TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

Bi 1: SN KHUN
I. Mc ch: - Trong qu trnh c trong khun, kim loi lng tip xc vi khun v to nn cc tng tc c, nhit, nhit ha lm nh hng n cht lng vt c. Trong cc tng tc trn, tng tc c ng vai tr rt quan trng trong cng ngh c. - Di tc dng ca mt p lc no ( p lc xc nh ny ph thuc vo sc cng b mt ca kim lai lng, chiu cao ct kim loi lng), kim loi lng s thm nhp vo cc l rng trn b mt khun v khi ng c, chng nm trong hn hp lm khun nhng vn ni lin vi vt c to nn cc khuyt tt trn vt c v dnh khun. Ngoi ra, kim lai lng cng tung tc vi thng rt, gu mc - Trong qu trnh nu luyn + Ni grafit c c im truyn nhit nhanh nhng chy hao. + Ni Cacbua - Silic c c im chu nhit cao, p ng c hu ht kim loi. t a tp cht vo khi nu luyn, nhng truyn v dn nhit hiu qu thp, gi ni li cao. + Ni gang c c im l r, truyn nhit, dn nhit cao hn ni Graphic m yu t ti s dng cao ph hp vi iu kin kinh t. Cc phn ng khi nu nhm bng ni gang: FeO + Al = Al2O3 + Fe H2O + Al = Al2O3 + H2 - V th vic sn ni Fe trong ni khng ha tan trong qu trnh nu luyn v chng dnh khi c. - Ni dung bi th nghim ny l sn b mt cc dng c bo v dng c. Chng dnh, bin trng b mt (grafit + Fe - Si) II. Tin trnh 1. Chun b dng c: + Chun b dng c, khun + Mi cc dng c cho sch b mt, loi b lp g, lp sn khun trc . + Sau em nung nng trong l nhit khong 250 C. 2. Chun b cht sn - Sn gm dung mi, cht to mng, cht n: + Dung mi: Cn d bay hi,c th chn h dung mi cn hoc h dung mi nc, + Cht to mng: nc thy tinh + Cht n: bt tal + ZnO, bt graphic. - Cch pha, thnh phn (theo khi lung) :

GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

+ Nc thy tinh : 7 8 phn + Nc : 100 phn + Bt tal, ZnO : 25 phn + Bt grafit : 30 phn Chia hn hp bt trn: + 1/3 trn vi nc thy tinh + 2/3 trn u vi dung mi nc a 1/3 hn hp ln my khoy t , thm 2/3 lng cn li vo. i nhit tng ln khong 70 oC Sau em ra lc hn hp sn khun. 3. Thao tc sn khun: + Ly dng c cn sn ra khi l nung, i khang 1-2 pht nhit ca dng c gim ti nhit sn khun (150-2000C). + ng thi khuy u sn. + Dng c cn sn ngui n 150-2000C th bt u sn Lu khi sn khun: Sn u tay v sn theo mt chiu. Nn qut th mt din tch nh truc xem nht dng c t yu cu hay cha. Qut sn ti u, sn kh ti l tt. III. Kt lun, nh gi: - B mt sn c nhiu du bt kh b v: Nhit cng c qu cao, sn b qu nhit. - Sn ng thnh vng: Sn khng u tay -Sn b bong, trc: thnh phn sn cha ng hoc nhit dng c qu thp. - Sn t yu cu khi b mt sn u, p, nhn, v khng b bong trc ( c th th bng cch c vt nhn ln b mt, xung quanh vt c khng c ct vt rn l tt

Bi 2. NU HP KIM TRUNG GIAN

I. Mc ch chnh + Nu nhanh, lm cho thnh phn ca m nu ng u, t chy hao hp kim do tip xc vi mi trng. Cc nguyn t hp kim c nhit nng chy ln hn nhit nng chy ca cc kim loi c bn. + Tng kh nng khuch tn ca nguyn t hp kim trong nhm + Cc hp kim c bn khi nu trong nhm nh : Si, Mn, Cr, Zr, Ti... + Nhng nguyn t ti nhit nu chy c p sut hi cao, a vo hp kim trung gian trnh bay hi. + Cc nguyn t c i lc ha hc mnh hn , hot tnh cao...do nn a vo hp kim trung gian. GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

