CONG NGHE NANO VA CAC UNG DUNG CUA ONG NANO CACBON

1- X l cht thi c hi bng cng ngh nano Th nm, 5/4/2001 Di tc ng ca nh sng khuch tn, vt liu bn dn c kch thc nano c th ph v cc lin kt hu c c hi. Khai thc kh nng ny, cc nh khoa hc ng dng vt liu bn dn TiO2 lm sch mi trng. T nm 1996, cc vin thuc Trung tm Khoa hc t nhin v Cng ngh quc gia, bao gm Vin Vt l ng dng v Thit b khoa hc, Vin Ha hc, Phn vin Vt liu ti TP HCM, Vin K thut nhit i hp tc s dng cng ngh nano nghin cu vt liu bn dn ny. ti tp trung vo nghin cu cng ngh ch to lp ph TiO2 c kch thc ht nano ln mt s loi vt liu khc nhau, dng phn hy cc hp cht hu c gy nhim nh khi thi xe c, khi thuc l v cc ha cht c trong nc thi, thuc tr su... nh tc ng khuch tn ca nh sng. Da trn cc kt qu nghin cu c bn, hin nay, cc nh khoa hc thit k v ch th thnh cng tm panen quang xc tc TiO2 c cu trc nano xp a vo mt s thit b lm sch mi trng nh my kh mi, lm sch khng kh, h thng lc nc. ng dng trn th gii i u trong ng dng hiu ng quang xc tc mnh ca vt liu bn dn TiO2 lm sch mi trng l Nht Bn v M. Rt nhiu cc sn phm mi ra i nh gch men c kh nng t lm sch v dit vi khun dng cho cc bnh vin, h thng lc nc s dng nh sng t ngoi v TiO2 kh cc cht c hu c cn st li trong nc sau khi x l bng cc phng php thng thng, thit b lm sch khng kh v mi TiO2 l vt liu rt bn, khng c hi, r tin v c th ch to Vit Nam. Vt liu ny c s dng rng ri trong cuc sng. Tuy vy, vic s dng tnh cht quang xc tc ca TiO2 ht siu mn (ht c kch thc vi chc nano) lm sch mi trng cn l vn rt mi m nc ta. SGGP, 2- Cng ngh Nano v v kh vi nh Th by, 16/6/2001 Cc chuyn gia v kh M cho bit, trong khong 5 nm ti, mt i qun vi hnh s c thnh lp t cc loi v kh vi nh trn c s cng ngh Nano. Chin tranh tng lai s l cuc chin ca v s cc loi thit b b ti vi nhng u im qun s cha tng thy. Kp t hon c th gp nhng vt c kch thc bng 500 nm (1 nm bng 1/t mt C tnh bo l mt trong nhng thit b thm thnh trc a vi nh c thit k bng cng ngh Nano (cng ngh sn xut cc thit b cc nh). Nhn b ngoi, n c hnh dng nh mt cng c tht. Bn trong, ngi ta lp t my nh, thit b trinh st v b cm ng siu nhy cm.

Nh cc thit b ny, c tnh bo c kh nng nhn bit c nhng chn ng v m thanh pht ra t xe tng, xe tc chin ang vn chuyn c ly trn 100 m. N cng c th t ng nh v, nh hng v vt qua cc chng ngi vt.

Con b in t l loi v kh c kch c nh nh mt con rui. N c phng ra t hng lot bng my bay, i pho, hoc v kh b binh. Ngi ta cng c th b tr chng gn h thng truyn tin v h thng v kh ca i phng bng bin php th cng. Chng c th dng thnh mt mng li trinh st hiu qu cao ti mt v tr c bit no , nng cao s lng tin tc chin trng thu c. Cng da trn cng ngh Nano, mi y b phn thc nghim thuc i hc Illinois, M thit k mt phi c tnh bo vi nh c chiu di khong 15 cm. N c kh nng bay lin tc trong 60 pht, hnh trnh t ti 16 km. Phi c gin ip ny cn c th bay trong mt vt th kin trc hoc gn mt thit b m radar thng thng khng pht hin c. Trong m ti, phi c c th chp nh hng ngoi cc k r nt ri bo v b phn tc chin, hng dn cc ng n tn cng chnh xc vo mc tiu. Gn y ngi c ch to thnh cng mt my bay trc thng vi kch c ch bng mt con cnh cam, nng khng ti 0,5 gr, c kh nng bay cao 130 m. B phn khi ng ch nh nh ngi bt, nhng tn s cnh qut c th ln ti 100.000 vng/pht. T cng ngh Nano, ngi ta cn sn xut v tinh c th tch rt nh v nh, do vy, ch cn dng mt tn la y nh cng c th phng ln trm nghn v tinh mt lc, t hp thnh mng v tinh theo nhng qu o khc nhau. Chng s theo di tng ng ngch ca tri t nm r tnh hnh chin s. Hin nay, Trung Quc ch to thnh cng v tinh Nano mang tn TBNS1, c trng lng di 10 kg. H c k hoch phng th nghim vo cui nm nay. Ngi Lao ng 3- Ni hai ng nano bng "dy carbon" Th ba, 26/6/2001

Cc nh khoa hc c va gii c bi ton thuc loi hc ba nht trong k thut vi mch: Ni hai ng nano c ng knh 2 phn triu milimt bng mt mi hn carbon c th dn in. Trc nay, ngi ta mi ch ni c cc ng nano c ng knh 20 nm (1 nm = 1 phn triu mm) bng dy kim loi. V vy, phm vi ng dng ng nano trong k thut siu vi mch (vi cc dy dn siu nh) b hn ch. Gio s Florian Banhart, i hc Ulm, c dng mt chm in t chiu vo im ni gia hai ng nano hn chng li vi nhau. Bng k thut ny, ng c th khoanh chiu chnh xc khu vc ni tip (ng knh khong 1 nm) t nng. Di tc dng ca chm in t, ti im ni, carbon ca hai ng nano chy ra, to thnh mt cng tc grafit (than ch) c kh nng dn in tt.

Mi hn c tc dng nh si dy xanh ny dn in gia hai ng nano

ng nano l cc loi ng dn bng carbon c ng knh rt nh (ch vi phn triu mm). Tu theo chiu dng in chy qua, n c th tr thnh dy dn, bn dn hoc in tr. Nh nhng tnh cht ny, ng nano c s dng nh nhng b phn dn - ngt trong vi mch. Tuy nhin, ni cc ng nano c ng knh nh hn 20 nm li vi nhau bng cng tc in l vic rt kh khn. y cng l tr ngi chnh cho vic ng dng ng nano trong k thut vi mch in t. Nhng vi k thut "dy carbon" ca Banhart, tr ngi ny c gii quyt. Minh Hy (theo Nature, Bild der Wissenschaft) 2

4- Cng ngh nano gip phc sinh cc bc bch ha ng dng cng ngh nano, cc nh khoa hc cho ra i nhng ht vi ti su cnh, kch thc ch khong 100-250 nanomt (1 nanomt bng 1 phn triu mm) c th gip trm nhng khe nt trn cc bc tranh sn mu v trn tng, cn gi l bch ha. Vo thi Phc hng, cc ho s u dng k thut sn mu trc tip ln lp va tng m t. Khi kh ro, mu v va kt li rt chc. Nhng qua s tn ph ca thi gian, n nay lp sn pha trn b bong trc, nt n, gy lo ngi cho cc nh bo tn, c bit cc vng c kh hu m t. Piero Baglioni cc ng nghip ti i hc Florence () cho nhng tinh th vi ti (calcium hydroxide) ho tan vi cn ri ph ln bc tranh. Sau khi cn bay hi, cc tinh th vi s hp thu nc v CO2 ri kt hp vi calcium carbonate trong lp sn v va bn di. Nh vy, cc khe nt s c gn li bng mt cht kt dnh gn nh v hnh. Tui Tr (theo ABC News) 5- Cng ngh nano tc tng b ch to bng hng cu 17/8/2001 Cc nh khoa hc i hc Osaka, Nht, mi y thc hin c mt tc phm iu khc c o v l mt k cng: dng tia laser tc tng mt con b bng nha trong, c kch thc ch to bng mt hng cu trong mu. Con b t hon cng c hai tai, ui v cc bp tht. Thnh cng ny m ng cho vic ch to cc thit b nh xu phc v cc cuc vi phu trong c th ngi.

Bc tng con b ny di 10 micromet (1micromet bng 1/1.000 milimet) nn ch c th chim ngng c qua knh hin vi in t m thi. N cng c cc chi tit nh hai ci sng, ui v cc bp tht, c tc bng k thut bn tia laser di s kim sot ca mt chng trnh in ton. Theo k thut ny, nha s ng c li ti nhng ni hai tia laser gp nhau. Trc y, nhng bc tng c kch thc nh nh vy mi ch c gii hn bng nhng b mt hai chiu ri dn keo li vi nhau to thnh hnh nh ba chiu nn tc phm trng rt th s. Ngoi ra nhm nghin cu cn tc c mt l xo nh xu cng bng cht nha , c th co gin nh mt l xo thng thng. Tui Tr (theo BBC 6- IBM ng dng cng ngh nano trong chip my tnh 27/8/2001

Nano carbon s thay th silicon.

IBM hm qua (26/8) tuyn b ch to thnh cng vi mch my tnh nh nht th gii, gm hai transitor, c lm t mt phn t cacbon n l. Bc tin ny c th dn ti s ra i cc my tnh mnh hn, nhng tiu th t in nng. 3

B chip ny c mt ng nano carbon, mt chui cc nguyn t carbon kt ni theo dng ng. IBM cho bit, kch thc ca n mng hn si tc 100.000 ln. Cng ngh ng nano c coi l hng mi trong s pht trin ca cng ngh my tnh. Cc ng nano carbon l ng c vin hng u thay th cho cht liu silicon. IBM cng cng b k hoch pht trin cc chc nng ng dng phc tp hn cho my tnh vi cng ngh nano. 7- Cng ngh nano ch to qun phc chng c 11/9/2001

m bo an ton tnh mng cho binh s trong chin trn c s dng v kh ho hc v sinh hc, cc nh nghin cu M mi ch to mt loi qun phc chng c, s dng cng ngh nano. Qun o c dt t cc si cc mnh, cho php khng kh lt qua, nhng li ngn hi c. "Khng h n gin khi ta kt ni nhng si cc mnh trong mt b qun phc", Tom Tassinari thuc Trung tm Natrik ca Qun lc M ti Massachusetts, ni. Vi vic ng dng cng ngh nano, ngi ta thay i tnh cht ca cc si ny, khin chng tng chu nhit, cng v n hi.

Qun phc chng c trung tm Natrik, Massachusetts.

