Mc lc Li gii thiu Chng 1. Gii thiu khi qut v ng c in mt chiu Chng 2. Xy dng m hnh ng c v cc mch vng iu chnh 2.

1 S cu trc ca ng c in mt chiu v cc ch xc lp, qu ca n. 2.2 Tng hp mch vng iu chnh dng in v iu chnh tc . Chng 3. M phng cc c tnh ca ng c bng Simulink. 3.1 La chn cc thng s cho m phng. 3.2 M phng cc trng hp c th ca ng c 3.3 Nhn xt v kt qu m phng thu c Kt lun

Li gii thieu i vi k s iu khin - t ng ha ni ring v nhng ngi nghin cu khoa hc - k thut ni chung, m phng l cng c quan trng cho php kho st cc i tng, h thng hay qa trnh - vt l, m khng nht thit phi c i tng hay h thng thc. c trang b cng c m phng mnh v c hiu bit v cc phng php m hnh ha, ngi k s s c kh nng rt ngn thi gian v gim chi ph nghin cu - pht trin sn phm mt cch ng k. iu ny c bit co ngha khi sn phm l cc h thng thit b k thut phc hp vi gi tr kinh t ln ng c in mt chiu ngy nay vn c s dng kh rng ri bi nhng tnh nng u vit m n mang li nh: khng cn ngun xoay chiu , thc hin vic thay i tc ng c mt cch d dng v.vChnh v nhng l do m em chn ng c mt chiu l i tng m phng trong bi lm ca mnh.

Chng 1- Khi qut v ng c mt chiu

1.1 - Cu to chung ca ng c mt chiu: My in mt chiu c th l my pht hoc ng c in v c cu to ging nhau. Nhng phn chnh ca my in mt chiu gm phn cm (phn tnh) v phn ng (phn quay). 1.1.1- Phn cm (stator) Phn cm gi l stator, gm li thp lm bng thp c, va l mch t va l v my v cc cc t chnh c dy qun kch t (hnh 1.1), dng in chy trong dy qun kch t sao cho cc cc t to ra c cc tnh lin tip lun phin nhau. Cc t chnh gn vi v my nh cc bulng. Ngoi ra my in mt chiu cn c np my, cc t ph v c cu chi than.

Hnh 1.1 Cc t chnh 1.1.2- Phn ng (rotor) Phn ng ca my in mt chiu cn gi l rto, gm li thp, dy qun phn ng, c gp v trc my.

Hnh 1.2 L thp rto

Hnh 1.3 Dy qun phn ng my in 1 chiu a) Phn t dy qun; b) B tr phn t dy qun

1. Li thp phn ng: Hnh tr lm bng cc l thp k thut in dy 0,5 mm, ph sn cch in ghp li. Cc l thp c dp cc l thng gi v rnh t dy qun phn ng (hnh 1.2). 2. Dy qun phn ng: Gm nhiu phn t mc ni tip nhau, t trong cc rnh ca phn ng to thnh mt hoc nhiu vng kn. Phn t ca dy qun l mt bi dy gm mt hoc nhiu vng dy, hai u ni vi hai phin gp ca vnh gp (hnh 1.3a). hai cnh tc dng ca phn t t trong hai rnh di hai cc t khc tn (hnh 1.3b). 3. C gp (vnh gp) hay cn gi l vnh i chiu gm nhiu phin ng hnh ui nhn c ghp thnh mt khi hnh tr, cch in vi nhau v cch in vi trc my. Cc b phn khc nh trc my, qut lm mt my 1.2- Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c in mt chiu Trn hnh 1.4 khi cho in p mt chiu U vo hai chi in A v B, trong dy qun phn ng c dng in. Cc thanh dn ab v cd mang dng in nm trong t trng s chu lc tc dng tng h ln nhau to nn mmen tc dng ln rto, lm quay rto. Chiu lc tc dng c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri (hnh 1.4a).

Hnh 1.4 M t nguyn l lm vic ca ng c in mt chiu Khi phn ng quay c na vng, v tr thanh dn ab, cd i ch nhau (hnh 1.4b), nh c phin gp i chiu dng in, nn dng in mt chiu bin i thnh dng in xoay chiu a vo dy qun phn ng, gi cho chiu lc tc dng khng i, do lc tc dng ln rto cng theo mt chiu nht nh, m bo ng c c chiu quay khng i. 1.3 Cc tr s nh mc ca ng c in mt chiu Ch lm vic nh mc ca my in ni chung v ca ng c in mt chiu ni ring l ch lm vic trong nhng iu kin m nh ch to quy nh. Ch c c trng bng nhng i lng ghi trn nhn my gi l nhng i lng nh mc.
1. Cng sut nh mc Pm (kW hay W). 2. in p nh mc Um (V). 3. Dng in nh mc Im (A). 4. Tc nh mc nm (vng/ph).

