FOUNDATION CHEMISTRY 2 LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT 1: DETERMINING THE ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION

TRILOKESH A/L RAJA MOGAN (1001128099)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & BUILT ENVIRONMENT UCSI UNIVERSITY May 28, 2011

APPENDIX B: FORMAT FOR TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE NO. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 MATERIAL & METHODOLOGY 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.0 CONCLUSION 5.0 LIMITATION OF EXPERIMENT 6.0 REFERENCE 1 2 4 10 10 11

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In this experiment, a sample of air will be trapped over water, in an inverted graduated cylinder in a beaker. As the temperature of the apparatus is changed, the number of moles of water vapor in the gas phase will vary according to the Clapeyron equation, while that of the trapped air will remain constant. The number of moles of air in the water-air mixture will be found by reducing the temperature of the whole apparatus to about 5 C. At that temperature, the vapor pressure of water is so small that the volume measured for the trapped gas corresponds only to the air present. Using the data collected, the enthalpy of vaporization can then be calculated from the slope of a graph of ln PH2O (the vapor pressure of water) versus 1/T.

The objective of this experiment is to measure the vapor pressure of water as a function of temperature change, prepare a graph of ln(P) as a function of vaporization ( H vap) of water. and calculate the enthalpy of

2.0 MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS Water, ice

2.2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS Beaker, graduated cylinder, thermometer, ruler, electrical heater

2.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 1. A 10 ml graduated cylinder was obtained and was filled with approximately 9 ml of water. 2. A 1000 ml beaker was filled with approximately three-fourths full with water. 3. The top of the graduated cylinder was covered with a finger and inverted into a 1000 ml beaker. The finger was not released until the mouth of the graduated cylinder was under the surface of the water in the beaker. 4. Water was then added into the 1000 ml beaker to cover the graduated cylinder. 5. A ruler was used to measure the difference between the height of the water in the graduated cylinder and height of the water in the beaker. This would provide a slight adjustment for the pressure that the water exerts on the air in the graduated cylinder. 6. The barometric pressure was recorded in mmHg. 7. The 1000 ml beaker was heated on the electrical heater until the water was about 80 C. If the air in the cylinder expanded past the scale on the graduated cylinder, the experiment would have to be restarted using a smaller amount of air. 8. The temperature and the volume were recorded.

9. The beaker was cooled until the temperature reached 50C and the temperature and volume was recorded every 5C. 10. Once the beaker reached 50 C, the beaker was cooled rapidly to about 0C by adding ice. The gas volume and temperature was recorded at this low temperature. If the vapor pressure was too low at this temperature it is assumed that all of the gas in the graduated cylinder is air.

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS Atmospheric Pressure: 760 mm Hg Difference in height, h: 13.8-10 = 3.8 cm
Temperature (C) 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Volume (mL) 8.0 7.6 6.4 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6

Pressure exerted by water = h mm water x (1.00 mm Hg / 13.6 mm water) = 38 mm water x (1.00 mm Hg / 13.6 mm water) = 2.79 mm Hg PT = Patm + h mm water x (1.00 mm Hg / 13.6 mm water) = 760 mm Hg + 2.79 mm Hg = 762.79 mm Hg Moles of trapped air

PTV =

nairRT

P = total pressure in cylinder V = volume of air when T = 0 n= number of moles of trapped air R =8.314kPa / 62.4 mm Hg T = lowest temperature PTV = nairRT

nair = PTV / RT
= (762.79)(0.001) / (62.4)(276) = 0.76279 / 17222.4 = 0.0000443 mol
Total pressure in cylinder,P Moles of trapped air, n 762.79 mm Hg 0.0000443 mole

Corrected volume (mL) 7.8 7.4 6.2 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.2 1.8

Temperature (K) 353 348 343 338 333 328 323 280

Pair (atm) 125.10 129.99 152.93 186.87 200.11 209.21 212.59 430.00

Pwater (atm) 637.69 632.80 602.86 575.92 562.68 553.58 550.20 332.79

1/T (1/K) 0.00283 0.00287 0.00292 0.00296 0.00300 0.00305 0.00309 0.00357

ln Pwater 6.46 6.45 6.40 6.36 6.33 6.32 6.31 5.81

Partial pressure (PairV = nair RT) For temperature 353 K and volume 7.8ml PairV = nair RT

Pair

= (0.0000443) ( 62.4 mm Hg) ( 353K) / (0.0078) =125.10mmHg

For temperature 348 K and volume 7.4ml PairV = nair RT Pair = (0.0000443) ( 62.4 mm Hg) ( 348K) / (0.0074) =129.99mmHg For temperature 343 K and volume 6.2ml PairV = nair RT Pair = (0.0000443) ( 62.4 mm Hg) ( 343K) / (0.0062) =152.93mmHg For temperature 338 K and volume 5.0ml PairV = nair RT Pair = (0.0000443) ( 62.4 mm Hg) (338K) / (0.0050) =186.87 mmHg For temperature 333 K and volume 4.6ml PairV = nair RT Pair = (0.0000443) ( 62.4 mm Hg) (333K) / ( 0.0046) =200.11mmHg For temperature 328 K and volume 4.4ml PairV = nair RT Pair = (0.0000443) ( 62.4 mm Hg) (333K) / ( 0.0044) =209.21 mmHg For temperature 323 K and volume 4.2ml PairV = nair RT Pair = (0.0000443) ( 62.4 mm Hg) (323K) / ( 0.0042) =212.59 mm Hg For temperature 280K and volume 1.8ml PairV = nair RT Pair = (0.0000443) ( 62.4 mm Hg) (280K) /(0.0018) = 430.00 mmHg Vapour pressure of water (PT = 762.79 mm Hg) Pwater = PT Pair For temperature 353 K and volume 7.8ml