Gn y, khng ch trong qun s m c cc lnh vc dn s, ln sng sn phm mi ca cng ngh nano cng ang ni ln: cc sn phm nha, mt knh nano... Sp ti, c l ngi ta s ch to ra cc robot nh xu, c th chui vo nhng mch mu lm cc cuc vi phu, cha tr cc t bo b hng. Vn Bnh (theo AFP) 8- ng nano carbon trong gia nh bn 24/9/2001

ng nano, mt th g nghe rt xa vi vi bn, nhng thc t, n li hin din kh nhiu xung quanh ta, nh trong cc loi my nh, in thoi, my tnh xch tay dng pin nhin liu, trong bng n tivi hay cc loi bng n mu, trong cc b vi x l, trong cht cch in, dn in, hoc bn dn... ng nano carbon c pht hin nm 1991, khi nh khoa hc Nht Bn Sumio Lijima theo di cc loi bi hnh thnh trong bnh phng in h quang, trong qu trnh sn xut fulren. l mt dng mi ca phn t carbon, ging nh mt ci ng ng knh c nanomt (1 nm = mt phn t mt) v chiu di khong 100 nm. Chng gm cc nguyn t carbon sp xp theo lin kt cng ho tr rt bn.

ng nano carbon gia cc phn t carbon khc.

Tuy nhin, cu trc cc nguyn t trong khng gian c khc nhau t nhiu. Cng l nguyn t carbon, nhng sp xp theo kiu lin kt t din u th s c cu trc kim cng trong sut, khng dn in. Ngc li, lin kt theo kiu

grapht (lc lng) th tinh th li c mu en, dn in tt... iu gii thch v sau ng nano carbon khi th l cht cch in, khi th dn in hoc bn dn. Sau y l mt vi ng dng c th ca ng nano carbon: Cha hydro v lm pin nhin liu Lu nay, t chy xng gy nhim nghim trng buc cc nh khoa hc phi tm n cc ngun nhin liu sch hn, trong c hydro: rt d kim v hon ton khng c hi. Tuy nhin, vic cha hydro lng trong cc bnh p sut cao thng rt cng knh v nguy him. Gii php c tnh t ph l dng ng nano carbon rng, c ng knh gp 2-3 ln ng knh nguyn t hydro. Cc nh nghin cu tin rng, hydro c th chui vo trong ng, cng nh vo khong trng gia cc ng. Lng hydro hp th ph thuc vo p sut v nhit , nn v nguyn tc, ngi ta c th thay i p sut hoc nhit , ri bm hydro vo cha, hay y hydro ra s dng. Vn hin nay l phi tm ra cc loi ng nano carbon cha c nhiu hydro. Ngoi ta, ngi ta cng cn vt liu vi t l ng nano carbon cao, khng ln vi nhiu loi bi than khc. V tt nhin, gi thnh cng rt quan trng. tng dng ng nano carbon cha hydro lm pin nhin liu cng c quan tm khng km. Vi cc phng tin nh my nh, in thoi, my tnh xch tay, xu th hin nay l dng pin nhin liu, gip ngi ta khng phi np li bng cch cm in, m ch vic nhin liu vo. Trong cc loi pin nhin liu, pin s dng hydro c nhiu trin vng nht, v vt liu tt nht lm pin ny l ng nano carbon. Mi y, nhm khoa hc Terry Baker, i hc Northeatern (M) cho bit, h c th ch to pin nhin liu vi mt nng lng 17.000 Wh/kg. Theo , na lt vt liu lm t ng nano carbon c th mt my tnh xch tay hot ng lin tc trong mt thng. n hnh ng nano carbon n hnh ng ph bin hin nay l n ng tia in t. Nguyn tc hot ng ca n l, khi dy vonphram b t nng, cc in t s pht ra t tiu, tng tc, p vo mn hnh (c trng lp pht pho mt trong). in t nng lng cao (c tng tc bng in th hng chc nghn vn) s kch thch pht pho ta sng. Cc loi n hnh ny kh cng knh, phi c chn khng, in th cao, tiu th nhiu in, khng bn. Cn cc loi mn hnh tinh th lng gn hn, tiu th t in hn, nhng sng khng cao, hot ng chm, gi t. ng nano carbon c nhng tnh cht c bit c th khai thc lm n hnh tt hn. Hng Samsung tuyn b, s sm a ra th trng loi n hnh dt, s dng dng ng nano carbon. n s cho mu sc p khng km g n hnh ng tia in t nhng ch tiu th cha y mt phn mi in nng. Gn y, hng Ise Electrics (Nht Bn) mi ch to mt loi bng n mu (6 mu) t ng nano carbon, sng gp i n mu thng thng. Tui th ca loi n mi rt cao, v tiu th nng lng t hn 10 ln so vi n c. Transistor trng bng ng nano carbon Trong cng ngh in t bn dn, transistor trng c mt vai tr quan trng, c bit khuych i cc tn hiu yu, gip ng m cc mch logic trong cc b vi x l. Trc , transistor trng ch to trn silic c tc chm v gi thnh cao. Thay cho loi ny, nhm nghin cu ca IBM ch to mt transistor trng bng ng nano carbon, lm vic tin cy hn v tiu th t nng lng hn. V l thuyt, loi transistor lm bng ng nano c th ng m vi tc nhanh hn gp nghn ln so vi tc cc b vi x l hin nay. (Theo KH&S)

9- Bong bng nano gip vn ng vin bi d hn 22/10/2001

Nhng bng kh c ng knh khong 20-30 nanomt (1 nm = 1 phn triu milimt) trn b mt cc si nilng, c tc dng lm nc trt qua nhanh hn. iu gii thch v sao nhng vn ng vin bi cm thy rt thoi mi vi cc loi o si ny. l thng bo ca nhm nghin cu thuc i hc Nam Australia. Ln u tin, nh knh hin vi in t, h quan st c mt mng dy c cc bng nano trn b mt si. Mng li ny c xp rt hn lon. Khi vn ng vin bi di nc, nhng bng nano to thnh cc dng nh xu, khin nc trt qua. Nh vy, ma st nn gia nc v o c chuyn

Hnh m phng cc bng nano. thnh ma st trt, nh hn rt nhiu.

Trc nay, cha bao gi ngi ta quan st c cc bng nano ny, bi chng qu nh v rt d v. Khm ph ny c th s c ng dng trong vic sn xut cc thit b nhy cm trong mi trng tip xc vi cht lng, v d trong lnh vc quang hc hoc c kh chnh xc. Minh Hy (theo dpa) 10- Ni t bo thn kinh vi cc tinh th nano bn dn 19/11/2001

Hnh nh mt t bo thn kinh phng to.

Ln u tin cc nh khoa hc ghp thnh cng mt cu ni in bng protein gia cc t bo thn kinh v cc tinh th nano bn dn. Thnh qu ny s c ng dng theo di hot ng ca no b v cha tr mt s bnh v suy gim chc nng ca t bo thn kinh.

Nhm nghin cu dn u bi Christine Schmidt, i hc Texas Austin (M) to ra cc tinh th cadmiumsulfid c ng knh c 3 nanomt (1 nanomt bng 1 phn triu milimt) lm th nghim. to ra mt cu ni in gia tinh th nano ny vi cc t bo thn kinh, ngi ta s dng mt on "dy" protein. Phn u ca si dy protein ni vi mt t bo thn kinh v phn kia c gn vi mt tinh th nano cadmiumsulfid (thng qua mt im ni bng lu hunh). "y l ln u tin, mt kt ni nh vy thnh cng, gip chng ti c th theo di cc xung in trong no b thng qua cc dy dn bng tinh th nano", Schmidt ni. Mc ch ln nht ca th nghim ny l quan st c cng ca cc xung in do cc t bo thn kinh gy ra trong no. iu ny rt c ngha trong vic nghin cu v cha tr cc bnh v thn kinh v chn thng no b. Minh Hy (theo dpa 11- Carbon c tnh siu dn nhit thng? 1/12/2001

Hai ng nano carbon c ghp vi nhau. C th chnh im ni ny to ra in tr.

Cc nh vt l M dng nh quan st c kh nng siu dn ca ng nano carbon nhit thng. Tuy rng in tr ca dy dn khng thc s bng 0, nhng nhng hiu ng khc li cho thy xut hin tnh siu dn.

Guo-meng Zhao v Yong Sheng Wang, thuc i hc Boston (M), lm th nghim trn mt dy dn ghp t cc ng nano carbon (ng knh vi phn triu milimt). Khi a dy dn ny vo mt t trng, ngi ta thy xut hin mt t trng yu trong dy dn theo hng ngc li. V t trng ny vn khng thay i, ngay c khi t trng m bn ngoi b ngt. Zhao v Wang tin rng, t trng bn ngoi to ra mt dng in xoay chiu trong dy dn. Dng in khng h gp mt cn tr no, nn duy tr c cng , to ra t trng khng i bn trong. Hiu ng ny cho thy, di tc ng ca t trng, dy nano carbon c kh nng siu dn nhit thng (dy siu dn c in tr bng 0).

Tuy nhin, khi khng c t trng bn ngoi, ngi ta li o c in tr nh ca dy dn. Theo Zhao v Wang, iu ny c th gii thch l: im ni gia cc ng nano khng c tnh siu dn, nn gy ra in tr. Hai ng gi nh, khi loi b c in tr cc im ni, ngi ta s to ra mt dy siu dn thc s nhit thng. y l mt tin b vt bc, m ra kh nng ng dng cc ln cho cht siu dn, bi cho n nay, cha c vt liu no c th siu dn nhit trn 0 C. Nm 1911, ln u tin nh khoa hc ngi H Lan Heike Kamerling Onnes pht hin ra kh nng siu dn mt s kim loi: Khi nhit h thp n mc nht nh th cc in t c th chuyn ng m khng gp bt k cn tr no. Cht siu dn u tin Kamerling tm c l thy ngn 4 K (-269 C). Tuy nhin, phi n nm 1986, vt liu siu dn mi khng nh c v tr ca n trong cng nghip khi ngi ta tm ra vt liu "siu dn nng" trn 30 K, trong c hp kim ca xit ng v barium (77 K), hp kim ca xit nhm (125 K)... St c l l vt liu siu dn nhit thp nht (-271 C). Gn y ngi ta mi chng minh c kh nng siu dn ca cc tinh th carbon C70, tuy nhin ch nhit -266 C. Trc , mt ng v khc ca carbon l C60 c th siu dn nhit -233 C. Minh Hy (theo dp 12- C th dng st lm vt liu siu dn 24/7/2001

Khi cho dng in chy qua mt dy dn bng thp mi trng nhit rt thp (271 C) v p sut rt cao, ln u tin, nh khoa hc Katsuya Shimizu, Nht Bn, chng minh c rng, st cng c kh nng siu dn. Kt qu ny c ng trn tp ch Science hm 19/7. Theo Shimizu, "tt c u ph hp vi tnh ton l thuyt trc ". Vic kim nghim c tnh siu dn ca st c ngha rt ln cho ngnh vt liu.

St l loi vt liu c s dng rng ri nht hin nay.

