1.1. Introduction Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension.

In order to reduce or prevent such cracks from developing, a concentric or eccentric force is imposed in longitudinal direction of structural element. This force prevents the cracks from developing by eliminating or considerably reducing the tensile stresses at the critical midspan and support section at service load, thereby raising the bending, shear and torsional capacities of the sections. The sections are able to behave elastically and almost the full capacity of the concrete in compression can be efficiently utilized across he entire depth of the concrete sections when all loads act on the structure. The main difference between reinforced and prestressed concrete is the fact that reinforced concrete combines concrete and steel bars b simply putting them together and letting them act together as hey may wish. Prestressed concrete, on the other hand, combines high-strength concrete with high-strength steel in an active manner. This is achieved by tensioning the steel and holding it against the concrete, thus putting the concrete into compression. This active combination results in much better behavior of the two materials. Steel is ductile and now is made to act in high tension by prestressing. Concrete is brittle material with is tensile capacity now improved by being compressed, while its compressive capacity is not really harmed. Thus prestressed concrete is an ideal combination of two modern high strength materials. The development of presstressed concrete has occurred in application of posttensioning to buildings, bridges, and pressure containers, including the combination of pretensioning, posttensioning, and conventional reinforcing to structures and structural components. Outside the fields of tanks, bridgesn and buildings, prestressed concrete has been occasionally applied to dam, by anchoring presstressed steel bars to the foundation, or by jacking the dam against it. 1.2. General Principles of Prestressed Concrete Three different concepts may be applied to explain and analyze the basic behavior of this form of prestressed concrete.

First Concept Prestressing to Transform Concrete into the Elastic Material Presstressed concrete as essentially concrete which is transformed from a brittle material into an elastic one by the precompression given to it. Concrete which is weak in tension and strong in compression is compressed so that the brittle concrete would able to withstand tensile streses. From this concept the criterion of no tensile stresses was born. It is generally believe that if there are no tensile stresses in the concrete, there can be no cracks, and the concrete is no longer a brittle material but becomes an elastic materials. From this standpoint concrete is visualized as being subject to two systems of forces: internal prestress and external load, with the tensile stresses due to the external load counteracted by the compressive stresses due to the prestress. Similarly, the cracking of concrete due to load is prevented or delayed by the precompression produced by tendons. So long as there are no cracks, the stresses, strains, and deflections of the concrete due to two systems of forces can be considered separately and superimposed if necessary. In its simplest form, a simple rectangular beam prestressed by a tendon (Fig. ) and loaded by external loads. Second Concept Prestressing for Combination of High-Strength Steel with Concrete This concept is to consider prestressed concrete as combination of steel and concrete, similar to reinforced concrete, with steel taking tension and concrete taking compression so that the two material form a resisting couple against the external moment, Fig. This is often the easy concept for engineers familiar with reinfoeced concrete where the steel supplies a tensile force and the concrete supplies the compressive force, the two forces forming a couple with a lever arm between them. In prestressed concrete, high-tensile steel is used which will have to be elongated a great deal before its strength is fully utilized. If the high-tensile steel is simply buried in concrete will have to crack very seriously before the full strength of the steel is developed. Fig. Hence it is necessary to prestretch the steel with respect to the concrete. By prestressing and anchoring the steel against the concrete, we produse desirable sresses and strains in both materials: compressive stresses and strains in concrete, and tensile stresses and strains in steel. This combined action permits the safe and economical utilization of the two materials which cannot be achieved by simply burying steel in concrete as is done for

ordinary reinforced concrete. In isolated instances, medium-strength steel has been used as simple reinforcement without presressing, and the steel was specially corrugated for bond, in order to distribute the cracks. This process avoids the expenses for prestreching and anchoring high-tensile steel but does not have the desirable effects of precompressing the concrete and of controlling the deflections. Third Concept Prestressing to Achieve Load Balancing This concept is to visualize prestressing primarily as an attempt to balance the loads on a member. In the overall design of prestressed concrete structure, the effect of prestressing is viewed as the balancing of gravity loads so that members under bending such as slabs, beams, and girders will not be subjected to flexural stresses under a given loading condition. This enables the transformation of a flexural member into a member under direct sress and thus greatly simplifies bith the design and analysis of otherwise complicated structures.. This application of this concept requires taking the concrete as a freebody, and replacing the tendons with forces acting on the concrete along the span. Take for example, a simple beam prestressed with a parabolic tendon. (Fig.) 1.3. Classification and Types of Prestressed Concrete Prestressed concrete structure can be classified in a number of ways, depending upon their feature of design and construction. This will be discussed as follows. Externally or Internally Prestressed. - The method of arch compensation was mentioned previously, where a concrete arch was prestressed by jacking against its abutments. Theoretically, a simple concrete beam can also be externally prestressed by jacking at the proper places to produce compression in the bottom fibers and tension in top fibers. Fig. , thus even dispensing with steel reinforcement in the beam. Such an ideal arrangement however cannot be easily accomplished in practice, because, even if abutments favorable for such a layout are obtainable, shrinkage and creep in concrete may