Ngoi ra cn ghi kiu my, phng php kch thch, dng in kch t Ch : Cng sut nh mc ch cng sut a ra ca my in. i vi my pht in l cng sut a ra u cc my pht, cn i vi ng c l cng sut a ra trn u trc ng c. 1.4 Phn loi ng c in mt chiu Da theo cun kch t, ng c mt chiu c cc loi nh sau:

ng c mt chiu kch t c lp. ng c mt chiu kch t song song. ng c mt chiu kch t ni tip. ng c mt chiu kch t hn hp. Chng 2- Xy dng m hnh ng c in mt chiu v cc mch vng iu chnh ng c

2.1 ng c in mt chiu v ch xc lp, qu ca n. Cho n nay ng c in mt chiu vn cn dng rt ph bin trong cc h thng truyn ng in cht lng cao, di cng sut ng c mt chiu () t vi W n vi MW. Gin kt cu chung ca nh hnh 1.5, phn ng c biu din bi vng trn bn trong c sc in ng E, phn stato c th c vi dy qun kch t: dy qun kch t c lp CK, dy qun kch t ni tip CKN, dy qun cc t ph CF v dy qun b CB. H thng cc phng trnh m t thng l phi tuyn, trong cc i lng u vo (tn hiu iu khin) thng l in p phn ng U, in p kch t Uk; tn hiu ra thng l tc gc ca ng c , mmen quay M, dng in phn ng I, hoc trong mt s trng hp l v tr ca rto . Mmen ti Mc l mmen do c cu lm vic truyn v trc ng c, mmen ti l nhiu lon quan trng nht ca h truyn in t ng.

u u

Hnh 2.1 Gin thay th ng c mt chiu. 2.1.1 Ch xc lp ca ng c in mt chiu

Khi t ln dy qun kch t mt in p uk no th trong dy qun kch t s c dng in ik v do mch t ca my s c t thng . Tip t mt gi tr in p U ln mch phn ng th trong dy qun phn ng s c dng in chy qua. Tng tc gia dng in phn ng v t thng kch t to thnh mmen in t, gi tr ca mmen in t c tnh nh sau:
p ' .N ..I = kI M= 2 .a

(2.1)

Trong : p - s i cc ca ng c; N - s thanh dn phn ng di mt cc t; a - s mch nhnh song song ca dy qun phn ng; k = pN/2a - h s kt cu ca my. Mmen in t ko cho phn ng quay quanh trc, cc dy qun phn ng qut qua t thng v trong cc dy dy qun ny cm ng sc in ng (s): E=
p ' .N .. = k 2 .a

(2.2)

Trong : - tc gc ca rto. Trong ch xc lp, c th tnh c tc qua phng trnh cn bng in p phn ng:
=
U Ru I k

(2.3)

Trong R- in tr mch phn ng ca ng c. T cc phng trnh (1.1) v (1.3) c th v c h c tnh c M() ca ng c mt chiu khi t thng khng i, hnh 2.2.

Hnh 2.2 c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu khi t thng khng i. 2.1.2 Ch qu ca ng c in mt chiu Nu cc thng s ca ng c l khng i th c th vit c cc phng trnh m t s thay th hnh 1.5 nh sau: * Mch kch t, c hai bin dng in kch t ik v t thng l ph thuc phi tuyn bi ng cong t ho ca li st: Uk(p) = RkIk(p) + Nk.p.(p) trong : Nk - s vng dy cun kch t; Rk - in tr cun dy kch t. * Mch phn ng: U(p) = R.I(p) + L.p.I(p) NN.p.(p) + E(p) Hoc dng dng in: I(p) = 1 + pT [U ( p) N N . p.( p) E ( p)] u trong L- in cm mch phn ng; NN - s vng dy cun kch t ni tip; T = L/R - hng s thi gian mch phn ng. * Phng trnh h in c (phng trnh chuyn ng ca h thng): M(p) Mc(p) = Jp (2.6)
1 / Ru