Trc ht, n xo b c nhng nghi ng lu nay cho rng, kim loi nhim t tnh khng th s dng c nh mt vt liu bn dn. Sau na, st l loi vt liu r, c s dng rng ri nht hin nay, c nhiu u im nh do, chu lc cao... nn nu c ng dng trong k thut siu dn th s rt tin li v gim c gi thnh sn phm. Nm 1911, ln u tin nh khoa hc ngi H Lan Heike Kamerling Onnes pht hin ra, mt s kim loi, khi nhit h thp n mc nht nh th cc in t trong dy dn c th chuyn ng m khng gp bt k mt vt cn no. ng gi kh nng ny ca vt liu l "siu dn". Cht siu dn u tin Kamerling tm c l thu ngn 4 K (-269 C).

Tuy nhin, phi mi n nm 1986, vt liu siu dn mi khng nh c v tr ca n trong cng nghip khi hai nh khoa hc ngi c l J.G. Bednorz v K.A. Mueller tm ra s tn ti ca cc cht "siu dn nng" nhit trn 30 K. Sau , cc nh nghin cu ln lt tm ra cc loi siu dn khc nh hp kim ca xit ng v barium (77 K), hp kim ca xit nhm (125 K)... Cc loi vt liu ny u c th c sn xut d dng trong mi trng nit lng v p sut cao. Hin nay, cng ngh siu dn ang pht trin rt mnh, c bit trong cc lnh vc in t, my cng c, c kh chnh xc...

Kamerling Onnes ngi u tin tm ra vt liu siu dn.

Minh Hy (theo dpa, VDI) 13- Tip tc xc nh kh nng siu dn carbon 29/10/2001

Cu trc ca mt tinh th C70.

Sau 6 nm th nghim, cui cng ngi ta cng tm ra tnh siu dn ca C70, mt dng tinh th carbon c hnh nh qu bng. Trc , nm 1995, "ngi em" ca C70 l C60 cng c xc nhn l c c tnh ny nhit cao: 40 K (-233 C).

Tuy nhin, hi ngi ta khng hiu v sao tinh th C70 li khng c tnh siu dn, mc d v mt l thuyt, iu ny hon ton c th. Hendrik Schoen, thuc Phng th nghim Bell Murray Hill, New Jersey (M), v cng s gii c m b mt ca C70. u tin h phng on, s d C70 khng th siu dn v mu th c qu nhiu li, dn ti s x lch v cu trc, lm cn tr cc in t chy qua. Bi vy, nhm khoa hc dnh mi n lc "trng" mt tinh th vi cu trc cc sch. Vi mu th ny, nhit 7 K, ngi ta xc nh c tnh siu dn ca C70. Schoen ni: "Kt qu ny cho thy, cc tinh th carbon nh hn, v d C36, cng c th c kh nng siu dn nhit cn cao hn c C60. iu ny s rt c ngha v chng ti lun tm kim kh nng siu dn ca carbon nhit cao cho cc ng dng trong ngnh in t". Nm 1911, ln u tin nh khoa hc ngi H Lan Heike Kamerling Onnes pht hin ra kh nng siu dn mt s kim loi: Khi nhit h thp n mc nht nh th cc in t c th chuyn ng m khng gp bt k mt cn tr no. Cht siu dn u tin Kamerling tm c l thu ngn 4 K (-269 C). Tuy nhin, phi n nm 1986, vt liu siu dn mi khng nh c v tr ca n trong cng nghip khi ngi ta tm ra s tn ti ca cc cht "siu dn nng" nhit trn 30 K, trong c hp kim ca xit ng v barium (77 K), hp kim ca xit nhm (125 K)... Tt c cc loi vt liu ny c sn xut d dng trong mi trng nit lng v p sut cao. Minh Hy (theo dpa) 8

14- ng nano c - bc tin mi trong ngnh vt liu 8/1/2002

Cc nh khoa hc M mi xp thnh cng nhng phn t carbon nh xu hnh qu bng vo cc ng nano rng, to ra mt cu trc nano c vi nhiu tnh nng u vit Nhng phn t carbon hnh qu hn v mt in t. bng (mu xanh) trong cu trc Nhng ng nano carbon rng a s c cu trc tinh th t nhin. Ngi ta phi la ca ng nano c. theo tnh nng ca chng (nh kh nng dn in, chu nhit) s dng, ch khng th iu chnh theo mun. khc phc hn ch , Gio s Ali Yazdani, i hc Illinois (M) to ra cc ng nano c nh si dy thng, nh sp xp cc phn t carbon theo mt trnh t c h thng. Yazadani to ra cc ng nano c ng knh ch c vi nanomt (vi phn t mt), vi cu trc phn t xc nh. Khi mun tm hiu tnh cht ca ng, ngi ta ch cn a n vo mi trng nhit rt thp ri dng knh hin vi quan st chuyn ng ca cc in t. Theo ng Yazadani, ng nano mi s c ng dng ch to cc chip v b cha nh hn, bn vng hn. Minh Hy (theo dpa) 15- Dng ng nano carbon lm cc cquy 12/1/2002

Cc ng nano carbon nh xu c th thay th nhng in cc truyn thng lm bng than ch. Chic cquy mi c in dung cao hn v bn gp i so vi bnh thng. cquy thng dng in Thng thng, cc in cc than ch ca cquy c nhng trong mt dung dch ion lithium. cc than ch. Khi cquy phng in, mt nguyn t lithium c vy bc bi 6 nguyn t than ch. Tuy nhin, nu thay cc than ch bng ng nano carbon, n ch cn 3 nguyn t carbon cho qu trnh trn. V th in cc t b mn hn, v tui th ca cquy cng c nng ln gp i. in cc bng ng nano carbon c sn xut bng tia laser. Tin s Otto Z. Zhou, i hc Bc Carolina, trng nhm nghin cu cho bit, cquy dng in cc ny c in dung cao hn, mc d th tch khng thay i. Minh Hy (theo dpa) 16- Xe nano - t ph trong loi b cholesterol khi c th? 26/1/2002 Gio s Nissim Garti, chuyn gia v ha ti i hc Tng hp Hebrew(Israel), cho bit ng to c mt thit b c kh nng tng cng vn chuyn mt s cht dinh dng ti dng mu v ngn cn cc phn t khc nh cholesterol ti y. C xe ny c lm t nc, du n, mt cht chuyn th sa (emulsifier) v ru. Kch thc ca n l 5-15 nanomt (1 naonomt bng 1 phn t mt). 9

Theo tc gi, thay v cholesterol, nhng chic xe nano s a phytosterols, mt cht bo thc vt, ti dng mu. Cholesterol b thi ra ngoi qua ng tiu ha, cn phytosterols cng s b c th tng ra v n khng dng c cht ny. Kt qu l sau vi tun dng nhng chic xe nano, nng cholesterol ton phn c th gim 15-30 %, ty theo lng xe c a vo c th. Nu ng nh vy th ch bao lu na, nhng ngi a thch mn b v vng sa s c th yn tm n nhng mn ny m khng phi cm thy y ny. Thu Thy (theo Reuters 17- Ch to tinh th nano silic nhiu mu sc 29/1/2002 Ch to tinh th nano silic nhiu mu sc Li dng hiu ng n mn ha in, cc nh khoa hc M mi ch to ra nhng si tinh th silic nh xu. Cc "ng nano" ny c chnh xc rt cao v kch thc v mu sc. Chng c th c ng dng trong cc chip ca mn hnh phng.

Tinh th silic dng tm mng.

Nhm nghin cu ca Munir Nayfeh v Sahraoui Chaieb, i hc Illinois (M), pht minh ra phng php sn xut tinh th nano silic kh n gin: Thot tin, ngi ta nhng mt tm silic mng vo mt dung dch ha hc. Khi dng in chy qua dung dch, tm silic b ha cht n mn. Kt qu l, tm silic b gm dn, ch cn li mt mng gm nhng si cc mnh. Bc tip theo, ngi ta t mng ny vo mt mi trng cch ly tch tng si nano ring l. Cc si tinh th nano silic ny bc x nh sng mu xanh, lc, vng v . Chng c th c ng dng trong lnh vc in quang, nh ch to cc chip trong mn hnh phng. Kh nng bc x nh sng mu ca cc si nano silic cn c ng dng trong lnh vc nghin cu sinh hc phn t, chng hn dng nh du cc cm t bo hoc nhng cu trc sinh hc khc. Minh Hy (theo Spektrumder Wissenschaft 18- Ht nano chuyn ch v cadmium ra khi c th 21/2/2002

Ht nano rng hot ng theo nguyn tc m phng mng t bo: Cc l hng mng ch cho cc ion nht nh lt qua.

Cc nh khoa hc c mi ch to thnh cng ht nano ng knh 100 nanomt (1 nanomt = 1 phn t mt). Ht nano ny rng rut, v c nhiu l hng nh l chn lng da, cho cc ion ch v cadmium lt qua. Ngi ta c th dng n em cht c kim loi ra ngoi. Thnh tu ny ca nhm nghin cu thuc Vin Ha hc Max - Plank, Postdam (c), ngay lp tc c gii y hc n nhn nng nhit.

Nhm khoa hc dn u bi Sascha General tm thy hnh mu l tng thit k ht nano rng, l cc mng t bo. Mng t bo c nhng "rnh protein", thc cht l nhng l hng, cho php mt s ion nht nh (ca khong cht ha tan) i qua. M phng nguyn l hot ng ca mng t bo, nhm khoa hc ch to ht nano rng t cht do (polyethylenimin). Cht do ny to khung mng, trong khi hai ph cht ha hc c bit khc gip mng lun phng ln. 10

Khi t ht nano rng ny ln mt mt phng bng than ch v quan st di knh hin vi in t, cc nh khoa hc thy rng, n trng ging ht mt qu bng rng vi cc l nh chi cht trn b mt. Ht nano c ng knh khong 100 nanomt, cc l hng v c ng knh 10,4 nanomt, va cho cc ion ch v cadmium lt qua. Tng lai, ht nano rng s c s dng trong y hc. N s chui vo cc mch mu ly bt cht c kim loi nng ra ngoi. Minh Hy (theo dpa)

19- Vt liu bn dn tng hp t cc si nano khc nhau 6/3/2002

Cc si nano di tia cc tm.

Tun qua, ba nhm khoa hc c lp cng cng b kt qu nghin cu v vt liu nano bn dn tng hp, trn ba tp ch chuyn ngnh khc nhau. Xem ra, cuc tm kim loi vt liu l tng cho cc chip in t ang giai on cnh tranh khc lit.

