic cht thi lng ra mi trng, trc ht cc c s y t phi c k hoch xy dng ng i khp kn ti h thng thot nc ring bit. Mt khc, S XD c tnh rng lng cht thi y t pht sinh vo nm 2010 v 2020 tng ng l 8 tn/ngy v 16 tn/ngy, v cht thi y t nguy hi
H chn tro
Nh cha l t
L t
L t cht thi y t MZ2 (Hoval-25kg/h) c t ti X Thu Phng, thnh ph Hu. L t ny c qun l v vn hnh bi Bnh vin trng ng Hu. Theo ch o ca UBND Hu, l t ny c di chuyn ti a im hin nay t bnh vin Trung ng Hu vo thng 4 nm 2010. Din tch 2ha c UBND Hu cp. 5 cng nhn ca bnh vin trung ong Hu vn hnh l t. Tng lng cht thi l khong 1,000kg (750-800kg t bnh vin trung ng Hu v phn cn li 150-200kg t cc bnh vin khc). Tro t theo bo co c x l bng cch lm rn vi xi mng tuy nhin trn thc t, tro c trc tip xung h.
nh 4-2: L t cht thi y t ti Tha Thin Hu
V d v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t (2)

Bnh vin trung ng Hu, thnh ph Hu Bnh vin c 1,500 ging bnh nhng thc t c n 2,440 ging v d kin s c 2,820 ging bnh vo nm 2020. Din tch ca bnh vin l 10 ha vi 100 khu nh . Cht thi thng thng pht sinh vo khong 7m3 mi ngy c thu gom, vn chuyn v chn lp bi HEPCO. Cht thi y t nguy hi khong 150 800 kg/ngy c x l bi l t loi MZ4 c lp t bn trong bnh vin vo nm 2000 (nhng di chuyn ra ngoi bnh vin vo thng 4 nm 2010). L t ca bnh vin nm trn khu t 2ha thuc x Thu Phng, cch thnh ph Hu 20 km. L t ny tip nhn cht thi y t t hn 20 c s y t (bao gm c s t nhn). Bnh vin tnh ph x l l 12.000 VND/kg cht thi y t nguy hi t cc bnh vin khc chi tr cho cht t v lng nhn vin. Cht thi phng x pht sinh ch yu ti khu dc ht nhn v c x l trong b ring c cng sut ln hn 10 vng Nh my x l cht thi c c xy dng t nm 1987 vi cng sut 400m3/ngy dng cng ngh lng cn v lc. Nh my ang c nng cp vi s h tr t T chc ng Ty Hi ng (West Meet East Organization) vi tng vn u t l US$480,000. To nh cng ngh cao mi c nh my x l noc thi vi cng sut 200m3/ngy c lp t vi s h tr ca Nht Bn vo nm 2004). - Kt qu phng vn c thc hin bi Nhm nghin cu JICA-
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Cht thi y t nguy hi pht sinh chim 25% tng lng cht thi y t. Cng ngh x l cht thi y t nguy hi l cng ngh t45.
(4) Thnh ph Nng Cht thi v nc thi y t l mt trong nhng vn mi trng nghim trng nht cn phi x l ti Nng. Hu ht cc bnh vin c xy dng trong qu kh u nm khu vc t dn c v cng tc qun l cht thi v nc thi khng phi l vn ln ti thi im . Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin ca thnh ph, cc khu tr nn ng dn c v mi lo ngi ca ngi dn v cht thi v nc thi y t tng ln. Nng c 22 bnh vin, mt do B Y t qun l, 11 bnh vin cp tnh46, 6 bnh vin cp qun v 4 bnh vin t nhn vi tng s khong 4000 ging. Ngoi ra, c 56 phng khm cp huyn/x v 63 phng khm t nhn. Theo kho st phng vn ca S Y T Nng vo thng 10 nm 2009, 7 l t, ch yu sn xut ti Nht, ang dc vn hnh ti 2 bnh vin cp tnh v 4 bnh vin t nhn. Lng cht thi pht sinh ti cc bnh vin c tnh l 2,312 tn/nm vo nm 2008, v tng nh ln 2148 tn/nm vo nm 2007. Vo thng 1 nm 2009, Ch tch UBND Nng tuyn b rng tt c cc bnh vin cn vn chuyn cht thi y t ti cc c s x l tp trung. V thnh ph Nng cm s dng l t ti cc bnh vin k t 10 thng 1 nm 2010, tt c cht thi y t u do URENCO Nng t ti l t nm ti bi chn lp. Theo ch o ca UBND Nng, cht thi y t s c x l ti cc c s tp trung do URENCO s hu hoc bi do cc bnh vin trng tm s hu trong tng lai. Hin nay URENCO tnh ph cc c s x l l 7,300 VND/kg cho dch v thu gom v x l cht thi. H thng x l nc thi c lp t ti 17 bnh vin, 1 bnh vin trung ng, 8 bnh vin cp tnh, 4 bnh vin cp huyn v 4 bnh vin t nhn. Hin ti c 5 bnh vin khng c h thng x l nc thi. Hin ti, cc chuyn gia a phng ang phi hp vi S y t, Nng ang chun b d n lp t h thng x l nc thi cho cc c s y t khng c cng trnh x l nc thi.
45 Quyt nh 2298/QD-UBND ngy 06 thng 10 nm 2008 ca UBND tnh Tha Thin Hu ph duyt quy hoch v h thng thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn ti Tha Thin Hu n nm 2010 vi tm nhn cho nm 2020. 46 S liu ny gm c 4 bnh vin do cc b ngnh khc ngoi B Y t qun l.
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V d v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti bnh vin (3)