II. Chn thnh phn hp kim trung gian + Cao nht c th : chn hp kim cng tinh + Hp kim trung gian d khuch tn c nhit nng chy nh hn 1000 C Thnh phn : Ti - Al : 5% Cr : 3.5% Zr : 1.5% Si : 20 - 25% Mg : khng nn qu cao, khong 10 - 12% * Cch a cc nguyn t vo + Nguyn t c t trng cao hn Al th ta th vo v t chm. + Nguyn t c t trng thp hn Al th dng bin php nhng vo. + Cc nguyn t c i lc ha hc mnh nh Mg th cch mt lp tng i dy vfi d tc dng vi Oxi * Phi liu 1kg Al + 12% Mg Chn 1.2kg phi liu = 1056g Al + 144g Mg * Thc hin + B 1kg Al vo l nu chy. + Khi Al chy lng hon ton, ta a Mg vo bng cch dng chp , chp c c l thot kh. Ta gt bt x trn b mt, sau dng chp nhng Mg vo. Gi chp vo st y l gi yn trong 10 - 15 giy. Sau di chuyn nh st y l Mg ha tan hon ton. III. Kt qu v nh gi Kt qu thu c : 1117.56g => t l thu c = 1117.56/1200 = 93.93%

Bi 3. TR DUNG
I. Mc ch, yu cu. * Loi b tp phi kim Tp phi kim c th to ra trong qu trnh nu Al/Mg + N2/CO/H2O => Al2O3.H2 (bt kh H2 dnh vo Al2O3) 660 oC lng kh ha tan trng thi rn ln hn trng thi lng l 18.5 ln. Gii php : + Hn ch qu trnh trn + Khng ch khng cho kh tit ra GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

* Che ph, bo v, chng s thm nhp ca kh To ra b mt cch ly. + Cht hp kim ha : to ra mng oxit bn chc, c bit l MgO cng cao th xp cng cao. + Tr dung : to ra trn b mt kim loi lp th ng v to ra lp oxit phi kim v cc kh bm vo n. * Bin tnh * Yu cu ca tr dung + Nhit nu chy thp + Chy long tt nhng phi m bo d co x + Tr dung khng thm t kim loi nhng thm t ti tp phi kim ( hp th trn b mt). + Tnh ht m thp + iu chnh kh nng ha tan oxit Al2O3 , Mg khi nu cc hp kim c Mg cao + Tr dung c CaF2 hp ph tt, criolit Na3AlF6 ha tan oxit Al tt + Tr dung hp ph MgO tt : KCl.MgCl2 v CaF2 T trng ca cht tr dung nh hn 1.4 ln so vi Al lng nn ni ln trn b mt. II. Thnh phn tr dung, qu trnh thc hin 1. Thnh phn c bn KCl, Na2F c nhit nng chy thp, gc thm t nh NaCl 805 C NaF 992 KCl 772 CaF2 1378 Criolit 935 Cactalit (KCl.MgCl2) 487 2. Tr dung thng dng * Dng trong hp kim Al 50% NaCl 30 - 45% KCl 5 -20 % Criolit * Dng trong nu hp kim Al (Mg < 1%) : Al - Si - Cu 39% NaCl 30% KCl 6.5% Criolit 4.5% CaF2

GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

* Hp kim c Al - Mg 80% CaNaLi 20% CaF2 Cht to x phi kh v th nn sy trc 200 - 250 C 3. Yu cu khi thc hin + Cht to x cho vo khi xut hin kim loi lng + X bin tnh : dng trc nhng su vo trong kim loi th b tng ln 18% + Khi sc kh , thm x kh vo c lm nng 150 - 200 C * Lng dng tr dung l 1 - 2% Nu ha tan oxit trn b mt , dng khong 0.1% to dy che ph khong 2 4mm * Ta c bc th nghim h x + 5 - 10% Criolit ( 20g) + 40% KCl ( 80g) + 50% NaCl (100g) Khi lp x lng khong 1mm th ta cho vo NaF

BI 4 : TINH LUYN KH KH
I. MC CH & YU CU Kh kh trong kim loi nhm lm tng bn 20-25%, tng tui th ca chi tit t 2-4 ln. II. C S L THUYT Kh trong Al ch yu l Hidro. Kh i vo Al bng hai cch: Di truyn trong m nu. Trn b mt Al lun c mng oxit, khi nu Al th cc mng oxit i vo m nu v mang theo kh vo. Mng oxit c cng thc l 8Al2O3.H2O Vi p sut 10-20 MPa, 1000oK th xy ra phn ng sau : H2O + Al -> Al2O3 + H2 - Phng php kh kh : hp ph v khng hp ph Hp ph l dng kh khc thi vo kim loi, kh tr i vi kim loi N2, Ar. Thi Ni vo kim loi lng 700oC, nu ln hn 700oC th thi N2 + Ar. Ta dng ng thi kh c ng knh 10-20mm. du ng c khoan nhng l nh c ng knh 1-2mm. ng thi c cch y l 50-100mm, lu lng kh l 1,5 l/pht. Trong hai loi kh trn th dng kh N2 l kinh t nht Phng php hp ph th 2 : a vo cht hp ph rn kh th rn GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