Pwater = PT Pair
= 762.79 mm Hg 125.10mmHg =637.69 mmHg For temperature 348 K and volume 7.4ml Pwater = PT Pair = 762.79 mm Hg 129.99mmHg = 632.80 mmHg For temperature 343 K and volume 6.2ml Pwater = PT Pair = 762.79 mm Hg 152.93mmHg = 602.86 mmHg For temperature 338 K and volume 5.0ml Pwater = PT Pair = 762.79 mm Hg 186.87 mmHg = 575.92 mmHg For temperature 333 K and volume 4.6ml Pwater = PT Pair = 762.79 mm Hg 200.11mm Hg = 562.68 mm Hg For temperature 328 K and volume 4.4ml Pwater = PT Pair = 762.79 mm Hg 209.21 mmHg = 553.58 mm Hg For temperature 323 K and volume 4.2ml Pwater = PT Pair = 762.79 mm Hg 212.59 mm Hg = 550.20 mm Hg For temperature 280 K and volume 1.8ml Pwater = PT Pair = 762.79 mm Hg 430.00 mm Hg = 332.79 mm Hg

A graph of ln Pwater (mmHg) against 1/T was plotted

ln P versus 1/T
6.48 6.46 6.44 6.42 6.4 6.38 6.36 y = -639.1x + 8.2674 6.34 6.32 6.3 6.28 0.0028 0.00285 0.0029 0.00295 0.003 1/T

Series1 Linear (Series1) Linear (Series1)

ln P

0.00305 0.0031 0.00315

Regression Equation Hvap

y= -639.1x + 8.2674 Hvap/R = - 639.1 Hvap = 639.1 * R = 5313.47 J/mol

Percent error

(5313.47 40.65) / 40.65 * 100 = 1.297 %

3.2 DISCUSSION Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted on the inside of a container due to the vapors that escape from a liquid. Some particles in a liquid have enough energy to go into the gas phase. Since

the particles are in gas phase, they exert a pressure on the inside of the container, but they can also go back into liquid phase so equilibrium is reached where a constant pressure due to the vapors is assumed. At higher temperatures this pressure changes with temperature because, the liquid has more energy, and likewise there is a greater probability of the gas escaping, and the escaped gas has more energy so it exerts a greater force on the container. Therefore, the vapor pressure is directly proportional to temperature. From the graph, the H vap value was obtained by calculating the slope.

4.0 CONCLUSION

Based on the graph obtained, the enthalpy of vaporization of water can be calculated by using the regression equation. The slope that is obtained is multiplied by the R constant to give the H vap. For this experiment, the H vap is 5313.47 J/mol. The percent error compared to the theoretical value is 1.297 %.

5.0 LIMITATION OF EXPERIMENT

5.1 LIMITATION OF TECHNIQUE One of the limitation in this experiment is the fact that an accurate value that corresponds to the theoretical value of H vap cannot be obtained. This is due to the fact that heat is a kind of energy that varies at different conditions. Therefore, the actual value is difficult to obtain and this leads to a percent of error.

5.2 ERRORS THAT MAY HAVE OCCURRED A few errors may have occurred during the experiment. Firstly, when the water was being brought to boil on the electrical heater, it may have spilled and this may have changed the pressure the water exerted on the air and could have skewed the volume measurements. Next, when taking readings from the thermometer, parallax error could have occurred causing the results to be slightly deviated.

5.3 IMPROVEMENT AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS To improve the results of the experiment, it is vital to follow all the correct procedures of the experiment A few improvements can be done to reduce errors in the. Firstly, we can make sure the

thermometer is placed at a suitable position, not too high or too low, to obtain the accurate change in temperature. If possible the experiment can be repeated to obtain an average on calculations. There are some safety precautions that we must follow throughout the experiment. Firstly, the safety goggles should be worn throughout the experiment to avoid unwanted eye injuries. . Furthermore, extra care has to be taken to make sure the electrical heater is handled carefully to avoid burns.

6.0 REFERENCE

1. http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/GenChem-Textbook/Enthalpy-of-Fusion-andEnthalpy-of-Vaporization-842.html 2. Thomas M. Moffett Jr., Plattsburgh State University, 2003 Edited 2010 faculty.plattsburgh.edu/tom.moffett/che112/enthalpiesofwater.pdf accesed on 25 Feb 2011. 3. Kyle Miller November 19, 2006 Vapor Pressure and Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water 1st Edition