Nhm khoa hc ca Lars Samuelson, Vin Cng ngh Lund (Thy in) cng b kt qu nghin cu trn Tp ch Applied Physics Letters. Nhm ca Charkes M. Liebr, i hc Harvard (M) cng b trn tp ch Nature. Cn nhm ca Peidong Yang, i hc California, cng b trn Nano Letters. Loi vt liu bn dn m ba nhm khoa hc ny tm kim l mt cu trc tng hp t cc si nano mnh c vi chc nanomt (1 nanomt = 1 phn t mt). Cc si nano ny c lm t nhng vt liu khc nhau, m thng dng nht l indiumarsenid v indiumphosphid. ch to si indiumarsenid, cc nh khoa hc cho cc phn t indium v vng vo mt mi trng chn khng. Khi b nung nng, vng v indium chy ra, to thnh mt hn hp lng. Sau , ngi ta b hn hp ny vo mt dung dch asen (thch tn). Nh xc tc ca vng, indium phn ng vi asen, to thnh indiumarsenid kt ta di dng si mnh. chnh l si nano indiumarsenid. Cng tng t, trong quy trnh trn, khi thay dung dch asen bng mt dung dch phtpho, ngi ta s thu c cc si nano indiumphosphid. Vt liu bn dn tng hp do ba nhm khoa hc to ra tuy c khc nhau i cht, nhng chng u lm t cc si indiumarsenid v indiumphosphid xp chng ln nhau. Vt liu ny c th dng cho cc mch bn dn ca chip in t, khin chng hot ng nhanh hn, vi hiu sut ln hn. Minh Hy (theo dpa) 20- ng nano carbon pht sng 18/3/2002

11

Khi cho dng in chy qua mt chm ng nano carbon, cc nh khoa hc pht hin, nhit ca chm ng c tng ln mi, ti 1.500 C th pht ra nh sng, tng t nh si tc ca bng n. Pht hin ny c th m ra hng ng dng ng nano carbon trong ngnh quang in tng lai. Mt ng nano carbon di tc dng ca dng in. Nhm nghin cu ca Stephen Purcell, H Lyon (Php), dng cc ampe k v vn k tinh xo xc nh cng dng in v hiu in th hai u chm ng nano carbon. H thy rng mt nhit nht nh, cng dng in tng u theo hiu in th hai u ng. iu cho thy ng nano c th dn in theo nh lut Ohm, v nhit lng do ng gii phng tun theo nh lut Joule. Khi nhit tng ti 1.500 C, chm ng pht sng, tng t nh nhng si wolfram trong bng n. Ch c iu khc bit l cc ng nano mnh hn nhng si wolfram ti c triu ln. Minh Hy (theo dpa 21- Gm cao su a tnh nng ra mt 26/3/2002

S dng k thut ha nano, cc nh khoa hc M kt hp cu trc phn t ca cht do v ca gm, to ra mt loi vt liu mi, trong sut, do, chu lc tt. Vt liu c tn gm cao su ny s c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh sinh hc, ha hc, vi in t... Gio s Ulrich Wiesner, i hc Cornell (M), ni: "Vt liu mi kt hp c tt c tnh u vit ca cht do v gm. Ngoi ra, n cn t c mt s tnh cht mi S a dng trong cu trc phn na". Khi "sng to" loi vt liu ny, Wiesner trn cu trc ca cht do diblockt ca gm cao su. copolymere vi gm. Soi vt liu mi di knh hin vi in t, ngi ta pht hin nhng cu trc lp phng rt u n. Nu thay i thnh phn gia cht do v gm, cu trc ny cng thay i ng k, nhng vn u n nh vy (xem hnh). Cng nh cu trc phn t a dng, gm cao su c th ra mt vi nhiu hnh thi cng - do, trong - c... Ngoi ra, vt liu ny cn dn c ion nhit cao. V th, ng dng ca gm cao su rt a dng, nh trong cng nghip cht do, in t, vi in t, sinh hc... Minh Hy (theo dpa) 22- nh sng c th t chy ng nano 26/4/2002

ng nano carbon.

Nhng ng nano carbon kch c vi phn t milimt c th bng n v bc chy di tc dng ca chp sng cng nh. Mt sinh vin nm th nht ca Vin Rensselaer Troy (M) tnh c pht hin ra hiu ng ny khi dng my nh chp mt m ng nano trong phng th nghim.

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Andres de la Guardia - tc gi ca pht hin trn - rt ngc nhin khi thy m ng nano ny bng chy di chp sng ca n my nh. Anh ghi li hiu ng ny v thng bo vi Gio s Ganapathiraman Ramanath - mt chuyn gia v ng nano carbon. Nhng phn tch tip theo ca Ramanath cho thy, ng nano carbon rt nhy cm vi nh sng. mi trng thiu xy, nh sng khng gy chy, nhng c th lm thay i cu trc tinh th ca ng. Hiu ng ny khin cc nh khoa hc phi ht sc cnh gic khi s dng ng nano carbon trong cc mch vi in t. Tuy nhin, tnh nng nhy cm vi nh sng ca ng nano carbon cng c nhiu li th trong vic m ra cc hng ng dng mi, nh dng lm sensor nh sng, hoc ngi n cho mn Minh Hy (theo dpa) 23- Ch to si nano carbon di nht th gii 6/5/2002

Cc nh khoa hc M mi ch to thnh cng si nano carbon di 20 centimt - mt k lc ng kinh ngc nu ta bit rng si ny ch mnh c vi phn nghn ng knh si Si nano carbon mnh c vi tc. Thnh tu ny l bc tin mi trong k thut nano, nhm ch to chip bn dn phn nghn ng knh si tc. mnh hn cho my tnh tng lai. "n nay, chng ti mi sn xut c cc ng nano carbon c vi milimt, v th khng di cn thit cho cc ng dng thc t", ng Pulickel Ajayan, Vin Rensselaer Troy (M), ni. Bng phng php ngng t hi ha hc (CVD - Chemical Vapour Deposition), ln u tin nhm nghin cu to ra cc si nano di 20 centimt. Nh cht xc tc l lu hunh v hydro, cc phn t carbon lin kt vi nhau thnh chui cc mnh m khng b t. "Trong qu trnh ny, cc phn t carbon kt hp thnh cu trc bn vng. Nhng si nano carbon do nh si m ng luc ch khng gin nh trc", ng Ajayan gii thch. Tun qua, mt nhm nghin cu khc ca Vin Rensselaer pht hin mt tnh cht mi ca cc ng nano carbon, l tnh nhy cm vi nh sng. Mt sinh vin pht hin ra iu ny khi dng my nh chp cc ng nano. Tng lai, ngi ta c th dng ng nano ch to sensor nh sng, hoc lm ngi n cho mn. Minh Hy (theo dpa) 24- ng c siu nh lm t mt si ADN 20/5/2002

Nh nghin cu Weihong Tan, i hc Florida (M), mi y to ra mt ng c nano (kch c phn triu milimt) t mt phn t ADN n l. ng c ny t hon n mc c th t hng trm nghn chic ln u mt ci inh ghim. Mi chic c th cun li v tri ra nh mt con su o. y khng phi ng c nano u tin trn th gii, nhng l chic u tin c lm t mt n phn t duy nht. Cc ng c nano c ch to trc nay u bao gm vi phn t ADN khc nhau. Theo Tan, loi ng c lm t mt n phn t ADN s d kim sot v c hiu sut cao hn. 13

Trong tng lai, ng c nano c th gip ch trong vic iu tr. Chng hn, tiu dit t bo ung th hoc khi u, ngi ta s tim mt ng c nano mang theo thuc c tr ti vng c th b bnh. Ti y, ng c s gn cc phn t thuc vo mng t bo ung th. Vi s chnh xc cp phn t, Tan hy vng loi b c hin tng thuc b gn nhm a ch vo nhng t bo lnh v ngn nga hiu ng suy nhc nh thng gp phng php ha tr. Tri vi cc ng c truyn thng s dng in, loi ng c nano ca Tan ly nng lng t cc qu trnh ha hc. B.H. (theo Cosmi) 25- Mn hnh phng linh ng t tinh th nano 25/5/2002

Vi cc diot pht sng, tng lai ngi ta c th ch to ra cc mn hnh phng linh ng, cht lng cao, r hn mn hnh tinh th lng. Cc nh khoa hc c mi cng b mt mn hnh th nghim c ch to t cc diot ny. Nhm nghin cu ca Jochen Feldmann, i hc Ludwig-Maximilians Munich (c), Card rt tin c mn hnh lm t ch to cc diot pht sng t nhng tinh th nano bn dn (lm t cht liu hu c cha carbon) c ng knh nh hn 500 nanomt (1nanomt = 1 phn triu milimt). cc diot pht sng, ch s tin Cc tinh th ny pht sng ra ba mu c bn l , xanh l cy v xanh lam ti mi cn li. im nht nh trn mn hnh.

V cc tinh th nano hu c rt linh hot, c th pht sng la theo hnh dng ca mn hnh, v th ngi ta c th un cong mn hnh linh hot da theo hnh th ca vt m ngi ta mun gn vo (xem hnh bn). Theo cc nh khoa hc, ngi ta c th sn xut cc mn hnh t tinh th nano trn quy m cng nghip trong thi gian ti. Gi thnh ca loi mn hnh ny cn r hn mn hnh tinh th lng. Gn mt diot hu c pht sng vo mt mn hnh hnh cong. Minh Hy (theo dpa) 26- Pht hin tnh siu dn ca dy nano vng 7/6/2002 Khi dng in chy qua mt dy dn kim loi, cc electron va chm vo cu trc phn t u b mt nng lng, v th lun c in tr. Tuy nhin, nhit gn im 0 tuyt i (-273 C), in t c th di chuyn qua mt dy nano vng m khng gp cn tr no. Trong mt th nghim, cc nh vt l thuc i hc Autnoma de Madrid (Ty Ban Nha), to ra dy siu dn t cc nguyn t vng, ng knh mnh c 50 nanomt (1 nanomt = 1 phn triu milimt). Ban u, h ch mun quan st cu trc nguyn t ca kim loi nng nhit gn im 0 tuyt i ch khng c nh tm hiu tnh siu dn ca vng. Tuy nhin, khi chnh hiu in th gia hai u dy thp n 10 milivolt, h pht hin ra rng, cc electron c th di chuyn trong dy m khng gp mt cn tr no. Ch khi hiu in th ln hn mc 10 milivolt, cc in t mi b rung di dng sng, v b mt nng lng khi di chuyn. 14

Thnh tu ny tuy cha m ra ng dng g trong k thut, v th nghim c thc hin nhit st im 0 tuyt i rt kh to ra quy m cng nghip, nhng n cng m ra hng nghin cu cc tnh cht ca vng nhng iu kin nht nh. Ngoi ra, khng loi tr kh nng cc kim loi bn khc nh platin cng c tnh siu dn. Minh Hy (theo dpa) 27- Keo lm bng ADN p dng trong cng ngh nano 12/8/2002

Cc ht cht do vi ng knh nh hn mt micromt c th c kt ni thnh nhng cu trc tng hp v c trt t, nh cc on ADN. Mt nhm khoa hc ca Hi qun M da trn nguyn l ny, ch to ra nhng tinh th trong sut, ng dng trong lnh vc quang hc. Nhm nghin cu ca ng Carissa Soto tm hiu cc kh nng c th kt ni hai loi Cht keo ni cc ht cht do ht cht do ng knh khc nhau bng cch a nhng on ADN ng vt gn vo trong mt dung dch. gia cc ht ny, khin chng to thnh tng cp kt dnh. Cu trc tng hp ny c th bn vng vi cc cp ht c t l ng knh t 0,23 n 0,42. Nhm khoa hc tin rng, bng cch ny, h c th to ra nhng cu trc trong sut, cho php lan truyn nh sng trong khng gian hp, to thnh cc di chuyn ng ca photon theo mun. Thm ch ngi ta c th to ra di photon hp di 1 micromt. Chng c ng dng nhiu trong lnh vc quang hc, nh chiu sng cc chi tit nh xu trong nhng thit b o c chnh xc. Minh Hy (theo dpa) 28- Sn xut pin mt tri t ht nano 14/8/2002

Cc ht bn dn ng knh vi nanomt (1 nanomt = 1 phn t mt) c th c kt hp vi nhau thnh pin quang in, chuyn nng lng nh sng thnh in nng. Th nghim cho thy, t bo mi c hiu sut cao hn v r hn so vi cc tm pin mt tri hin nay. Nhm nghin cu ca David Kelley, i hc Quc gia Kansas (M), ch to ra nhng ht nano ny t cht bn dn gallium - selenit trong sut. Khi c kt hp vi nhau thnh tm, chng c th hp th phn nh sng mt tri nhn thy ri chuyn n thnh in nng.