Bnh vin a khoa Nng, thnh ph Nng y l bnh vin cng v l bnh vin a khoa vi 43 khoa v 1,100 ging bnh tuy nhin s lng thc t l 2,000~2,200 ging. Bnh vin thnh lp ban qun l cht thi y t, lnh o ca ban l gim c ca Bnh vin a khoa Nng. Kho hc thng nin v kim sot ly nhim v qun l cht thi c t chc v kho hc ny ang c B phn kim sot ly nhim thc hin. Cc nhn vin tham gia kho hc khng ch l nhn vin y t m cn l cc cng nhn v sinh ca cng ty Hon M. Cht thi y t c phn loi ti ngun. B phn kim sot ly nhim c 2 nhn vin v y t trng c nhn vin gim st tng b phn i vi cng tc phn loi cht thi v vo thi im ny bnh vin bn cc cht thi ti ch c cho ngi mua ph liu. Cht thi c phn loi s dng nhiu loi thng hoc ti c cha chai nha PE, thng cc tong v cc loi thng khc cha vt phm sc nhn tit kim kinh ph (gi mt hp tiu chun: 12,000VND/hp). Thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi ti ch c thc hin vi xe y tay. Do s khan him ca qu t, bnh vin khng c nh kho cha cht thi theo tiu chun. Lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh l 200-250kg/ngy v chi ph thu gom v x l cht thi l 50 triu VND/thng (7,400 VND/kg). Lng cht thi thng thng pht sinh l 4-5m3 /ngy (thu gom 2 ln mt ngy) v chi ph x l l 25 triu VND/thng. C hai cht thi u c bnh vin k hp ng x l vi URENCO Nng vn chuyn v x l. Khong 20 25kg cc b phn c th hoc nhau thau mi tun c a n ngha trang chn. Cc cht thi ti ch c bn cho cng ty t nhn Lc Nhn. Lng cht thi ti ch khong 200 kg/thng i vi ba cac ton, giy; 300 kg/thng i vi nha PEl; v 3000 mnh v chai thu tinh. H thng x l cht thi c lp t ln u vo nm 1994 theo thit k ca c vi quy trnh lng cn v lc. Vo nm 2004, T chc ng Ty hi ng h tr nng cp h thng s dng quy trnh ho sinh (cng ngh c) vi cng sut 750m3/ngy (lng x l thc t l 500m3/ngy). Bn pht sinh t h htng ny khng nhiu do bnh vin vt bn theo nh k 5 nm. Lng cht thi lng nguy hi pht sinh t phng th nghim khng nhiu, v cht thi lng phng x c x l ti b phn ht nhn/ung th. Nc thi i t b th nht ni cht rn c lng cn, tip chy n ngn hai (20m3) ni nc c gi li trong 10 quy trnh phn hu mc bc x. Mt b c lm t b tong vi dy thnh b l 20 cm. - Kt qu thu c t kho st phng vn trc tip ca nhm chuyn gia nghin cu JICA-
(5) Thnh ph H Ch Minh C s y t47 Hin ti H Ch Minh c 113 bnh vin, 23 trung tm d phng y t, 322 trm y t v 9 trung tm chuyn mn khng c ging bnh, 24 phng khm v 3 nh h sinh vi tng s 28.183 ging. H thng y t cng cng bao gm 62 bnh vin ln ca thnh ph vi hn 25.952 ging bnh.
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S Y T thnh ph H Ch Minh: Hin trng qun l cht thi rn v nc thi sinh hot ti H Ch Minh, thng 11 nm 2010.
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Phng tin thu gom cht thi y t v tho d cht thi
CITENCO H Ch Minh s dng 2 l t x l cht thi y t, gm l t Hoval GG42 v MacroBurn. L Hoval x l 7 tn/ngy trong kh l MacroBurn x l 4 tn/ngy. Chi ph u t cho l Hoval v MacroBurrn tng ng l 22 t VND v 4 t VND. CITENCO c 11 phng tin thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi y t. Cng ty tnh ph 5 triu VND/tn i vi bnh vin cng v 6~7 tm i vi bnh vin t nhn.
L t Hoval GG42
L t MacroBurn