completely offset the artificial strains unless they can be readjusted. Besides, such a site would probably be better suited for an arch bridge. For a statically indeterminate structure, like a continuous beam, it is possible to adjust the level of the supports, by inserting jacks, for example, so as to produce the most desirable reactions, Fig . This sometimes practical, though it must be kept in mind that shrinkage and creep in concrete will modify the effects of such prestress so that they must be taken into account or else the prestress must be adjusted from time to time. Linear or Circular Prestressing. - Circular prestressing is aterm applied to prstressed circular structures, such as round tanks, silos, and pipes, where the prestressing tendons are wound around in circles. As distinguished from circular prestressing, the term linear prestressing is often employed to include all other structures such as beams and slabs. The prestressing tendons in linearly prestressed structure are not necessarily straight; they can be either bent or curved, but they do not go ground and round in circles as in circular prestressing. The example of Circular prestressed concrete is prestressed concrete tanks for hazardous liquids that circular prestressed concrete tanks are ideal for the storage of liquids. Although, so far, they have been used mostly for water storage structures and municipal wastewater treatment structures, they also offer advantages for storage of liquids detrimental to the environment. The ability of circular prestressed concrete tanks to resist backfill presure allows them to be buried, the additional security and other advantages provided make circular prestressed concrete tanks a logical part of double containment systems for chemicals, hazardous wasters and petroleum storage. The ability of circular prestressed concrete tanks above grade, and to a greater extent below grade, to withstand the domino effect in multitank storage facilities is very valuable for decreasing the economic and environmental consequences of industrial accidents. Pretensioning and Posttensioning 1. Pretensioning

The term pretensioning is used to describe any method of prestresing in which the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed. It is evident that the tendons must be temporarily anchored against some abutments or stressing beds when tensioned and prestress transferred to the concrete after it has set. This procedure is employed in precasting plants or laboratories where permanent beds are provided for such constructed. 2. Posttensioning Posttensioning is a method of prestressing in which the tendons is tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Thus the prestessing is almost always performed against the hardened concrete, and the tendons are anchored againts it immediately after prestressing. This method can be applied to members either precast or cast in place. In posttensioning prestressed concrete, we know two types of tendon: a. Bonded Tendons Bonded tendons denote those bonded throughout their length to surrounding concrete. Non-end anchored tendons are necessarily bonded ones; end-anchored tendons may be either bonded or unbonded to the concrete. In general, the bonding of posttensioned tendons is accomplished by subsequent grouting b. Unbonded Tendons In unbonded, protection of the tendons from corrrosion must be provided by galvanizing, greasing, or some other means. Typically, the unbonded tendons is greased and wrapped with paper or plastic material to prevent bonding to the surrounding concrete. History of unbonded tendons The first unbonded tendons can probably be attributed to R.E.Dill in 1925. In the 1930s, unbonded rod-type bars were prestressed by the use of turnbluckles for cylindrical tanks. This exposed bars were either galvanized or painted. The first unbonded tendons in a building were probably used for lift-slab construction in the mid 1950s and it consisted of greased and helically-paper wrapped in. 240 ksi stress