Tm bn dn nano chuyn ha nng lng mt tri thnh in nng.

Cc pin mt tri (solar cell) hin nay u c sn xut bng cch ghp cc lp bn dn mng vi nhau. Nhng lp ny bt buc phi tinh khit, nu khng nh sng s khng c hp th v chuyn ha thnh in nng. Tuy nhin, solar cell mi lm t hng trm ht nano khc nhau th khng cn phi tinh khit, m c th ln tp cht, nhng chc nng chnh vn khng b nh hng.

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ng Kelley hy vng, sp ti ngi ta c th sn xut ht nano t indium selenit. Loi ht ny n nay cn kh sn xut hn l cc ht t gallium, tuy nhin chng c th chuyn nng lng mt tri thnh nng lng in vi hiu sut cao hn nhiu. Minh Hy (theo dpa) 29- Intel sp pht trin cng ngh nano 6/9/2002

Th 5 tun ti, nh sn xut chip hng u th gii s tho lun k hoch ng dng cng ngh nano ti Din n pht trin Intel, t chc California (M). Cng ngh mi ny cho php to ra chip bng cc vt liu c kch thc nh hn 100 nanomet, lm thay i phng thc sn xut ca ngnh bn dn th gii. Sunlin Chou, Ph gim c ph trch cng ngh v sn xut ca Intel, s im li mt s chin lc v cng ngh nano m hng cng b trc y v nhng k hoch mi lin quan n transistor nhiu u vo (multi-gate transistor) v ng carbon c nano (carbon nanotube). Transistor loi ny cho php nh sn xut gim kch thc cc b phn cu thnh chip. Hin nay, chip tc cao cn dng in chy qua transistor ln, trong khi gate ca linh kin kim sot dng in ny c kch thc ngy cng nh. Tng s gate ca transistor s gim p lc phi to ra nhiu ng cch in. IBM tit l k hoch sn xut transitor 2 u vo nm 2006. S dng carbon nanotube s thay i c bn cu trc ca chip. Cc cng ty bn dn c th dng chui nguyn t carbon thay cho dy kim loi trong sn xut mch. Mch carbon cho php nh sn xut to ra chip nh, tc cao v gi r hn. Nh n chng ta c th truyn in nh hin nay nhng vi dy dn nh hn. Ngi u tin lm tt iu ny s tr thnh t ph, Peter Glaskowsky, Tng bin tp ca tp ch mng Microprocessor Report (M), nhn nh. Phng thc lm vic ca cc nh my v th s thay i kh nhiu. Theo phng php sn xut chip hin nay, mi transistor phi lp cc k chnh xc nh mt qu trnh tn thi gian v hng t USD. Cng ngh mi cho php mch carbon t nh hnh nh mt qu trnh kim sot da trn cc nguyn tc vt l v ho hc. Ti din n sp ti, Intel cng s cung cp nhng thng tin mi nht v Madison, k v ca chip Itanium II, v chip di ng Banias tc 1,6 GHz. Hai loi chip mi ny s ra l vo nm ti. Ngoi ra, hng s tho lun v tng lai ca chip Pentium 4 tc 3 GHz v chip Xscale dng cho my cm tay v thit b mng. Minh Long (theo ZDN) 30- HP tit l k hoch khai thc cng ngh nano 7/9/2002

Th hai ti, cc nh nghin cu ca Hewlett-Packard (HP) s cng b mt bc t ph mi trong lnh vc cng ngh nano chu u, c th gip hng sn xut chip r hn, nh hn v chy nhanh hn. Ct li ca vn lin quan n khi nim li phn t. Theo quan nim ca HP, cc lp chui phn t xp cho nhau nh nhng con ph v to ra mng li mch li ti. Ngi ta c th xp mng phn t ny gia cc lp dy chip thng thng chng hot ng nh mt mng truyn thng v tng lai mng ny s l nn mng ca mt b vi x l hon chnh. 16

Cng vi trng i hc California Los Angeles (M), HP thc hin nhiu th nghim lin quan n vic pht trin chip da trn li phn t. Trong nm 1999 v 2000, h to ra c cc phn t mi c th tip nhn hoc t chi dng in, t nn mng cho vic hnh thnh mng phn t. HP thm ch tuyn b xy dng c chui nhng phn t kiu ny. Nm ngoi, HP v trng i hc California c cp bng sng ch v thnh cng trong vic ni dy phn t c chiu rng 6 nguyn t vi cc dy dn trong chip my tnh c ng knh ln hn gp 70 ln. Thng 1 va qua, h cng nhn bng sng ch v vic to ra v qun l s truyn dn ca cc mng li dng ny. Hin nay, HP tm ra cch ni lp phn t vi mch my tnh tiu chun nhng cha c th ho c phng thc lin kt gia li phn t v cc im ni v tn hiu. Gii quyt c vn ny th tnh thc t ca nhng pht hin k trn s cao hn rt nhiu. Tun ti, Intel cng s cng b mt phn k hoch ca hng v ng dng cng ngh nano trong sn xut chip th h mi. IBM ch to thnh cng trong phng th nghim mt b nh c kch thc ch bng con tem, nhng cha c xp x 25 triu trang sch, v d kin tung ra th trng loi thit b lu tr ny vo nm 2005. Ngoi ra, nhiu cng ty khng chuyn v cng ngh thng tin cng rt quan tm n cng ngh nano. Chng hn, General Motors ang th nghim ch to ch chn v cc b phn khc ca t bng vt liu siu nh. Chnh ph nhiu nc ang rt thm tin cho cc d n nghin cu cng ngh nano. Nm 2001, M chi 422 triu USD, Nht Bn chi 410 triu USD v nhng quc gia cn li (ch yu chu u) chi 425 triu USD. Minh Long (theo CNET) 31- Mt tri ca cng ngh nano

9/9/2002

Mt s nh mi trng lo ngi rng cng ngh s dng vt liu c phn t ny s to ra cc cht gy nhim c kch thc siu nh. Chng c th nh hng xu n sc kho con ngi, mi trng v rt kh kim sot. "Khi cht nhim loi ny ngm vo mu hoc nc ngm th d bn thn cc ht nano khng gy nguy him, chng cng c th phn ng vi nhng cht khc c hi", Kathy Jo Wetter, nh nghin cu ca t chc mi trng ETC (Canada), ni. Vic sn xut ht nano trong tng lai khng c nghin cu k, xt v mt nh hng ca chng i vi mi trng v sc kho. B Wetter lo ngi: "Chuyn g s xy ra nu cc ht siu nh do con ngi to ra tch t trong gan hoc phi?". B Wetter cho bit thm, ng carbon c nano (carbon nanotube) m ngi ta cho rng c th thay th silicon trong cc transistor siu nh rt ging si aming c hi. Mc d mt s th nghim trn chut v ln cho thy kh nng si carbon nh hng xu n con ngi cc k thp, nhng b v nhiu nh nghin cu khc cho rng chng c th gy hi cho phi. Theo ngun tin khng chnh thc, th nghim ca C quan Hng khng v tr M ch ra rng mt con chut cht sau khi tip nhn lng ln bng carbon vo phi.

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ETC cng ch ra nhng nguy c khc c lin quan n sc kho con ngi. Vic th nghim cc ht nano vi t cch cht dn thuc trong mu iu tr ung th v mt s bnh khc cho thy chng c th d dng pht tn c t, nh hng xu n no b. Ngoi ra, t chc ny cn cnh bo v tc hi ca nhng loi thc n s dng cng ngh nano trong tng lai. Chng c th thay i mu sc, mi v v bt ngi n phi tiu ho hng triu, thm ch hng t ht nano. Rick Smalley, nh nghin cu cng ngh nano tng ot gii thng Nobel, cho rng C quan qun l dc v thc phm M cn nghin cu vn ny u tin. Ht nano nh n mc chng lt qua hu ht cc b lc v khng th nhn thy c. Ngi ta tin rng mt s dng ht nh carbon nanotube khng tn ti trong t nhin. Hin cha c my d hoc b cm bin no tm ra mt s dng ht nano bn ngoi phng th nghim. ETC ang yu cu chnh ph cc nc tm dng vic nghin cu ng dng cng ngh nano cho n khi nhng vn lin quan n mi trng v sc kho c lm r. M, C quan bo v mi trng lin bang s tin hnh mt s nghin cu v lnh vc ny trong nm nay d cha c rt ngn sch. B Nng nghip cng C quan qun l dc v thc phm nc ny d nh xem xt vn nng nghip v lng thc trong mt hi tho v cng ngh nano t chc vo thng 11 ti. Tuy nhin, nhiu nh khoa hc cho rng nhng nguy c k trn cha c chng thc m ch yu da vo suy on. Cng ngh nano c s dng ch yu trong sn xut chip my tnh, my bay v trong ngnh xy dng. Vic ny lin quan n nhng cht c bit rt r nh carbon, km, vng..., chng c th c c tnh hoc khng. Cng c mi cho php nh nghin cu thay i nhng vt liu ny cp nguyn t, ni cc ht c tnh bng n v nanomt (1 phn t mt). "C th xut hin tc ng ph. Mt s cht c kh nng gy hi. Nhng iu ny ch xy ra vi cc ht c kch thc ln v nhng ngnh khc. Mt tri ca cng ngh l khng ng k so vi nhng li ch m n em li", c vn cao cp v cng ngh nano ca T chc Khoa hc Quc gia (M), Mihail Roco, nhn nh. Hin nay, mt s cng ty bt tay vo sn xut ht nano dng trong sn, knh che nng v ng carbon trong cng nghip in t. Tp on Mitsubishi (Nht Bn) tuyn b chun b sn xut carbon nanotube trn quy m cng nghip. Cc ng carbon ny c th c s dng trong nhiu loi hng ho nh: transistor, m phm, v in thoi di ng, ca xe hi... Cng ngh nano cho php to ra my tnh nh eo vo c tay cng nh cc vt liu gip gim ng k khi lng ca my bay, cu cng... Chnh ph M rt quan tm n cng ngh nano. Nm nay, ngn sch lin bang dnh 604 triu USD cho cng tc nghin cu cng ngh ny, trong khi nhng nc cn li chi khong 4 t USD. Minh Long (theo AP) 32- Ht nano vn chuyn cht c ra khi cc dng sng 3/10/2002