nh 4-3: Cc l t cht thi y t ca CITENCO thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Qun l cht thi y t Tt c cc bnh vin, c cng cng v t nhn, ti thnh ph H Ch Minh u k hp ng vi CITENCO, Cng ty mi trng th v Cng ty dch v cng cng ca qun thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi y t. Cht thi ca cc bnh vin cp huyn c thu gom chuyn ti trm trung chuyn ca Cng ty dch v cng cng qun hoc nh kho cha cht thi y t ca bnh vin qun. Tip CITENCO s vn chuyn cc c s t. S lng v cht lng ca cht thi y t Mt s nghin cu cho thy thnh phn ca cht thi y t trc khi t nh sau: 14.6% l kim tim/ng tim, 17,5% l ng huyt thanh, 33,9% l bng, bng v gc, 5,5% l cht thi gii phu v 28,5% l cht thi khng phn loi. Lng cht thi y t nguy hi t cc c s y t do S Y T, UBND cp qun, trung ng v ngnh, t chc t nhn qun l ln lt l 3,500kg/ngy, 540kg/ngy, 1,750kg/ngy v 1800 kg/ngy48. Qun l nc thi y t Tng lng cht thi t cc c s y t trn thnh ph c tnh l 17.276m3/ngy. Cht lng ca nc thi ca cc c s y t in hnh c tm tt nh sau: 6.9~7.58 pH, 210~450 mg/LCOD, 169~320 mg/L BOD5, 120~190 mg/l SS, 2.1~7.9 mg/L tng pht pho v 18.5~35.3 mg/L tng Nit. Theo kho st i vi 250 c s y t ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, cc cng ngh x l nc thi ph bin nht bao gm quy trnh mng sinh hc (39.2%), tip l quy trnh sinh hc truyn thng (21.6%), h n nh (12.4%) v loi khc (26.8%)49. Tnh trng h thng x l nc thi ti cc c s y t50 Cc bnh vin trung ng H Ch Minh c 21 bnh vin do cc b hoc ngnh qun l. Hu ht cc h thng x l
48 49 50
T l cht thi pht sinh c tnh l 0.2 kg/ging/ngy. Tng t nh ch gii 25. Ibid.
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nc thi c s dng u l quy trnh sinh hot truyn thng c cc b/ngnh u t trc tip. Gn y lng nc thi vt cng sut danh ngha ca h thng v khng p ng tiu chun nc thi do cn phi nng cp h thng. Trong s 21 bnh trung ng, c 9 bnh vin p ng tiu chun nc hti v 6 bnh vin ang c nng cp. 5 bnh vin trung ng ang chun b d n u t nng cp h thng. Cc bnh vin do S Y t thnh ph HCM qun l Trc nm 2002, hu ht cc bnh vin c qun l bi S Y t u lp t h thng x l nc thi theo tiu chun (TCVN5945:1995). Tuy nhin sau khi sa i TCVN5945:1995 thnh TCVN 6772:2000, hu ht cc bnh vin cn nng cp h thng x l nc thi. c bit trong nm 2006 v 2007, cc c s y t do S Y t qun l khng p ng tiu chun nc thi c kho st v h tr nng cp h thng nc thi. 10 bnh vin trong s 29 bnh vin do S Y t qun l hon thnh d n u nng cp trong giai on 2008 ~2009. V 7 bnh vin d kin s hon thnh vo qu 3 nm 2010, trong kh 8 bnh vin d kin s bt u d n vo qu 4 nm 2010 hoc qu 1 nm 2011. Cc bnh vin do Phng Y t cp qun qun l C 23 bnh vin, 24 trung tm y t d phng v 322 trm y t c qun l bi qun. Hu ht h thng s dng bi cc bnh vin dung cng ngh sinh hc truyn thng v qu ti so vi cng sut x l. 14 bnh vin p ng tiu chun nc thi. 9 bnh vin ang xy dng d n nng cp h thng. Cc bnh vin v phng khm t nhn Hu ht cc bnh vin t nhn lp t cng trnh x l nc thi p ng tiu chun nc thi. Tuy nhin lng nc thi vt qu cng sut thit k ca h thng ti nhiu bnh vin. Mt khc, h thng x l nc thi ti cc phng khm t nhn p dng cng ngh n gin vi b t hoi v quy trnh ty nhim. S lng bnh vin t nhn p ng tiu chun nc thi l 19 v 15 bnh vin c yu cu nng cp hoc m rng h thng. V d v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti bnh vin (4)