relieved wire anchoraged by individual button heads. In the early 1960s, paperwrapped, single-strand tendons started to replace wire tendons. In turn, grease-coated, plastic-sheated strands, introduced in the mid 1960s, began phasing out the paper wrapped tendons,. By the mid 1970s they had become the predominant unbonded tendons. By 1970, unbonded post-tensioning design concepts were becoming more commonly known and long spans, relatively shallows depths, and generally superior crack control provided by post-tensioning were seen as an advantage. This was particularly true for parking structures, which account for 20 percent of unbonded posttensioned buildings. Tendon types, performance Paper wrapped wire tendons The corrosion performance of paper-wrapped, button headed wire tendons has had some problem. In some of these cases, it was found that the paper wrapping was inadequate and that the amount and quality of grease protection around the prestressing steel and anchorage was less than desirable. This was sometimes exacerbated by inadequate cover, poor-quality concrete and concrete cracking, which permitted water and chlorides to find their way to the anchorages, resulting in corrosion. These unbonded tendons, which had relatively limited use, have now been in service for up to about 35 years. Since patterns of problems have occurred, monitoring the behavior of these tendons is advisable. - Single strand unbonded tendons Three different types of greased plastic sheaths are used to enclose prestressing steel strand (Fig 1). 1. strand. The push-through sheath has a loose fit to thread through the

2.

The lapped, heat sealed sheath can be relatively tight around the strand, but in past practices it quite often was a loose fit, sometimes was poorly executed and would open.

3. - Banded Tendons

The extruded sheath is generally in tightly fitted.

Prior to 1969 tendons were not bunched or grouped in slab structural systems; they were distributed throughout the structure. Then tendons started to be used in grouped bands of up to four or five tendons in one direction of slab system and uniformly spaced in the other direction. This method of placing tendons is now the general practice. Grouping tendons in bands makes the chairing and placing simpler. - General structural evaluation When evaluating an existing structure, the usual structural concerns such as unusual cracking patterns, through cracks, unanticipated cracks, cracks in areas of shear transfer, concrete spalling and delamination, excessive deflections, and signs of reinforcing steel and tendon corrosion should be noted. These than should be related to what is known about the structure, as found in engineering and shop drawings and job construction documents and photographs so that cracking patterns and the incidental crack can be evaluated. Then it can be determined whether the structure should be analyzed to see if cracking that exists is to be expected or not. If the cracking is explainable and there is sufficient ultimate strength without excessive deflections, then the design can usually be considered adequate. However, if cracks are found that are not explainable or if excessive restraint cracks are found that may depreciate the shear strength of the structure or change the expect behavior of the structure, then the problem obviously has to be looked into further excessive assuming no overload, indicates some deficiency in the original design, improperly placed tendons or reinforcing bars, non-stressed or failed tendons, or an inadequate concrete strength and modulus of elasticity.

Some typical defects in unbonded structures are restraint cracks caused by the presence of stiff elements, which do not permit to floor system to shorten freely due to prestressing compression elastic shortening and time depend shrinkage and creep, occur in many ways. Inadvertent misplacement of tendons during construction has caused major concrete cracking. Distresss can occur during the post tensioning or after the period of time and manifested by major spalls or unexplainable cracks in the vicinity of tendons. Evaluating unbonded tendons The most difficult task in evaluating structure is determining the condition of unbonded tendons. A non-destructive test to determine the presence of corrosion on the prestressing steel would be a great help. Since the greater number of corrosion problems have occurred in tendons loosely sheathed, the first step in the evaluation is to determine the type of tendon system used. To minimize the amount of concrete removal, try to determine areas of small concrete cover at the tendon low or high point when selecting the tendon to probe. If the sheath is soft to touch it is probably a push through as possibly heat sealed sheath. The sealed type can be identified by the seam at the lap weld. To be more sure of the type, several tendons may have to be exposed for at least 6 in. This invasive probe can also be used to determine if there is water in the sheath, particularly at a tendon low point. Also by removing the sheath at the probe, the quality of grease protection, and the present corrosion, if any, can be observed. A non-destructive simple field test, using a vacuum head, can supply information to enhance ones judgment on the condition of tendon anchorages and, to some extent, the tendon proper. This vacuum test, suitable for quality control as well as for the evaluation of existing conditions, is simple to use, fast, and provides a non-destructive evaluation of the concrete plug joint tightness and the relative porosity of the parent and anchor plug concrete. Fig. 10 illustrated the transparent testing head in place over an anchor pocket. The seal is obtained by special gasket. The battery-operated tester provides the vacuum source and can be used on most accessible anchorage pockets. When the vacuum is applied, the adequacy of the

anchorage plug to protect against corrosion can be determined both by the level and rate of decay of the maximum vacuum pressure obtained. Also by applying a special foaming agent first to the anchor plug cold joint and separately to the mortar plug and applying the vacuum, the vigor and the nature of the bubble pattern form reveals the conditions. Vigorous bubbling is most likely an indication that aggressive materials could be enter the anchor and cause corrosion. 1.4.Materials and Systems for Prestressing
Appropriate cement type: low C3A, MgO, free lime; Low and endurance are two major qualities that are particularly Na2O, and K2O