Cht c hi thng v 18

Nc thi t khu cng nghip mang theo mt lng ln kim loi, di dng cc ht nano nh xu. Chng t li thnh cc m bt xp trng, tri theo dng nc. Nh , c hi c phn tn, v theo thi gian, s c thin nhin ha gii. cc dng sng. Mt nhm nghin cu ca c, Thy S, M, mi y tm ra thnh phn ha hc v l gii c s xut hin ca cc m bt ny. V thnh phn, mt ht nano nh trong m bt lun bao gm cc thnh phn chnh l cc nguyn t nhm, xy v hydro, vi t l: 13 nhm, 40 xy v 48 hydro. Cc ht nano ny cun theo nhng nguyn t kim loi nng v c hi nh ch, st, niken... Chng to thnh mt hn hp trng, xp, tri theo dng chy. Chng gip vn chuyn cht c tn ng cc khu cng nghip v phn tn n xung h lu cc dng sng. Nh vy, cc khu vc cng nghip khng b nhim c nng. Theo cc nh khoa hc, nu iu chnh c s chuyn ng ca cc m ht nano, ngi ta c th hng cht c vo mt khu vc nht nh, nh mt bi thi cch xa khu dn c. Tuy nhin, y s l vic khng n gin, v cc ht nano ny xut hin v di chuyn khng theo quy lut no c. Minh Hy (theo SZ) 33- Chng minh chiu khng gian th t bng thc nghim? 6/11/2002

Cc l thuyt vt l hin i, nh thuyt String, cho rng v tr c nhiu hn 3 chiu khng gian. chng minh iu ny, cc nh khoa hc M s ch to mt my o siu nh (nano machine), nhm ch ra cc hiu ng khc l, dn ti kt lun v s hin hu ca cc chiu khng gian khc. Nhm nghin cu ca Ephraim Fischbach v Dennis Krause, i hc Purdue (M), gii thiu nguyn l ca th nghim ny nh sau: Theo thuyt String, cc khong khng gian cc hp (cp nanomt), khng gian s b "cun" li trong cc chiu khc (c th l chiu th 4, th 5 hoc nhiu hn). iu ny s lm thay i lc hp dn gia cc vt th trong khng gian . V th, nu ngi ta xy dng c mt th nghim ch ra s thay i ny ca lc hp dn, th ngi ta c th kt lun rng, c chiu khng gian th 4. Mt tng ngh thut v chiu khng gian th t. Cc nh khoa hc d nh s o lc hp dn gia hai l thp siu mng, t cch nhau mt khong c nanomt (1 nanomt = 1 phn triu milimt). o c chnh xc lc hp dn ny, ngi ta cn loi tr mt i lng gi l hiu ng Casimir. Theo c hc lng t, hiu ng ny c sinh ra bi cc photon o, thng bt ng xut hin trong chn khng ri li t ng bin mt. Bnh thng, trong khng gian xut hin cc photon vi nhng bc sng rt a dng. Tuy nhin, gia hai tm kim loi hp th iu khng th. y, ch c cc photon vi bc sng nht nh. H qu l, gia hai tm ny s c t photon hn bn ngoi. S chnh lch v cc photon trong v ngoi hai l kim loi s to ra mt lc nh, p chng li vi nhau. Lc gi l hiu ng Casimir. loi tr hiu ng trn, cc nh khoa hc s phi lm th nghim vi cc l thp ging ht nhau, nhng c ng v khc nhau. gia chng, hiu ng Casimir s ging nhau, nhng lc hp dn li khc nhau (l thp c ng v ln hn s nng hn, v to ra lc hp dn mnh hn). Bng cch so snh hai lc hp dn ny, ngi ta c th loi b hiu ng Casimir ra khi php o.

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Cc nh khoa hc hy vng s thc hin c th nghim ny trong thi gian ti. Nu th nghim thnh cng, th y s l mt s kin chn ng, v n s khng nh s tn ti ca chiu khng gian th 4, iu m theo Stephen Hawking l khng th tng tng c vi no b ca con ngi bnh thng. Minh Hy (theo SPIEGEL) 34- Cuc gp g chiu khng gian th t 3/9/2001

t nhin mt t rung chuyn, nh ca, cy ci nghing ng nh ng t. Nhng sinh vt tht l s dng cc loi my bay quay trn trn nhng nc nh trong lng. ngay khong t trc nh, h p xung v m ca khoang my ra ngoi. Lc , ni s hi v khip m khin em hong lon. Nhng khi bnh tm, em nh li tt c... l li k ca em gi 13 tui Theodona v cuc gp g vi ngi ngoi tri t trong hai trn cung phong xy ra nm 1998 mt lng nh thuc ngoi thnh ph Shoumen (Bulgaria). Theo li cc c gi trong lng, l hai trn cung phong k l cha tng c. t rung chuyn, nhng khng phi ng t, bi ng t phi xy ra trn mt vng rng ln ch khng phi ch trong phm vi lng. Tuy nhin, khng ai trong lng nhn thy g khc l c. Ngoi tr Theodona...

Khng gian bn chiu trong tng tng ca danh ha Dali v nhng inh cu rt ng trn tay cha Jesu.

Theo s m t ca b gi ny, cc nh khoa hc phng on, phi l cuc ving thm ca nhng c dn ngoi tri t, khi h s dng phi thuyn dng a bay, c tc rt ln tng ng tc nh sng (300.000 km/s) p xung lng. Theodona k rng, "m ngi l c nhiu hnh th khc nhau, c ngi ging nh ngi Bulgaria vi vc dng rt p nh thin thn trong cc truyn c tch, nhng khng t ngi din mo d dn nh qu...". Nh khoa hc v tr Nga Valentin Phomenko sang Bulgaria tm hiu v "chuyn ca c hc tr nh vng Shoumen". Sau mt thi gian nghin cu, ng kt lun: "B gi Theodona tht s c nng lc giao tip v nhn r nhng cc sinh vt l t bn ngoi v tr, trong khi nhng ngi khc Shoumen khng c kh nng ny". Theo Phomanko, iu c lin quan n mt nng lc c bit, gip Theodona i vo th gii th gii 4 chiu y b n, v vy em nhn thy nhng hnh nh m ngi khc khng thy c". Theo cc nh khoa hc, no b ca con ngi khng th tng tng c khng gian bn chiu. iu c gii thch nh sau: Bn hy tng tng cc sinh vt khng gian hai chiu. Chng sng trn mt mt phng v khng bit g v s hin hu ca khng gian ba chiu. V vy, mi di chuyn ca chng s b gii hn trn mt phng y v khng th tin vo chiu th ba nh chng ta. Nu mt qu cu lt vo th gii , cc sinh vt hai chiu mi u s nhn mt im sng, ri n cc hnh trn to dn ln, n mc cc i, ri cc hnh trn nh dn, thu li thnh mt im ri bin mt. Kt qu l, chng ch nhn thy nhng ng trn m khng hiu ton b cu chuyn v qa cu ra sao c! Nhng i khi, sinh vt hai chiu cng c th t ti iu k b. V d chng mun vt qua khong cch t A ti B trn mt phng. Theo l thng, thi gian cn thit ln ti c chc nm. Nhng v mt bin c no , mt phng kia b cong li trong khng gian ba chiu, khin im A v B tr nn gn nhau, thm ch trng ln nhau. Khi , iu k diu n vi chng: khong cch chc nm s t c ch trong pht chc! Phomeko gii thch, khng gian ba chiu nm trong ci ni ca khng gian bn chiu. Nu ai c kh nng xm nhp vo chiu khng gian th t, th i vi anh ta, khong cch hng vn dm, thm ch hng vn nm nh sng khng c ngha g. Anh ta vt qua trong pht chc bng cch i qua khe h ca chiu th 4 ny. "Khe h" l bin gii ngn cch hai th gii, th gii ca khng gian ba chiu v khng gian bn chiu. chnh l c hi nhng sinh vt cp thp xm nhp vo chiu th t, nh b gi Theodona. 20

Th Gii Mi (theo Vakrus Sovetta) 35- V tr trong h ta 11 chiu ca Stephen Hawking 6/2/2002

"Khi bn c dng ny, th cng lc, hng trm con ngi trong bn cng ang c n. Nhng con ngi trong bn - nhng k ng hnh vi bn - tt c c l u ang nhn vai nh bn. u lc u, nghi hoc...", Tp ch khoa hc P.M. ca c m u nh vy trong mt bi vit v l thuyt mi ca nh vt l danh ting Stephen Hawking. ng hong vt l ngi Anh ny mi pht trin mt m hnh v tr t nhng cng thc ton hc t m. M hnh c trnh by trong cun sch "V tr trong mt chic thuyn nh", ang gy chn ng th gii khoa hc. Nhng pht kin mi ca Stephen Hawking dng Stephen Hawking. nh lm o ln quan im khoa hc truyn thng. Tt c c trnh by bng thuytM - trong , M ng ngha vi magical (thn diu), mystical (thn b), hoc mother (m, gc). Tng hp thuyt tng i v thuyt lng t Trong khi thuyt tng i gii thch th gii dng v m, c lin h vi lc hp dn, th trong m hnh ca thuyt lng t (miu t th gii vi m), khng c s hin hu ca i lng ny. "V th, hiu c v tr, chng ta cn mt l thuyt mi: thuyt lng t hp dn", Hawking ni. Theo , thuyt mi (thuyt M) c th tng hp c hai l thuyt v m v vi m ni trn, v cung cp nhng kin gii chnh xc v bn cht ca v tr. Khi pht trin thuyt M, Hawking tin rng t c nhng thnh tu bc ngot, da trn nn tng ca mt l thuyt rt ni ting trong nhng nm gn y: thuyt String. Thuyt ny cho rng, nhng thnh t nh nht to nn v tr l nhng dng thc hnh si (string), ch khng phi dng ht. Nhng xung quanh cc si ny, theo Hawking, c hin hu mt trng hp dn, v ngi ta c th xc nh c ln ca trng hp dn y. Ta 11 chiu v hin tng linh cm Tip theo, da trn thuyt "lng t hp dn" ca mnh, Hawking tnh ra rng, v tr ca chng ta c hnh thnh t 11 chiu. Nhng ch c 4 chiu (3 khng gian + 1 thi gian) l "m", cn 7 chiu kia b "cun" li t sau v n ln. tng ny ca Stephen Hawking ang gy ra nhiu tranh ci ln, v nh vt l ny cho rng c th gii thch c hin tng "linh cm" mt cch khoa hc bng thuyt M: Trong m hnh v tr ca Hawking, cng lc tn ti v s nhng con ngi khc nhau trong mt con ngi. V cng lc, tt c thng tin v v tr mi thi i u hin hu. V th, hin tng "linh cm" c th gii thch bng vic mt con ngi no trong bn tri nghim iu m bn s tri qua, v mch bo cho bn bit iu . Minh Hy (theo P.M.) 36- M, Hn Quc tng chi tiu cho cng ngh nano 8/5/2003