Bnh vin Ch Ry, thnh ph H Ch Minh y l bnh vin a khoa trung ng vi 43 khoa v 1800 ging bnh tuy nhin s lng ging trn thc t l 3,200~3,500. Bnh vin thnh lp ban qun l cht thi y t v trng ban l gim c bnh vin. Kho o to thng nin v kim sot ly nhim v qun l cht thi c t chc v kho tp hun c thc hin bi B phn kim sot ly nhim. Phn loi cht thi c thc hin theo Quy nh c s dng cc thng chuyn dng cha cc vt phm sc nhn, thng rc vng v ti cha cht thi ly nhim, thng rc xanh cho cht thi thong thng, thng v ti trng cho cht thi phng x v ho hc. Cht thi sau khi phn loi c vn chuyn bng xe y tay hoc thng 240L c bnh ti ch. Cht thi y t c lu gi ti phng lnh. B phn kim sot ly nhim c 2 nhn vin v y t trng c cc nhn vin gim st tng b phn v phn loi cht thi v vo thi im cc bnh vin bn cht thi ti ch cho ngi mua ph liu. Lng cht thi y t pht sinh khng 800 kg/day. Bnh vin c b phn dc ht nhn vi 20 30 bnh nhn, pht sinh cht thi phng x. Lng cht thi lng nguy hi pht sinh v d nh formalin hoc dung dch dialyzer khng nhiu v khng c x l ring bit vi nc thi khc. Cht thi phng x c x l ti ngun ti b phn ht nhn/ung th vi phng php pha long v phn hu. Nng lc ca nh my x l cht thi tp trung khng p ng lng nc thi thc t cng nh p ng tiu chun mi trng. Bnh vin xut mt h thng mi vi tng vn u t khong 82 t VND v cng sut l 4,200m3/ngy. Nh my trnh din h thng mi 150m3/ngy c lp t v vn hnh trong 1 nm. Cht lng nc thi khng p ng mt s thong s (NH4, PO4, hp cht ht nhn). Chi ph vn hnh nh my trnh din theo bo co t hn US$2,000/thng. - Theo kt qu phng vn ca Nhm nghin cu JICA-
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4.2.3
Cc vn chnh trong qun l cht thi v nc thi y t Qua kho st s b v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t ti cc thnh ph nghin cu qua cc ti liu. bo co hin c, cuc kho st bng bng cu hi cho cc c s y t, kho st thc t ti cc bnh vin v kho st phng vn ti cc b ngnh lien quan c cp trung ng v a phng, mt s vn trong lnh vc ny c xc nh. Mt s vn tn ti trong lnh vc ny nhng cng c mt s vn thuc lnh vc khc c hoc t c lin quan n qun l cht thi v nc thi y t. Nhng vn s dc xem xt v nh gi cn trng nhm tm ra cc bin php gii quyt hoc ci thin vn s c xut trong bo co tng kt ca nghin cu. Di y l cc vn chnh c xc nh bi nhm nghin cu. (1) Cc vn php l Quy nh v mi trng Trong Lut bo v mi trng v ngh nh, thng t c lin quan, cc c s y t vi hn 50 ging bnh phi chun b bo co TM trc khi bt u xy dng hoc cung cp dch v y t. Quy m ca cc d n i hi phi c TM khc xa so vi quy nh ti cc nc pht trin nht vi xu hng gii hn trong cc d n quy m ln c kh nng gy ra nhng tc ng ln n mi trng. Cc c s y t khi np bo co TM cho S TNMT hoc B TNMT c trch nhim lm bo co v hnh vi mi trng hng nm. Nhim v bt buc ny cng nh vic chun b TM c xem l lm tng thm chi ph v to gnh nngcho cc c s y t, c bit l cc c s quy m nh. Kh thi t l t cht thi y t c iu chnh bi QCVN 02:2008/BTNMT (sa i t TCVN trc y). Tuy nhin, dioxin trong cht t vn cha c phn tch ti Vit Nam. Mc d vy, cc l t quy m nh v khng c cc thit b hiu qu gim thiu dioxin di gi tr quy nh vn tip tc c lp t mi ti mt s trung tm y t. Tuy nhin, cng vn do B trng B Y t ban hnh (7164/2008/BYT-KCB ngy 20/10/2008) c ch ra rng l t hin c ti cc c s y t c th c s dng theo ng hot ng ca l t c xc nh c th, tuy nhin cc cng ngh mi c lp t phi l cc cng ngh khng khi nu l t khng c trang b cc thit b kim sot nhim hiu qu. Thng tu ny b mt s c s y t pht l. Tiu chun nc thi ca cc c s y t bao gm mt cc thng s c th i vi cc c s y t nh cht phng x, Shigella, Cholera vibrio, v Salmonella. Tuy nhin, cc thng s ny rt t khi c phn tch trong hot ng quan trc nh k. Tiu chun cht thi cho cc c s y t ch c tnh hnh thc bn ngoi. Hn na, mc quy nh ca mt s thng s khc vi mc ca cht