Strength

important in

prestressed concrete structures. Long-term detrimental effects can rapidly reduce the prestresing forces and could result in unexpected failure. Hence, measures have to be taken
Resistance to weathering to ensure strict quality control and quality assurance at the various stages of production an Resistance to wear

construction as well as maintenance. Figure 2.1. shows the various factors that result in good-quality concrete.
Controlled proportions Appropriate cement type Low w/c ratio Proper curing Alkali-resistant aggregate Suitable admixture Use of superplatisizers or polymers as admixtures Air entrainment Controlled material quality control

and chemicals

deterioration

Low w/c ratio Proper curing Dense, homogeneous concrete High strength Wear-resisting aggregate Good surface texture

Ideal durable concrete

Controlled placing and curing

Controlled handling

Strength

Economy

Good quality of paste Low w/c ratio Optimal cement content Sound aggregate, grading and vibration Low air content

Large maximum aggregate size Efficient grading Minimum slump Minimum cement content Optimal automated plant operation Admixtures and entrained air Quality assurance control

Figure 2.1. Principal properties of good concrete

Higher strength is necessary in prestressed concrete for several reasons. First, in order to minimize their cost, commercial anchorages for prestressing steel are always design on the basis of high-strength concrete. Hence weaker concrete either will require special anchorages or may fail under the application of prestressed. Such failures may take place in bearing or in bond between steel and concrete, or in tension near anchorage. Next, some of failure that happen in prestressed concrete structure. Creep Creep, or lateral material flow, is the increase in strain with time due to as sustained load. The initial deformation due to load is the elastic strain, while the additional strain due

to same sustained load is the creep strain. This practical assumption is quite acceptable, since the initial recorded deformation includes few time-dependent effects. The increase in creep strain as in the case of shrinkage, it can be seen that creep rate decreases with time. Creep cannot be observed directly and cannot be determined only by deducting elastic strain and shrinkage strain from total deformation. Although shrinkage and creep are not independent phenomena, it can be assumed that superposition of strain is valid. Shrinkage Basically, there are two types of shrinkage; plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage occurs during the first few hours after placing fresh concrete in the forms. Exposed surface such as floor slabs are more easily affected by exposure to dry air because of their large contact surface. Drying shrinkage, in the other hand, occurs after concrete has already attained its final set and good portion as the chemical hydration process in the cement gel has been accomplished. Several factors effect the magnitude of drying shrinkage: 1. Aggregate. The aggregate act to restrain the shrinkage of the cement paste; hence concrete with high aggregate content are less vulnerable to shrinkage. 2. Water / cement ratio The higher the water/cement ratio, the higher the shrinkage effects. 3. Size of concrete element Both the rate and total magnitude of shrinkage decrease with an increase in the volume of the concrete element. However, the duration of shrinkage is longer for larger members since more time needed for drying to reach internal regions. 4. Medium ambient conditions The relative humidity of he medium greatly affects the magnitude of shrinkage; the rate of shrinkage is lower t high states of relative humidity. The environment temperature is another factor, in that shrinkage become stabilized a low temperatures. 5. Amount of reinforcement Reinforced concrete shrinks less then plain concrete, the relative difference is a function of the reinforcement percentage.