(2.4)

(2.5)

trong J l mmen qun tnh ca cc phn t chuyn ng quy i v trc ng c. T cc phng trnh trn ta thnh lp c s cu trc ca ng c mt chiu nh sau:

Hnh 2.3 S cu trc chung ca ng c mt chiu Ta thy rng s cu trc ny l phi tuyn mnh (c khu phi tuyn), do trong tnh ton ng dng thng dng m hnh tuyn tnh ho quanh im lm vic (phng php s gia). Trc ht chn im lm vic n nh v tuyn tnh ho on c tnh t ho v c tnh mmen ti nh hnh 2.4

0

cb

Hnh 2.4 Tuyn tnh ho on c tnh t ho v c tnh ti. dc ca c tnh t ho v c tnh c mmen ti tng ng (b qua hin tng t tr) l: kk = I k B=

0 ,I K 0

(2.7) (2.8)

M C

M Cb , B

Ti im lm vic xc lp ta c: in p phn ng U0, dng in phn ng I0, tc quay B, in p kch t Uk0, t thng 0, dng in kch t Ik0 v mmen ti MCB. Bin thin nh ca cc i lng trn tng ng l: U(p), I(p), (p), Uk(p), Ik(p), (p) v MC(p). Xt cho ng c kch t c lp (NN= 0), khi cc phng trnh c th vit nh sau: - Mch phn ng: U0 + U(p) = R[I0 + I(p)] + pL[I0 + I(p)] + + K[0 + (p)].[B + (p)] - Mch kch t: Uk0 + Uk(p) = Rk[Ik0 + Ik(p)] + pLk[Ik0 + Ik(p)] - Phng trnh chuyn ng c hc: K[0 + (p)] . [I0 + I(p)] - [MB + MC(p)] = Jpp [B + (p)] (2.11) Nu b qua cc v cng b bc cao th t cc phng trnh trn c th vit c cc phng trnh ca gia s nh sau: U(p) = RI(p) + pLI(p) + K0(p) +K(p)B Uk(p) = RkIk(p) (1 + pTk) K(p)I0 +K0I(p) - MC(p) = Jp p(p) ca ng c mt chiu kch t c lp (2.12) (2.13) (2.14) (2.10) (2.9)

T cc phng trnh trn ta suy ra s cu trc chung c tuyn tnh ho

R 1 + Tu . p

K
0

1 J.p

RK 1 + TK . p

KI0 KK

Hnh 2.5 S cu trc tuyn tnh ho Sau y ta xt mt s trng hp c bit ca ng c mt chiu kch t c lp trong ch qu . a) ng c kch t c lp trong ch qu vi = const. Khi dng in t ng c khng i, hoc khi ng c c kch thch bng nam chm vnh cu th t thng kch t l hng s: K = const = Cu Khi , - Phng trnh mch phn ng c dng: U(p) = RuI(p)(1+pTu) + Cu.(p) - Phng trnh h in c c dng: CuI(p) Mc(p) = Jp(p) khng i c biu din trn hnh 2.6 (2.16) T hai phng trnh (2.15) v (2.16) ta suy ra s cu trc khi t thng (2.15)

Up

1 / Ru 1 + pT u

Iu

K . K .

Mc

1 J p

Hnh 2.6 S cu trc khi t thng khng i b) ng c kch t c lp trong ch qu vi in p phn ng khng i Khi gi in p phn ng khng i v iu chnh in p kch t th do tnh cht phi tuyn ca mch t nn tt nht l s dng s tuyn tnh ho quanh im lm vic. S cu trc ny c th hin trn hnh 2.5, trong tn hiu in p phn ng U(p) = 0. Phng php ny c u im l: b chnh lu c iu khin trong mch kch t nh gn hn, r tin hn, vi cng sut nh hn dn n kch thc v trng lng nh hn. Tuy nhin n c nhng nhc im c bn l:
-

ng chm n tnh phi tuyn ca ng c. S vng dy ca cun kch t ln hn do hng s thi gian mch kch t ln hn nhiu so vi mch phn ng (Tk>>Tu) dn n thi gian qu ca h ko di.

Phm vi iu chnh tc quay hp v cn b ph thuc nhiu vo gi tr mmen cn. Do nh hng ca t d s gy ra sai lch trong qu trnh thc hin o chiu quay ng c.