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Hm qua, H vin M thng qua d lut u t 2,36 t USD trong 3 nm ti cho nghin cu cng ngh to vt liu mi t nhng nguyn t n l. Trong khi , chnh ph Hn Quc bt tay thc hin chng trnh pht trin cng ngh nano 2003 tr gi 2 t USD. Sherwood Boehlert - ng vin ng Cng ho, ngi nhit tnh ng h d lut - ni rng chnh ph M cn tng u t cho nhng nghin cu c bn c kh nng to ra sn phm thng mi. Cc hng cng ngh nano gii thiu loi vi bng khng nhn v , vt liu gi gip tht ti lu hn, ca s d lau, v tin ti s sn xut my tnh c phn t, robot y hc hot ng trong mch mu con ngi, ng c t khng gy nhim... Theo Boehlert, Thng vin M s c hnh ng ng h s pht trin ca cng ngh mi. Trc y, chnh ph quyt nh chi hn 1 t USD cho chng trnh nghin cu cng ngh nano di thi tng thng Clinton. Theo d lut m H vin va thng qua, Qu khoa hc quc gia s s dng gn mt na s tin 2,36 t USD, phn cn li thuc v B Thng mi & Nng lng, C quan bo v mi trng v NASA. Mt u ban lin ngnh s c thnh lp qun l chng trnh. Hc bng s c cp cho nhng sinh vin gii ng lm vic cho chnh ph sau khi ra trng. Mi y, 9 c quan chnh ph Hn Quc, trong c B Thng tin lin lc, Khoa hc Cng ngh & Thng mi, Cng nghip v Nng lng, a ra chng trnh pht trin cng ngh nano. Theo , phn ln s tin 2 t USD s c rt cho cc hot ng nghin cu pht trin v ng dng thng mi. Nm 2002, chnh ph Hn Quc u t hn 1 t USD cho o to chuyn gia, xy dng c s h tng v nghin cu cng ngh nano. Nc ny hin ng th 6 trn th gii v s bng sng ch v lun n lin quan n cng ngh nano. Minh Long (theo Reuters, eWeek) 37- Phn ng ngi Anh cha bit nano l g 15/3/2004

Mt cuc kho st ca Hip hi Khoa hc hong gia (Royal Society) nc ny pht hin ra rng hu ht ngi dn cha bao gi c nghe n cng ngh ni trn v hon ton khng c mt cht khi nim l ci g. 29% s ngi c cu tr li l bit nano c hiu bit kh tt v cng ngh ny v c th a ra mt kiu nh ngha no . 69% cho rng k thut cu trc siu nh s em li nhng li ch ln trong tng lai. Gio s Nick Pidgeon, thnh vin ca mt nhm cng tc chuyn v nano ca Royal Society, ni: Cng ngh lin quan n vn quy m siu nh. Mi mt nanomet ch bng mt phn triu millimet v di. Cng chng c g l qu ngc nhin khi nhiu ngi cha bao gi bit n nano bi thc ra y vn l mt lnh vc khoa hc non tr. Cng ngh nano hp dn cc nh khoa hc v n em li kh nng pht trin nhng my tnh cc nh v nhiu thit b y t siu mini. Tuy nhin, n cng lm dy ln mi lo ngi v mt nguy c tng tng m trong nhng phn t nano vi kh nng t nhn bn ra cc robot s chim lnh th gii ca loi ngi. Nhiu ngi ng h tin rng nano s rt hu ch trong y t i vi cng tc chn on v iu tr ban u, nhng cng quan ngi v tin cy ca n, nht l nhng tc dng ph v lu di.

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Phan Khng (theo Reuters) 38- To si tng hp bn hn t nhn

Cc nh khoa hc ti i hc Texas, M, cho bit h thnh cng trong vic dt nn mt loi si cc bn t nhng ng nano carbon, vi c tnh nh dai, nh, song vn c th dn nhit v dn din. Cho n trc pht minh ny, tt c cc n lc nhm to ra loi si siu bn bng cch m phng nhng ho cht tm thy trong t nhn u tht bi. Ray Baughman v cng s ch to th c 100 mt si, vi tc 70 cm mi pht. H xoay trn cc ng nano n vch trong mt chu dung dch ru no, to thnh cc si sn st. Cc si ny sau c T nhn c th chu ng c sc nng ng lnh, ra trong axeton, lm kh ri cun li. Sn phm l mt hp ln, nh chic l ny. cht composite cha 60% ng nano carbon, bn gp 7 ln so vi cc si nano carbon trc y v d lm hn nhiu ln. So v trng lng v ng knh, loi si ny bn gp 5 ln thp, v tng ng vi t nhn v bn bin dng. Loi si ny dai hn bt k si tng hp v t nhin no c bit ti nay, mt thnh vin ca nhm nghin cu nhn nh. Bc u, nhm nghin cu dt nhng si ny thnh vi, to nn nhng siu t in. 39- K thut nano trong sn xut gm thi Phc Hng 1/7/2003

Cc nh khoa hc Italy va pht hin th gm th k th 15-16 s dng mui ng, mui bc trn vi dm, hong th, t st v mt k thut nung c bit to thnh cc lp men ng nh. y c coi l mt hnh thc ca k thut nano tin pht. Th k 15-16 l thi hong kim ca cc sn phm gm s vi ha tit tinh xo sn xut Deruta (Italy), c a chung khp chu u. Nghin cu gm Umbria (mt th trn Deruta) thi Phc Hng cho thy, chng c mt ha cht tng hp c trng ca thi i: mt hn hp t ct v kim loi kim, c thm oxit ch gim co v trnh b rn nt. Chnh nhng cht to mu ny l du hiu phn bit cc sn phm gm s tht ca Italy vi cc sn phm gi mo. Trong s gm s ca vng Deruta, ni ting nht l cc sn phm ng nh nhiu mu sc, hay c nh kim. Mt s trng ging nh vng, mt s khc li cho nhng mu ng sc khi nhn t cc gc khc nhau. Theo Brunetti, hiu ng ny c to ra bi cc ht kim loi c ng knh t 5 n 10 nanomet (1 nanomet = 1 phn t mt), m theo thut ng k thut l cc ht nano. Trong mt nghin cu nm ngoi, ng v cng s nhn thy men mu ng nh c cha cc ht nano ng, cn men mu vng th c cha cc ht nano bc. Kch thc nh ca nhng ht ny khin nh sng b phn x vi cc bc sng khc nhau, to hiu ng ng nh mu sc, hay lm cho lp men c nh kim.

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Tuy nhin, Brunetti cho rng, cc ht nano kim loi khng phi l tt c b mt. Cc lp men mu v mu vng cn cha mt lng va phi ion ng, thay th vai tr cht dn nh sng ca vt liu nn, gp phn to ra nhng mu sc ng nh. Bng chng lch s ca k thut nano tin pht c tm thy trong cun sch v gm Li tre libri dellarte del vasaio c t nm 1557, ca mt ngi th th cng Italy c tn l Cipriano Piccolpasso. Theo cun sch, cc mui ng v bc c trn vi dm, hong th (mt oxit kim loi) v t st, v c ph ln b mt ca sn phm trng men. Bng mt k thut nung tinh vi, ngi ta to c gm vi mt nc men lng ly, ng . Vo thi Phc Hng, cc hiu ng to nc men nh kim c ngha su sc, v ngi ta coi n l mt thnh cng ca thut gi kim. Kh nng thay i mu sc c coi l mt ti sn ca thut ny. Thanh T (theo AFP) 40- Ra i rotor in nh nht th gii 12/6/2003 Cc nh khoa hc M va sng ch ra mt rotor in nh bng 1/250 si tc ca con ngi. y c coi l bc t ph trn mt trn cng ngh nano. Thit b bao gm mt li dao bng vng gn vo mt trc lm bng ng nano carbon. Hai u ca trc c mc vo 2 in cc silicon dioxide. Dng in chy qua in cc truyn vo ng nano dn in v lm quay li dao. 3 in cc khc - 2 ci t 2 bn u trc, mt ci t bn di - s cung cp lng in b sung. iu ny c ngha tc li dao, hng v v tr ca n s c iu khin mt cch chnh xc.

M hnh rotor in nh nht th gii. Thit b t hon ny c gn vo mt chip silicon v c th ng dng trong nhiu sn phm khc nhau. Nhng n vn cha phi l thit b nano nh nht th gii, danh hiu thuc v cng tc bio lm t phn t ADN v chy bng ho cht. Cc nh sng ch cho bit thit b mi ny c mt s u im khc. L mt thit b in - ho cht, n c th chu ng c s bin i nhit cao, hot ng c trong chn khng v chu ng mi trng ho cht tt hn thit b bio. Cng ngh nano c tim nng cung cp th h thit b siu nh trong lnh vc truyn thng, y hc... Cc nh khoa hc lm vic trn h thng in - ho cht lun mc phi nhng tr ngi nh kim loi v cht do truyn thng thng pht sinh trc trc khi hot ng, nu kch thc qu nh. Minh Thi (theo ABC Online) 41- Chartered, IBM v Infineon pht trin chip th h mi 10/8/2003 Ba hng ny va k tho thun hp tc ch to loi chip my tnh th h mi s dng cng ngh nano. D n s tp trung sn xut chip 65 nanomet (nm) v tin ti l 45 nm. Cc iu khon chi tit ca hp ng nhiu nm ny khng c tit l.

24

Chia Song Hwee, Gim c iu hnh Chartered (Singapore), cho bit theo tho thun, 3 cng ty s cng pht trin mt dy chuyn sn xut chip 65 nm ti c s th nghim East Fishkill (New York, M), mang tn Trung tm cng ngh b vi x l. S c khong 200 k s ca 3 hng cng tham gia d n ny.