6. Admixtures The effect varies depending on the type of admixture. An accelerator such as calcium chloride, use to accelerate hardening and setting of the concrete, increase the shrinkage. 7. Type of cement Rapid-hardening cement shrinks somewhat more than other types, while shrinkagecompensating cement minimizes or eliminates shrinkage cracking if used with restraining reinforcement. 8. Carbonation Carbonation shrinkage are caused by reaction between the carbon dioxide (CO2) present in the atmosphere and that present in the cement paste. Corrosion Protection against corrosion of prestressing steel is more critical in case of nonprestressed steel. Such as precaution is necessary since the strength of the prestressed concrete element is the function of the prestressing force, which in turn is the function of the prestressing tendon area. Reduction of the prestressing steel area due to corrosion can drastically reduce the nominal moment strength of the prestressed secton, which can lead to premature failure of the structural system. In postensioned members, protection against corrosion is provided by the concrete surrounding the tendon, provided that adequate concrete cover is available. In post-tensioned members, protection can be obtained by full grouting of the ducts after prestressing is completed or by greasing. The strength of prestressed-concrete flexural member is dependent upon the conditions of its tendons throughout their service life; so they must not experience serious deteriorations due to corrosion. Prestressing steel is subject to normal oxidation in approximately in same degree as structural-grade steels. Because wire and strain tendons are normally of small diameter, it is essential that they be protected against significant oxidation. Bar tendon should be protected too, but because of their relatively large diameter, normal oxidation is of somewhat less concern with them than with wire and strand tendons. Protection against corrosion is effected in pretensioned construction by the concrete that surrounds by tendons. In bonded post-tensioned construction, the tendons are

protected by grout injected into the duct containing the tendons after the tendons have been stressed. Unbonded tendons normally are coated with grease, wax, or bituminous materials and cover with pastic tubing or waterproof paper in factory before being shipped to the construction site; chemicals that inhibit oxidation of ferrous metals sometimes are included in the coating applied to tendons used in unbonded construction. Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection is being considered for control of corrosion in prestressing steel. The differences between conventionally reinforced structures and prestessed structure, in terms of the properties and arrangement of the materials, complicated the design of cathodic protection system for prestressed structures. Cathodic protection was used on prestressed concrete pipes, bridge decks, parking garages, under ground tanks, and marine structures. Cathodic protection controls the corrosion of metal structures by altering the electrical potential of the metal so as to restrict the flow of positively charged metal ions away from metal. This is typically done by means of a cathodic protection circuit as shown in Fig.1.

+ DC -

Fig.1 A cathodic protection circuit alters the electrical potential and restricts the flow of positively charged metal ions away from the metal.

The negative terminal of a direct current rectifier is connected to the steel to be protected, and the positive terminal is connected to anode that are placed n or on the

concrete itself. The anode may be series of discrete, closely space elements, linear strips, a conductive polymer mesh, or some combiation of these. The protective current flows from the rectifier. In corrosion control terminology the steel is structure, and the concrete is the electrolyte. Preventing hydrogen embrittlement Hydrogen embrittlement is of particular concern in corrosion of high-strength steels and the related issue of stress corrosion, cracking, are very complex, poorly understood phenomena. Hydrogen is generated at the cathode of an electrochemical cell, when the potential of the cathode is depressed to the hydrogen evolution potential. The value of this potential depends on the chemical environment. The risk of hydrogen embrittlement is therefore increased, as a metal is cathodicall protected. While its has not been a problem with mild, ductile, reinforcing steel, there is valid concern for this loss of the limited ductility of high strength prestressing steels. Hydrogen embrittlement is of particular concern in corrosion of high-strength steels and the related issues of stress corrosion, cracking, are very complex, poorly understood phenomena. Monitoring corrosion activity Electrical potential measurements conducted in accordance with ASM C-876, using a copper/copper sulfate half-cell, can provide a valuable indication of the corrosion activity of steel embedded in concrete. This test is also used to provide ongoing evaluation of the operation of a cathodic system. In order to carry out the test, an electrical connection is made from the voltmeter to the steel, and the circuit is completed through the half-cell placed on the concrete. (Fig.2). With unbonded steel that may be electrically insulated from the concrete environment by a plastic or paper sheath, the potential test is of questionable value. Not only does this inhibit the ability of the engineer to determine where corrosion is occurring, but it also complicates evaluation of the efficiency of the cathodic protection. Distribution of the current

Unsheathed strands fully bonded to the surrounding concrete present the greatest possibilities for cathodic protection that can flow unimpeded from the embedded anode material to the steel. Prestressing tendons may be electrically insulated from the surrounding concrete by paper, plastic, grease, or a grouted tube. This not only increases the difficulty in taking and interpreting the electrical potential measurements, but also makes it more difficult to insure that the cathodic protection current is distributed to the corroding areas of the reinforcement. As shown in Fig.3 there could be air, water, or grease filled gaps between the sheats and tendon Successful application of cathodic protection requires that current be passed through the sheath (or more likely through tears and voids in the sheath) to the according areas of the steel. Cathodic protection of sheated tendons may involve some modification to the existing structural system (such as the grouting of unbonded tendons) to provide a direct electrolytic path from the embedded anodes to the corroding steel.