thi cng nhip mc d mc ch s dng nc ti cc im x l ging nhau. Tiu chun v cht thi v kh t c p dng nh nhau bt k s khc bit v quy m ca c s y t v lng cht thi cng nh lng kh t. Cc quy nh v mi trng rt thiu kh thi nu tnh n phm vi nh hng ti mi trng. c bit i voi cc c s y t quy m nh th cc quy nh rt kh tun theo do thiu nng lc ti chnh v k thut. Cht thi ly nhim c coi l cht thi nguy hai theo quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B TNMT ban hnh danh mc cht thi nguy hi. Do tt c cac c s y t phi ng k ch ngun thi nguy hi v c ngha v cng b bo co hng nm v qun l cht thi y t bao gm lng cht thi pht sinh v phng thc x l khng ph thuc vo s lng cht thi ly nhim. Nu cc c s y t c h thng x l ti ch cc cht thi ly nhim th cc c s ny cn c ng k v c cp php xr l cht thi nguy hi khng ph thuc vo lng cht thi c x l. Nhng quy nh ny thiu thc t v to thnh mt gnh nng tng i ln c bit cho cc c s y t v mt ti chnh v k thut. 173
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Qun l cht thi nguy hi
Danh mc cht thi nguy hi cng ging nh danh mc ca Cng c Basel v lut trong nc tng ng vi cng c Basel vn cha c ban hnh. Trong dnah mc ny, im n (cng ngh x l) ca cht thi ly nhim c m t ch l phng php t. Khng c m t v cng ngh khng khi nh l vi sng hoc hp tit trng pht trin v c s dng rng ri trn th gii trong thi gian gn y.
Qun l cht thi y t Ngoi B Y T v B TNMT, B XD cng c vai tr v trch nhim trong qun l cht thi v nc thi y t, c bit i vi vic pht trin cc c s x l. Trong bi cnh , nhiu vn bn php lut c banh hnh bi nhiu b khc nhau. Mt s quy nh c s m t khng cn thit hoc khng thng nht. Ngoi ra, mt cc ch tiu i khi c ban hnh v pht trin h thng x l cht thi v nc thi y t. Nu nh khng c cng tc r sot cc chnh sch v mc tiu c a ra trc y, th chnh sch hoc cc mc tiu mi cng khng c ngha. V khng nhiu tnh c quy hoch v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t, quy hoch pht trin h thng x l ti cc c s y t cng ch mang tnh cc b v t pht do khng pht trin c hiu qu v theo ng k vng. Trong thng t ca B trng B Y T (7164/2008/BYT-KCB ngy 20/10/2008), B trng cng cp n nh hng bn vng v h thng x l cht thi v nc thi y t trong tng lai. Da trn nh hng , quy hoch cp tnh v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t cn c xy dng cn sm c xy dng. Quy ch qun l cht thi y t hin nay c sa i t quy ch c ban hnh nm 1997 theo quyt nh s 1895/1997/BYT-Q ngy 19/09/1997. Mt s ni dung trong Quy ch khng phn nh c hin trng hoc iu kin ca cc c s y t. Mt s ni dung thiu m t chi tit v y . iu ny to ra s nhm ln hoc hiu sai ti cc c s y t.
(2) Cc vn v qun l Nhn thc hoc quyt tm ca lnh o cc c s y t v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t vn cha . Khng ch c lnh o m c cc nhn vin y t v nhn vin bnh thng vn thiu nhn thc v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t. Mc d mt s hnh thc tp hun v/hoc o to c tin hnh nhiu c s y t nhm ngn chn cc dch bnh ly nhim, o to hoc chin dch qun l cht thi hoc nc thi y t vn cha c thc hin rng ri, c bit l i vi qun l nc thi y t. Quan trc hoc thanh tra mi trng c thc hin bi S TNMT (B TNMT). Ngoi ra, S Y t cng thc hin cc hot ng quan trc hoc thanh tra v cc vn hnh chnh ca cc c s y t bao gm cc vn mi trng. T pha cc c s y t ti tt c cc cp hoc ngay c cc c s t nhn, h thng quan trc v thanh tra hin nay qu phc tp v thng xuyn. Hn na, trch nhim hoc nhim v quan trc hoc thanh tra i