42- Pht in t cc 'nh my thy in' nano 21/10/2003

Cc nh khoa hc Canada pht trin mt phng php mi sn xut in t nc, bng cch li dng hin tng xy ra khi nc c bm qua cc knh nh li ti. K thut ny trong tng lai c th dng np nng lng cho cc thit b nh, nh in thoi di ng, my tnh xch tay. Gio s Larry Kostiuk, thuc i hc Alberta v cng s Daniel Kwork to ra mt Khi knh dt trn, c ng knh ngang 3cm, dy 3 mm. Click vo hnh khi knh dt hnh trn, ng knh ngang 3 cm, v dy 3 milimt, cha khong 400.000 n 500.000 rnh nh. Khi p nc chy qua nhng rnh c ng xem c ch hot ng. knh 10 micromt ny, nh mt hin tng c gi l "lp in kp", trong rnh s xut hin in tch dng mt u v in tch m u kia, ging nh mt chic pin bnh thng. Nguyn mu thit b ca Kostiuk to ra c mt dng in khong 1 miliampe, vi hiu in th 10 vn, thp sng mt bng n nh. Nhm nghin cu cho bit y l phng php sn xut in mi u tin trong vng 150 nm qua, v nhn mnh cng trnh ca h mi trong giai on s khai. "Nhng g chng ti t c cho thy c th sn xut in trc tip t nhng dng chy qua cc knh siu nh, gio s Kostiuk ni. Cng ngh ny c th cung cp mt ngun nng lng mi cho cc thit b nh in thoi di ng hay my tnh xch tay, v c np in ch bng cch bm nc di p sut cao. ng thi, y cng l mt ngun nng lng sch khng nhim. Nhm nghin cu cho bit nhiu nghin cu na cn c thc hin xc nh tim nng thng mi ca loi pin ny. Tuy nhin, tin s Jon Gibbins thuc i hc Hong gia London li t nghi ng v tim nng ng dng ca phng php. Theo ng, n ch c th sn ra mt lng in nh trn quy m nh, v th ch c th s dng quy m cng ngh nano. Trn thc t, vic pht in t nc khng c g l mi. Nhng nh my thy in quy m ln thm ch c th t hiu sut 100% trong vic chuyn nng lng nc thnh in nng. Phng php ng lc in t cng to ra in t nc. Song, iu ng ni trong cng trnh ca Kostiuk v cng s l to ra mt loi tuabin m cc phn ca n khng cn chuyn ng. "Hiu sut ca thit b ny hin l 1% v ngay by gi chng ti ang c gng hiu r c tnh ca chng. Mc tiu l tm ra cch ci tin hiu sut ln khong 16% c th cnh tranh vi cc ngun nng lng khc", Kostiuk ni. B.H. (theo BBC) 43- Kha nano bn hn keo dnh

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Loi kha velcro ny c th nh cc vt th vi nhau cht nh nh loi keo dnh nht, cc nh khoa hc M va tuyn b. Tuy nhin, thay v c mt bn bng mc v bn kia gm cc vng nh nh trong kha velcro nylon, kha nano ch gm ton cc mc. Cc mc ny thc cht l nhng ng carbon c ng knh ch vi phn triu milimt. N c th c s dng nh cc hp phn ca mt robot siu nh vi nhau, David Tomnek v cng s ti i hc Bang Michigan East Lansing, cho bit.

Kha velcro nylong thng c cc mc v vng, nhng kha nano ch c cc mc.

Cc nh nghin cu phng on kha nano chc gp 30 ln cc loi keo dnh thng thng. N c th lin kt hu ht cc vt rn vi nhau bn cht n ni bn thn cc vt liu s nt gy ra trc khi hai bn kha tch ri nhau. N cng bn gp khong 3.000 ln so vi nhng chic kha velcro t hon lm bng silic. Khi dng lc mnh, hai bn ca kha s tch ri nhau, v cc mc co v v tr ban u. Khi c y tr li cho tip xc, chng lin kt vi nhau, to ra "mi ni" cc k bn vng. Nng lng tch ly trong qu trnh tch ri hai bn kha t nng chng n khong 1.000 C. Nhng cc ng nano bn vng chu ng nhit ny m khng b t ra. Tuy nhin, cho n nay, cc nh nghin cu vn cha tm ra cch ch to cc mc bng nano carbon trn quy m ln.

B.H. (theo Nature) 44- Dit khi ung th bng n nano 4/11/2003 Loi "n thn thng" ny c th nhanh chng ph hy cc khi u ung th m khng cn phu thut, ng thi li khng hy hoi cc m lnh xung quanh. K thut do tin s Jennifer West v cng s i hc Rice (Houston, M) va pht minh. Loi n ny thc cht l nhng ht silic dioxit t hon c bc vng (cn gi l cc nanoshell), c ng knh khong 120 nanomt, nh hn 1.500 ln so vi dy mt si tc ngi.

Khu vc khoanh l ni nanoshell c tim vo: trong vi pht b t nng di nh sng gn hng ngoi, cc t bo ny cht.

tiu dit khi u, trc tin, ngi ta bn vo khi u mt vin n, sau dng mt loi nh sng c bit trong di gn hng ngoi t nng n ln. Bn thn lp v vng ca vin n khi a vo c th khng gy hi cho ngi (ging nh nhng chic rng vng). Loi nh sng c bit trn cng vy. Song, khi hai th ny tng tc vi nhau, vng s b t nng ln n khong 37 C, gy cht cc t bo m nanoshell gn vi n. Nhit bn trong khi u t cao n mc c th ph hy cc t bo bnh trong vng 4-6 pht, tiu dit khi u m khng lm h hi n cc t bo xung quanh, West cho bit. Th nghim c tin hnh nh sau: nhm nghin cu nhng cc t bo ung th v ngi vo mt dung dch cha nanoshell. Tip , h cho cc t bo ny cng vi cc t bo kim chng (khng nhng dung dch) tip xc vi ngun sng gn hng ngoi. Kt qu l, cc t bo cha nanoshell c nhng biu hin h hng v nhit khng th sa cha, trong khi cc t bo kim chng vn cn nguyn vn. Cc nh khoa hc cng tim cc nanoshell vo cc khi u trn chut v cho nhng ng vt ny tip xc vi nh sng gn hng ngoi cng yu. Trong vi pht, cc t bo ung th b tr kh bi nhit sinh ra.

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Nhm nghin cu cho rng nu cc kt qu s b ca h c khng nh l ng, th y s l k thut l tng cho vic loi b nhng khi ung th nh v nm su trong cc m trng yu, nh trong no. Cho n nay, tip cn vi loi khi u ny, ngi ta thng phi dng n laser hoc siu m. Song, hu ht cc k thut hoc xm ln n cc t bo lnh, hoc khng phn bit r cc t bo lnh vi t bo ung th. Mt phng php ph bin khc l phu thut li ch pht huy hiu qu i vi cc khi u d tip cn, v nm trong nhng vng m khng quan trng. Bch Hnh (theo ABConline) 45- Ch to thnh cng than nano: t ph vo cng ngh cao 30/12/2003 Tin s Nguyn Chnh Kh, Gim c Trung tm nghin cu thuc khu cng ngh cao TP HCM va cng b ch to thnh cng than nano lng. y c xem l mt bc t ph, do trn th gii ch c rt t nc pht trin ch to c loi vt liu ny. Thnh cng m ng cho Vit Nam tn cng vo th trng sn xut vi mch my tnh v linh kin bn dn. Thc cht, than nano l cc ht than bi, than b hng c tch ri thnh dng ht c kch Tin s Nguyn Chnh thc nano (khong 25-75 nm, 1 nm bng 1 phn t mt). Theo ng Kh, tn gi lng ca vt Kh. liu dng ch tnh cht c bit ca n: khi c t trong mi trng in ly, n c kh nng lp y ch trng trong mi cht - tng t nh tnh cht ca cht lng. Khc vi nhng nghin cu trc y trn th gii i t cng ngh chn khng, s dng plasma ca kh ng hnh trong cng nghip khai thc du m, tin s Nguyn Chnh Kh cng cc cng s dng nhng nguyn liu sn c Vit Nam nh than bn, than , du da, than x da, du cn Do vy theo nhm nghin cu, gi thnh phm ng nano sn xut t than nano lng s r hn khong 7-10 ln so vi sn phm ang c sn xut trn th gii t plasma (hin c gi 350 USD/g). Vic trin khai nghin cu quy trnh ch to than nano lng bng nguyn liu trong nc c bt u t thng 7/2003. Hin nay, ng Kh ang xc tin vic ng k bn quyn s hu ng dng pht minh quc t v cc ng dng ca than ny trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin v bn dn. Mt ng dng quan trng ca than nano lng l dng ch to ra cc ng than nano (carbon nano tube). Cng ngh ny c bit trn th gii t nm 1991 do nh vt l Nht Bn Ijima. y l cc loi ng dn bng carbon c ng knh rt nh (ch vi phn triu mm). Vic s dng carbon nano tube thay cho dy kim loi cho php nh sn xut to ra chip nh hn, tc cao v gi r hn. Gn y, cc nh khoa hc trn th gii cng khm ph ra rng c hin tng pht sng tu theo cch nh hng ca ng than trong quy trnh ch to. Khm ph ny thu ht hng nghin cu p dng vo cng ngh mn hnh phng (field emission display). Trong cng ngh bn dn, vic ng dng ng than nano ha hn kh nng thay i nng lng ca vng cm (band gap energy) v cc hin tng tunneling xy ra gia ng than nano v mi cht trung gian, t a n nhng cuc cch mng khoa hc trong cng ngh bn dn. Hin nay, vic nghin cu ng dng ca ng than nano vn cn gii hn bi gi thnh sn phm cao. Chnh v vy, pht minh ca Tin s Nguyn Chnh Kh l mt bc t ph mi, a Vit Nam i tt n u nhng xut pht ca cng ngh cao. Th Ti 27

46- Mc pht sng to cm hng cho cng ngh nano 10/1/2004

Mt con mc to sng nh mt ngn uc c th dn ti s pht minh nhng cng c quang hc. Tia sng to ra t bng c th gip con vt tm kim thc n v bo v n khi k sn mi, bng cch gim ci bng d nhn thy di y bin. Cc nh nghin cu ti i hc Hawaii, M, nghin cu loi mc ui cc Euprymna scolopes Hawaii v nhn thy ngun to sng ca loi sinh vt ny l t nhng con vi khun pht sng sng trong c th. Nhng tia sng th c pht ra ngoi bi nhng cm a phn chiu bao quanh c th loi mc.

Mc ui cc.

Hu ht c quan phn x nh sng ca ng vt c lm t thu tinh, song nhng a phn chiu mu bc ca mc ui cc li c to ra t mt loi protein khc l (gi l Reflectin). Loi protein ny c hn hp axit amin ch c ring ng vt thn mm - gm mc, bch tuc... Cc nh nghin cu cho rng cu trc ca nhng a phn chiu c th to cm hng cho nhng nh thit k cng ngh nano to ra nhng thit b quang hc kiu mi. (Theo Tui Tr)

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