Dng MnCl2 lm cht hp ph : MnCl2 + Al -> AlCl3 + [Mn] ,AlCl3 bay hi 183oC Ta nn trnh phn ng ny : MeCl2 + O2 -> MeO + Cl2 nn cn phi sy mui clorua 100-200oC khong 2-4 gi trc khi a vo kim loi lng. III. TRNH T TH NGHIM em cn 0,08-0,1g MnCl2 ri cho l sy 2000oC. Tip theo em cn cht tr dung gm 20g KCl + 10g Criolit trn u li vi nhau. Cho Al vo l nu n khi chy lng ta cho cht tr dung vo x long ra Al tan vo kim loi lng. Vt x xong ta sc kh Ar vo trong 5 pht. Sc kh xong vt x ra ngay vn kim loi lng trong ni t 7-15 pht thot ht nhng bt kh nh. Sau mi em khun.

BI 5 . NU MC Al 6063
Cc nguyn t hp kim chnh l Mg v Si , bn cnh cn thm Ti5B1 ( Ti 5% V B 1%) vi thnh phn nh sau Si L thuyt Thct 0.2-0.6 % 0.45% Mg 0.45-0.9 % 0.7% Ti5B 0.1% 0.07%

Hpkim Al-Si ccha 22 % Si Hpkim Al-Mg cha 12% Mg nhng do chyhaocnli 18,8%

Tnhtonphiliuchomnu Tngkhilngcamnu l 500 g Khilngca Mg l 60 g Khilngca Al l 440 g Do trong Al lunc 0.06%Si nntnhtonlng Si cnthmvo l 0.39% ,khilng Si thmvo l 8.86 g - Chnlngchyhaoca Mg l 3% ,ca Al l 1 2 % - Khilng chi titccnguynt l Khilng Ti = 7 g Khilng Si = Khilng Al= accnguyntcpsutnhvotrc ,ccnguyntcpsutcaovosau Nuthnh 2 snphm ,trcbintnhvsaubintnh , ghinhnsnphmemiphntchchpnh soi GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

kimtngxemtchchttrcvsaubintnh Thc hanh : 1.1 Lay mau phan tch Mau th phai tuan theo yeu cau : Mau phai ai dien cho me nau muon phan tch, khong cha x, tap chat c hoc, nt, ro kh. Mau phai co kch c thch hp vi gia ot va thiet b mai mau. Nen rot mau vao chen nung e lam nguoi va ket tinh nhanh e ambao s nho hat tinh the va s ong nhat be mat. Mau lay t cac chi tiet can phai chu y ve kch thc mau va de gia cong. 1.2 Chuan b mau Cac yeu cau can thc hien trong qua trnh chuan b mau. Be mat mau phai bang phang va bt kn gia ien cc. Trong trng hp o cng cua kim loai nen va pha khac nhau can chu y s xe rach mau. Nhng chat ban bam dnh trong qua trnh lay mau can phai c lam sach Mau do nhiet luyen hay lp r set, lp x phai mai bo that ky tren may mai a, hoac tren may phay. Trong trng hp mau mem can ngan nga s tham vao cua bot mai tren be mat mau Thiet b s dung e chuan b mau khong nen s dung cho muc ch khac e tranh s gay ban cho thiet b va mau th. Mau co thanh phan hoa hoc khac nhau ( mau nen sat, nen nhom, nen ong ) khong dung chung giay mai. Giay mai thng c lam t oxyt nhom, cacbua silic, xiricon va c hat tho loai so 60. Chu y vat lieu mai co the anh hng ti ket qua phan tch, v du giay oxyt nhom khong nen s dung mai mau nhom. Cac vat lieu mem nh nhom, ong , ch, kem, nen gia cong tren may tien hoac may phay vi toc o quay cao Can phai thay giay mai khi dung lau hoac giay mai a ban - Cac mau chuan dung e hieu chnh may can c mai tren giay mai danh rieng cho no. Viec chuan b mau khong ung nh yeu cau se anh hng rat nhieu en ket qua phan tch. S ot mau khong ung xay ra trong trng hp mau nho, s phong en vi nang lng cao thi gian phong ien lau. e at c s ot mau tot hn, at mot mau ong to pha sau cua mau o. -

GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

1.3 Thc hien viec o mau May c e che o Standby trong thi gian t nhat 6 gi va m kh argon e am bao kh trong may la kh tr va may co thi gian on nh. Chu y ieu chnh van tren au bnh kh argon e ap lc kh vao may la 3 bar . Khi bat au o mau chu y m may quang pho trc sau o mi m chng trnh phan tch. Chng trnh phan t ch (Analytical progam ) c nap. Can kiem tra la ban co dung ung chng trnh phan tch cho mau th hay khong, neu can thiet th nap chng trnh phan tch khac. e thc hien viec nay, m Menu File va chon chng trnh nap e tien thao tac ta co the dung cac nut tren ban phm va trnh t viec o mau c thc hien nh sau: at mau phan tch at mau phan tch vi be mat a gia cong len gia ot, mau phai that phang va lo cua gia ot phai c ay kn. Ha thap can gi mau e e mau len gia ot. Chieu cao cua can gi co the c ieu chnh theo chieu cao mau. Khi can gi mau tiep xuc vi mau can nay co cong dung nh la ien cc may bao Ready. Chu y neu mat tren cua mau r set hoac la chat cach ien th may se cha san sang e lam viec tren may bao ch o Clanp up ta phai lam sach lp cach ien o i. at ten mau Nhan F9 hay bieu tng next sample. Hop thoai d lieu mau hien ra, ta at ten mau va ky hieu mau. Chon chng trnh phan tch Nhan F10 cac chng trnh phan tch hien ra ta chon chng trnh phan tch thch hp vi mau th ( thep hp kim thap, thep khong r, thep cong cu, gang , nhom, hp kim nhom, ). Bat au lan o th nhat - Bam Ctrl F chu y kh argon co thoat ra be mat mau khong ( quan sat bot kh co thoi ra bnh nc pha di ) neu khong thay bot kh chng to mau khong ay kn lo cua gia ot hoac mau cha c mai phang, ta phai khac phuc s viec nay trc khi nhan F2 hay nhap vao bieu tng Start. Phep o bat au va tiep dien theo trnh t c cai at trc cua cac khoang o va cac tham so kch hoat khac nhau c lu tr trong chng trnh phan tch. Thanh trang thai hien th cac tham so dong kch hoat. Cuoi cung ket qua phan tch c hien th tren ca so o. GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

Chu y: Trong qua trnh o neu co s co bat thng xay ra, nhan F3 e dng may ngay. o lai Neu ch o mot lan se kho at c ket qua chnh xac.Tat ca ket qua o eu co s lech. Viec o lai lam cho ket qua c chnh xac hn. Ta dich chuyen mau sang v tr khac khong trung vi vet ot cu hoac mai lai mau e thc hien lai phep o nhieu lan , ket qua nao sai lech nhieu ta bam Delete e bo i.
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Lay trung bnh Sau khi ket thuc viec o tng mau bam F4 hay bieu tng tng nge lay gia tr trung bnh, ket qua phan tch se c lu trong may. Ta co the bam F9 ket qua cung c lay trung bnh lu lai trong may va viec thc hien mau o tiep theo se thc hien theo trnh t trc. Trong trng hp nhan F5 thay F4 he thong tnh toan se a ra o lech chuan (Sr) tng ng e them vao gia tr trung bnh . In ket qua Nhan F12 hay nhap vao bieu tng in e in ket qua. Tuy theo s cai at cua chng trnh ket qua se c in ngay sau khi bam F9, hoac ta co the m DIE 2000 e in ket qua sau. Mau mi Bam F9 e thc hien mau o mi. 1.4 Thc hien viec chuan hoa Khi o cung mot mau ( thng dung mau kiem tra co thanh phan biet trc ) ma thay ket qua sai lech nhieu ta phai chuan may. e chuan hoa ta chon chng trnh chuan hoa, bam F7 . Hop thoai chuan hoa se hien ra, ban se c nhac at mau chuan theo tng t t mau au tien cho en mau cuoi cung, viec chuan hoa se ket thuc. Cach thc hien nh o mau phan tch.

Hnh nh soi kim tng Mu 1 : trcbintnh

GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

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TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

Nhnxt : trc khi bintnhhtckchthcln ,bingiiphn chia cchtckchthclnnhhngxutictnhcahpkim

GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

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TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

Mu 2 : saubintnh

GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

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TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

Nhnxt : htckchthcnhhnrtnhiu ,ngbingiigiaccphanmsanstnhau, httinhthnhmn , tpchtnhmnvphnbu tng cng c tnh ca hp kim

GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

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TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

Bngphntchthnhphnha Mu 1 : trcbintnh

Nhnxt : hmlngchtbintnh Ti-B rtnh ,hmlng Al tinhkhitlnti 98,7%

GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

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TH NGHIM NU LUYN KIM LOI HP KIM

Mu 2 : saubintnh

2. Nhnxt :Thnhphnhpkimthayikhngnhiu , hmlng Ti B tnglnnhiusovitrcbintnh, vt qua tlbintnh 5 :1 , hiuqubintnhchatcttnht , Ti-B lmthayisccngbmtgiaphalngvpharnngncnslnlncatinhth

GVHD : Nguyn Duy Thng SVTH :VnhTng

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