vi cc c s y t do cc b/ngnh qun l ngoi B Y t vn cha r rng. X pht i vi nhng vi phm hnh chnh c xc nh chi tit trong cc quy nh c lin quan. Tuy nhin, th tc ra lnh hoc x pht qu phc tp nu p dng cho cc c s y t cc cp t trung ng n cp huyn hoc cp x cng nh cc bnh vin ca b v ngnh bao gm cc bnh vin do B Quc Phng hay B Cng An qun l. Ngn sch cn thit v khng c phn b ti nhiu c s y t cho cng tac qun l mi trng bao gm qun l cht thi v nc thi. y l mt trongn hng kh khn ln cn tr vic x l cht thi v nc thi y t ngay c khi cc cng trnhf x l c lp t. ng ch l chi ph mi trng s cao hn khi cc quy nh v mi 174
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trng cng cht ch, v s tng l hay thiu kinh ph dnh cho bo v mi trng hm nay s cng tr nn tng km hn trong tng lai. (3) Cc vn k thut Thng tin hoc d liu s cp v qun l cht thi v nc thi y t vn cn thiu do khng th xy dng cc k hoch pht trin hoc ci thin hiu qu v chnh sch v quy nh phn nh hin trng. Quy trnh la chn cng ngh x l nc thi v cht thi y t khng r rng v minh bch, c bit cc cng ngh nhp khu cha c tri nghim nhiu v do khng xc minh hiu qu hot ng ti Vit Nam. Hin nay, cc cht thi y t nguy hai bao gm cht thi ly nhim c k hp ng ch yu vi URENCO v mt s cht thi nguy hi nh cht thi dc, cht thi t bo c hi, cht thi hc hc c tr lai cho nh cung cp cc sn phm ban u. Tuy nhin, cc cht thi nguy hi c x l cui cng u v nh th no vn cha c r rng. H thng k khai theo di lung cht thi nguy hi khng hot ng hiu qu ti Vit Nam. Lung cht thi RI hoc cht thi pht sinh t cc c s y t khng c xc nh r. Mt s bnh vin c h thng x l ti ch (pha long v phn hy bc x), nhng h thng quan trc/kim tra khng c lp t hoc xy dng mt cch hon thin. Ty thuc vo c im ca cc c s y t hoc c im ca khoa/khu vc, cc cht thi lng cn phi c x l c bit v ring bit trc khi ra h thng thot nc thng thng vn pht sinh mt lng ng k. Cc cht thi lng bao gm cht thi lng ly nhim cao, cht thi c cha RI, cht thi c axit/kim, cht thi c cha cht hu c hoc cht ty nhim. Tuy nhin, cc h thng hoc cng ngh x l ring vn cha c p dng rng ri, gy ra thit hi ca h thng x l cht thi trung tm v lm tng nguy c vi mi trng v nh hng n sc khe.
4.3
L trnh ci thin QLCTRNTYT ti Vit Nam
Mt s L trnh v cc bin php nhm ci thin cc kh khn bt cp trong QLCTRNTYT c nu trong cc phn trc s c tp hp v trnh by di dng k hoch hnh ng nhm ci thin QLCTRNTYT. Trong phn ny, k hoch hnh ng c xut di dng nhng hnh ng c th v cc i tng lin quan chnh trong cc hnh ng ny. L trnh ny c nhm chuyn gia nghin cu xut ch yu da trn kt qu ca kho st thc hin trong nghin cu. Trong thi gina bo co ny hoh thin, c thng tin cho bit MOH v MOC l hai b lin quan trc tip n QLCTRNTYT cng ang chun b a ra quy hoch QLCTRNTYT trnh th tng ph duyt. Chnh v vy, trong giai on thc hin k hoch hnh ng c nu ra trong y cn c xem xt hi ha, ph hp vi hai quy hoch nu. Ngoi ra, k hoch hnh ng ny cng a ra cc t l thc hin cng trong cc nm mc tiu. Chnh v vy, vic thc hin k hoch hnh ng trong s kt hp vi cc k hoch pht trin ca ngnh l ht sc quan trng. . 4.3.1 Chin lc v k hoch pht trin ca chnh ph
Chin lc v cc k hoch pht trin QLCTRNTYT ca chnh ph trong nu cc mc tiu v QLCTRNTYT sau nm 2010 c khi qut sau y: (1) Quyt nh s1873/2009/QD-BYT: K hoch BVMT trong ngnh y t giai on 2009-2015. Nhm mc tiu bo v sc khe cng ng v sc khe lao ng v gim thiu tc ng n mi trng do cc c s y t gy ra, quyt nh ny c ban hnh vo ngy 28/05/2009. Mc tiu c th a ra trong quyt nh ny bao gm: (i) R sot v ci thin cc vn bn lin quan n bo v 175