2.2 Tng hp mch vng dng in v mch vng tc 2.2.1 Tng hp mch vng dng in Mch vng dng in l mch vng c i lng iu chnh l dng in. Mch vng dng in l mch vng c bn ca cc h t ng truyn ng in, v:
-

N trc tip hoc gin tip xc nh mmen quay ca ng c. C chc nng iu chnh gia tc ca h. C chc nng bo v v khng ch dng khi ng.

Trong qu trnh iu chnh tc quay ca ng c ta c th coi s nh hng ca sc in ng E ca ng c khng nh hng n qu trnh iu chnh khi tc quay thay i chm v t (h c mmen qun tnh ln, hng s thi gian c hc Tc >> T - hng s thi gian in t ca mch phn ng). Khi ta c s khi ca mch vng dng in nh sau:
Ui -E RI B B I Si

Hnh 2.7 S cu trc mch vng dng in Trong : RI - b iu chnh dng in, B - b bin i mt chiu, c hm truyn (1 + T )(1 + T p) V0 dk Si - l xenx dng in. Ta i xc nh RI:
K cl

Ki 1 + Ti . p

Hm truyn ca mch dng in (hm truyn ca i tng iu chnh) l nh sau:

K cl .K i Ru Soi= (1 + pTdk )(1 + pTvo )(1 + pTu )(1 + pTi )

(2.17) trong cc hng s thi gian Tdk, TV0, Ti l rt nh so vi hng s thi gian in t T . t Ts = Tdk+ TV0+ Ti th c th vit li (2.17) dng gn ng nh sau:
K cl .K i Ru Soi= , trong Ts<<Tu. (1 + pTs )(1 + pTu )

p dng tiu chun ti u mdun ta c:

1 + Tu p 1 = Ri(p) = S 0i 2 . p.(1 + . p) K cl .Ki .2T p (chn = Tsi ). y l khu PI si Ru

Suy ra hm truyn kn ca dng in i vi tn hiu t l: F = U ( p) = K . 2.T . p.(1 + T . p) + 1 K . 1 + 2.T . p i s s i s 2.2.2 Tng hp mch vng tc H c dng ni cp: mch vng dng in bn trong v mch vng tc bn ngoi, n c s dng khi: - H khng c kh nng v qu dng hoc c yu cu cao v iu chnh gia tc hoc ri vo dng gin on phn ng. S mch vng dng in thng l mt i vi h khng o chiu, l hai i vi h c o chiu. Mun thay i chiu quay ca h th phi thay i du ca tn hiu t. Cn phi lp thm b hn ch dng in sau b iu khin tc gim tn hiu t cho mch vng dng in.
I ( p) 1 1 1 1

S khi ca mch vng iu chnh tc c mch vng dng in:

Mc _

1 1 . Ki 1 + 2.Ts . p

Ru kTC . p

K 1 + T . p
Hnh 2.8 S cu trc mch vng tc Tng hp b iu chnh tc theo tiu chun mdul ti u tng t nh mch vng dng in ta c b iu chnh tc R c dng khu khuych i P.
i C R(p) = 2k .R .2T P . u si

k kT

Chng 3 M phng cc c tnh ca ng c mt chiu bng simulink 3.1 La chn cc thng s cho qu trnh m phng: * Chn cc thng s cho ng c in mt chiu - Cng sut nh mc:
Pdm = 10(kW )

- in p nh mc:
U dm = 220(V )

- Tc nh mc
n dm = 1150(v / ph)

- Hiu sut nh mc:

 dm = 90%

- in cm phn ng:
L = 0,3( H )

- Mmen qun tnh:

J = 2(kg / m 2 )

- dc ca c tnh t ho v mmen ti: kk = 5 B=1 - kI0 = 10 - kB= 4 * Chn cc thng s ca cc b bin i, xenx dng in v my pht tc: - Hng s thi gian ca cm bin dng in:
Ti = 0,002( s )

- Hng s thi gian ca chuyn mch chnh lu:

Tv = 0,001( s )

- Mch iu khin chnh lu:

Tdk = 0,001( s )

- My pht tc:
T = 0,002( s )

T cc thng s chn ta tnh c cc thng s khc theo cc cng thc sau:

m=
M dm = I dm = 2 .ndm 2 .1150 = =120,43(rad / s ) 60 60 Pdm 10000 = = 83,04( Nm) dm 120,43