Grout tube

7 wire tendons Void space

Grout

Plastic sheat

Void space

Fig.3 Voids between sheath and tendon in bonded or unbonded prestressing steel could restrict current flow and hinder the effectiveness of the cathodic protection

Durability of Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Structure Durability research The surveys of U.S. experience in these reports support the conclusion that corrosion of post-tensioning tendons is not significant problems in highway bridges. Accelerated laboratory tests at the University of Texas at Austin have demonstrated that post-tensioning can provide substantial improvement of durability by eliminating cracks and limiting crack width. The research further shows that high-quality concrete and generous cover over reinforcement cannot protect reinforcement in the presence of cracks. The exposure tests of unbonded tendons specimens and other tests show that properly fabricated and installed unbonded tendons provide excellent protection against corrosion in aggressive environment. NCHRP Report 313 has documented the excellent corrosion resistance of conventional post-tensioning details and the increase in corrosion resistance possible through use of newer materials including epoxy coated strand and polyethylene duct. Durability experience with post-tensioned structures Reports on the durability of actual post-tensioned buildings and bridges are presented separately since bridge construction uses mainly grouted or bonded tendons and buildings are constructed mainly with unbonded and greased and shealthed tendons. Notwithstanding the preceding favorable discussion, it must be acknowledge that significant corrosion problems have occurred in isolated bridges and buildings with unbonded tendons, primarily parking structures in aggressive and corrosive environments. Loosely sheathed tendons with damaged sheath, poor grease coverage, or poor end anchorage protection have been the greatest source of corrosion problems with the extruded-type sheath have experienced comparatively few corrosion problem. Post-tensioned bridges Field experience concerning the durability of post-tensioned bridges in the U.S. validates the high corrosion resistance and durability potential indicated by the research results noted previously. Serious durability problems with post-tensioned bridges have been rare and

generally have been associated with obvious detail or construction deficiencies. The use of post-tensioning essentially eliminates cracking in highway bridges, allowing the corrosion protection of the high-quality concrete used in bridge construction to work. There is no evidence of corrosion in the stay cables of any U.S. cable-stayed bridges, and current technology provides cable-stays with a high degree of resistance both during construction and in the completed structure. Post-tensioned buildings Enclosed buildings -

Rehabilitating Parking Structures with Corrosion Damaged Button-Headed PostTensioning Tendons The boom of prestressing parking structures in the United States began in 1960s and early 1970s. Many of the early long-span concrete parking structure were built using the paper-wrapped button headed wire post-tensioning system (or BBRV system).After 10 to 15 years of service, many of these parking structures heve been found to be in deteriorates conditions with varying degrees of damage to post-tensioning system. Typical problem experienced with unbonded paper-wrapped button headed post-tensioning system in parking structures Typical structural system characteristics Many of these structures were designed with a higher degree of post tensioning. Design of that period often produced either a zero tension slab and beam design, or limited tensile stresses under working loads less than 3 fc. This meant that service load stresses rather than ultimate strength considerations governed quantity of reinforcement provided.. Corrosion protection of unbonded tendons

Generally, parking structures with unbonded button-headed post-tensioning were designed utilizing a one-way slab and beam system. The slab tendons were usually shop fabricated using the varying number of in. (6mm) diameter, 240 ksi (1655 Mpa) stress relieved wires. Most slab tendons contain six or seven wires, however, the number can vary from four to ten. The wires were greased, sometimes by hand and spirally wrapped with a reinforced kraft paper. The purpose of the sheathing, that is the reinforced kraft paper, was primarily to act as a bond breaker to prevent concrete from coming in contact with the wires of the tendons, thereby allowing them to move freely in the slab when the tendon was tensioned. The craft paper also held the grease in place on the wires during shipping, handling and concrete placement. The function of the grease was seen to be primarily to lubricate the tendon to allow for lower friction losses during tensioning. Corrosion protection of the wires was secondary function of the grease and was thought to be required for a limited duration until the tendons were safely embedded in the concrete.