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mi trng trong ngnh y t; (ii) m bo vic lp t cc thit b x l CTYT; (iii) tng cng cng tc thanh tra, kim tra gim st v phn tch cc tc ng n mi trng v sc khe cng ng ca cc c s y t; (iv) ci thin nng lc cc cn b ph trch mi trng ti cc c s y t; v (iv) nhm nng cao thc bo v mi trng i vi cc cn b y t, chnh quyn a phng v cng ng. Cc mc tiu sau y c ra, phn u n nm 2015: 100% bnh vin tuyn trung ng, 70% tuyn tnh v 50% tuyn huyn x l cht thi y t m bo cc tiu chun mi trng, 100% cc c s y t c cn b phc trch mi trng c o to v x l cht thi y t v gim st mi trng, 100% cc cn b y t c tp hun v cc quy nh x l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng trong ngnh y t, v 100% cc cn b y t, bnh nhn v ngi nh bnh nhn c thc bo v mi trng. (2) Cng vn s 7164/BYT- KCB ban hnh ngy 20/10/2008 ca b trng B Y t v vic tng cng h thng qun l cht thi ti cc c s y t Cng vn ca B trng cp n L trnh qun l cht thi y t trn c kha cnh cng ngh v h thng, thc y vic lp k hoch qun l cht thi nguy hi ti cc c s y t do S y t a phng qun l nh n nm 2010, 100% cht thi y t nguy hi s c x l m bo yu cu mi trng. (3) Quyt nh s 30/2008/QD-TTg ngy 22/2/2008 ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin mng li y t n nm 2010, tm nhn 2020. Quyt nh ny a ra cc L trnh nhm xy dng v pht trin mng li y t ph hp vi hon cnh kinh t x hi ca Vit Nam nhm mc ch nng cao cht lng y t ti mc cc nc pht trin trong khu vc. Quyt nh ny nu ra mc tiu n nm 2010 s c 80% v n nm 2020 l 100% cc c s y t s c h thng x l CTYT ring t tiu chun mi trng.. Cc mc tiu c th v h thng QLCTRNTYT trong cc chin lc v k hoch pht trin c nu trong Bng - 4.22 cng vi cc mc tiu nu trong Quyt nh 2149/2009/QD-TTg ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v Qun l tng hp CTR n nm 2025 L trnh 2050. Trong , mt s cc mc tiu c thit lp cho cc nm qua vn cha t c. Bng 4-22 Cc ch tiu trong QLCTRNTYT ti Vit Nam
K hoch/ Chin lc Chin lc quc gia v BVMT n nm 2010 v tm nhin 2020. (Quyt nh s.256/2003/QD- TTg) Qun l cht thi rn ti cc th v khu cng nghip (Ch th s 23/2005/CT-TTg) Ph chun Quy hoch Pht trin mng li y t n nm 2010 tm nhn 2020. (Quyt inh s 30/2008/QD -TTg) Cng c h thng qun l v x l cht thi y t (Cng vn s 7164/ BYT-KCB) Nm ban hnh 2003 2005 Mc tiu 100% lng cht thi y t nguy hi thu gom c x l. 100% lng cht thi y t nguy hi c x l theo ng tiu chun. 80% cc c s y t c h thng x l cht thi y t ring m bo tiu chun ca BYT 100% cc c s y t c h thng x l cht thi y t ring m bo tiu chun ca BYT 100% cc c s y t trc thuc S y t x l CTYT t tiu chun mi trng Nm mc tiu 2010 2010 2010 2020 2010
2008
2008
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Ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v Qun l tng hp CTR n nm 2025 tm nhn 2050 (Quyt nh s 2149/2009/QD-TTg)
85% cht thi y t khng nguy hi v 70% cht thi y t nguy hi c thu gom v x l. 2009 100% CTYT khng nguy hi v nguy hi c thu gom v x l. 100% c s y t tuyn trung ng, 70% c s y t tuyn tnh, 50% c s y t tuyn huyn x l CTYT t tiu chun mi trng. 100% cc c s y t c cn b phc trch mi trng c o to v x l cht thi y t v gim st mi trng 100% cc cn b y t c tp hun v cc quy nh x l cht thi y t, bo v mi trng trong ngnh y t, 100% cc cn b y t, bnh nhn v ngi nh bnh nhn c thc bo v mi trng.