Pdm 10000 = = 45,45( A) U dm 220

 K =

M dm 83,04 = =1,83 I dm 45,45 U dm 220 = 0,5(1 0,9). = 0,24 () I dm 45,45

Ru = 0,5(1 dm ). Tu =

Lu 0,3 = = 1,25( s ) Ru 0,24

Tsi = Tdk + Tv + Ti = 0,001 + 0,001 + 0,002 = 0,004( s )

Ta c
U dm = K cl .U dk U id = K i .I dm

chn Udk= Uid= 10(V), suy ra:

K cl = Ki = Tc = U dm 220 = = 22 U dk 10

U id 10 = = 0,22 I dm 45,45

0,24.2 Ru J = 0,14( s ) 2 = (1,83) 2 ( K )

Ts = 2.Tsi + T = 2.0,004 + 0,002 = 0,01( s) R 0,24 = = 0,94 ( K )Tc 1,83.0,14 U d = .K U d =10(V ) K = 10 U d = = 0,083 120,43

T y ta suy ra hm truyn ca b iu khin dng in v tc c dng:

Ri = R = RTu 2 K cl K i Tsi 7,75 1 0,24.1,25 1 1 + = 2.22.0,22.0,004 1 + 1,25. p = 6,2 + p pTu

K i ( K )Tc 0,22.1,83.0,14 = =141,48 2 K R.Ts 2.0,083.0,24.0,01

3.2 M phng cc trng hp c th ca ng c bng simulink 3.2.1 M phng ng c in trong trng hp = const.

S m phng trong simulink khi in p t c dng bc nhy nh hnh 3.1

Hnh 3.1 S m phng trong simulink khi t thng khng i c tnh tc , c tnh dng in, in p phn hi ca ng c thu c khi m phng trong ch qu ln lt nh hnh di y: - c tnh dng in:

- c tnh tc :

- c tnh in p phn hi:

3.2.2 M phng ng c in mt chiu trong trng hp U khng i (Up = 0) S m phng trong simulink nh hnh 3.2

Hnh 3.2 S m phng khi in p phn ng khng i - c tnh dng in

- c tnh tc

c tnh t thng

in p phn hi

3.2.3 Mch vng dng in ca ng c mt chiu trong simulink S m phng trong simulink nh hnh 3.3

Hnh 3.3 Mch vng iu chnh dng in ng c trong simulink Vi in p l dng step, m phng ta thu c kt qu dng tn hiu dng in ra v in p phn hi c dng: - Tn hiu dng in:

- Tn hiu in p phn hi:

3.2.4 Mch vng iu chnh tc (c mch vng iu chnh dng in) m phng trong simulink S m phng trong simulink nh hnh 3.4

Hnh 3.4 Mch vng iu chnh tc Cc ng c tnh thu c:

-

dng in:

- tc :

- in p phn hi:

Mch vng iu chnh tc khi c thm khu hn ch dng sau b iu khin tc (hnh 3.5)

Hnh 3.5 Mch vng iu chnh tc khi c thm khu hn ch dng. - Tn hiu dng in khi c thm khu hn ch dng l:

- Tn hiu tc

- Tn hiu in p phn hi

3.3 Nhn xt v kt qu m phng thu c

-

Trong hai trng hp in p phn ng khng i v t thng khng i ta thy thi gian qu ca dng in, in p phn hi, tc trng hp in p phn ng khng i l ln hn (do Tk>>Tu), tuy nhin qu iu chnh li nh hn.

Khi c thm b iu chnh dng in v b iu chnh tc th in p phn hi bm theo in p t hn. Khu hn ch dng lp sau b iu chnh tc c tc dng lm gim tn hiu t cho mch vng dng in.

Kt lun Da vo cc kt qu m phng thu c ta bit c s hot ng v cc ch lm vic ca ng c in mt chiu. V nh s gip ta bit cch s dng hp l ng c in mt chiu trong cc quy trnh cng ngh. Qua thi gian di nghin cu, tm hiu cng vi s hng dn ca thy Lu Kim Thnh, em hon thnh bi tp ny. Tuy nhin do kin thc cn hn ch nn khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Em mong thy c v cc bn gp bi lm ca em c hon thin hn.

Ti liu tham kho [1] iu chnh t ng truyn ng in - Bi Quc Khnh - Nguyn Vn Lin Phm Quc Hi - Dng Vn Nghi [2] Matlap v Simulink dnh cho k s iu khin t ng - Nguyn Phng Quang.