2015 2020 2015 2015 2015 2015
K hoch BVMT trong ngnh y t trong giai on 2009 n 2015 (Quyt nh s 1873/2009/QDBYT)
2009
4.3.2
K hoch hnh ng xut nhm ci thin QLCTRNTYT ti Vit Nam
Cc mc tiu ca L trnh c nu trong Bng 4-23. L trnh c xut nhm thc hin cc mc nh sau y: Thit lp h thng cc vn bn php l v cng ngh cn thit cho cng tc QLCTRNTYT, Thit lp h thng QLCTRNTYT ti cc c s y t, Pht trin cng ngh v h thng QLCTRNTYT ng n, v Thit lp c ch ti chnh nhm m bo ngn sch thc hin v duy tr.
Chi tit ca xut c nu trong bng 4-23 trong th hin cc chng trnh c th v cc c quan thc hin, c quan phi hp v cc chng trnh JICA c th hp tc h tr.
Bng 4-23 Cc chng trnh v mc tiu TT 1 2 3 4 Chng trnh Thit lp chin lc v QLCTRNTYT Ci thin cc quy nh v QLCTRNTYT Thit lp v ci thin cc hng dn v QLCTRNTYT Thit lp/ Ci thin h thng QLCTRNTYT trong ngnh y t v ngnh QLMT ti cp trung ng v a phng. Thit lp/ Ci thin h thng v t chc v QLCTRNTYT trong cc c s y t Pht trin cng ngh QLCTRNTYT Lp t v ci thin cc cng trnh QLCTRNTYT Thit lp c ch ti chnh Mc tiu Cc chnh sch v chin lc v QLCTRNTYT c nu r rng v thc hin Vai tr v trch nhim ca cc n v lin quan c nu r v h thng QLCTRNTYT c ci thin Cc c s y t thc hin theo ng cc hng dn v QLCTRNTYT QLCTRNTYT trong ngnh y t v ngnh QLMT ti cp trung ng v a phng c ci thin QLCTRNTYT ti cc c s y t c nng cao do chnh cn b ca ca c s. QLCTRNTYT ti cc c s y t c qun l v thc hin bi chnh cc cn b ca c s. Tt c cc c s y t c p dng cc cng ngh x l CTYT theo cng ngh ca cc nc pht trin Tt c cc c s y t c lp t cc cng trnh x l CTYT ph hp Ngn sch dnh cho QLCTRNTYT c m bo tt c cc c s y t
6 7 8
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BC Nghien Cuu Ve Quan Ly CTR Tai VN

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C QUAN HP TC QUC T NHT BN (JICA) NC CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th ti Vit nam

BO CO TIN 2 Tp 06 Bo co nghin cu v qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

CNG TY TNHH NIPPON KOEI CNG TY TNHH YACHIYO ENGINEERING

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

CHNG 1 QUN L CHT THI RN VIT NAM

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Bng 1-2 Lng cht thi pht sinh Vit Nam

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

CHNG 2 QUN L CHT THI RN TH (QLCTRT)

o Xy dng v qun l k hoch xy dng c s h tng v cht thi cp quc gia v

Hnh 2-1 S t chc B xy dng v cc V/Cc lin quan

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Hnh 2-2 S t chc MONRE v cc b phn lin quan v QLCTR

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

MPI & MOF

Cht thi rn cng nghip

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

MOC and MONRE

MONRE, MOC, MARD, MOIC, MOH, MOET v cc b lin quan

MOC, MONRE v cc b lin quan

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

C quan xy dng MONRE

C quan thc hin

DONREs, VEPA (MONRE)

MOF,MONRE, cc B lin quan v cc y ban nhn dn tnh

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Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

Tp 6: Bo co Nghin cu Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam

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MOC, MOF, MPI, PC

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Nghin cu Qun l mi trng th Vit Nam

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