CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL:

CONCRETE

CONCRETE: THE PROPERTIES

A material for construction that:Does not burn or rot Low in cost availability Have many usage in building such as structural elements, paving and interior finishes. Structural and Non-Structural members.

CONCRETE: THE PROPERTIES

Concrete does not has any form nor has tensile strength. To bring concrete into useful construction material, it has to be used together with steel.
Concrete structures is relatively inherently fire resistant.

General rules!!!!!!

concrete takes the compression!!! steel takes the tension!!!

CONCRETE: THE PROPERTIES

CONCRETE IS MADE OF:-

COARSE (GRAVEL OR CRUSHED STONE) + FINE AGGREGATES (SAND) + PORTLAND CEMENT (FINE GRAY POWDER MADE OF LIME, IRON, SILICA AND ALUMINA) + WATER.

Portland cement
Is a hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone Type 1: normal Portland cement- used for general construction Type 2: Moderate Portland cement- used in general construction where resistance to moderate sulfate action is required or heat buildup can be damaging i.e. large piers or retaining wall Type 3: High early end Portland cement cures faster and gains strength earlier than normal Portland cement i.e. early removal of formwork, reduce time required

Portland cement
Type 4: Low heat Portland cement generates less heat of hydration than normal. Used in the construction of massive concrete structures i.e. gravity dam Type 5: Sulfate-resisting Portland cement is used where resistance to serve sulfate action is required

Water
free of organic material, clay and salts, fit for drinking

Aggregates
Any of various inert mineral materials, as sand and gravel, added to a cement paste to make concrete. Its properties are important to the strength, weight and fire resistance of the hardened concrete as it represents 60% 80% of concrete volume. Fine aggregate consists of sand having a particle size smaller than (6). Course aggregate consists of crushed stone, gravel, or blast furnace slag having a particle size larger than (6)

CONCRETE: THE PROPERTIES

During the concrete hardening process, the cement combines with water to form a strong crystals that bind the aggregates. Concrete then will shrink when the drying process takes place after mixing. In a well formulated concrete, fine particles completely fill the space between the coarse particles. Each particles is coated with cement and water that mix with the surrounding particles.

CONCRETE: THE OPERATIONS

STORING OF CEMENT AND AGGREGATES BATCHING MIXING TESTING TRANSPORTING COMPACTION CURING JOINTING

MIXING BATCHING

TRANSPORTING

TESTING

COMPACTION

CURING

CONCRETE: THE CHARACTER

CONCRETE IS CHARACTERIZED BY: Type of aggregate or cement used size of aggregate, OPC (ordinary Portland cement) or RHC (rapid hardening cement); Specific quantities or ratio of mixing; Specific qualities it manifests; Methods used to produce concrete.

CONCRETE MIX/RATIO
RATIO STRENGTH DAY 7 1:1:2 20N/mm2 DAY 28 30N/mm2

1 : 1 : 3
1:2:4 1:3:6

17N/mm2
14N/mm2 12N/mm2

25N/mm2
21N/mm2 19N/mm2

CONCRETE: QUALITIES REQUIREMENTS

FIRE RESISTANCE CONCRETE; SULPHATE RESISTING CONCRETE; HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE; REINFORCED CONCRETE; LEAN CONCRETE

MIXING PROCESS
Three criteria to consider when designing the concrete mixture:Desired workability characteristics of the wet concrete; Desired physical properties of the cured concrete; Acceptable cost of the concrete.

MIXING PROCESS
WET CONCRETE The amount of cement and water will determine the strength of concrete; Water is needed during mixing process in order to give the wet concrete the necessary fluidity and plasticity for placing and finishing;

MIXING PROCESS
Eventually, water will evaporate from the concrete leaving very small voids that will impair strength and surface qualities of concrete; It is important to have correct watercement ratio; Principle: the weight of water should not be more than 60% of the weight of cement.

MIXING PROCESS
Mixing concrete can be done on construction site or away from site; For small job, concrete is mix at the site by using simple proportion of ingredients. Usually 1 shovel of cement to 2 sand and 3 gravel with enough water For large job, usually done at a central batching plant and transported in a rotating drum on the back of a truck so its ready to pour by the time it reaches the job site.

CURING PROCESS
Concrete cures by hydration; It is important to keep it moist until the desired strength is achieved; Usually the curing period is 28 days, otherwise the strength will be reduced; In low temperature, the curing reaction happens at a reduced rates and will take longer time.

CURING PROCESS
If its too cold, the curing process will stop; In hot temperature, the curing process will be greatly accelerated because the hydration reaction increased. Therefore, concrete may begin curing before it can be placed.

CURING PROCESS
QUALITY CRITERIA OF CURED CONCRETE: Compression strength and stiffness (suitable for structural columns, beams and slabs); Weather resistance (importance for paving and exterior wall where high degree resistance needed); Water tightness (for dams, tanks, etc)

HANDLING PROCESS
Wet concrete is an unstable mixture of solid and liquid; Segregation of ingredients will occur where coarse aggregates works it way to the bottom and the water and cement rise to the top; This will result in non-uniform and unsatisfactory properties of concrete.

HANDLING PROCESS
To avoid those problems, concrete has to be placed fresh from the mixer, as close as to its final position as possible; Concrete must be compacted in order to: Eliminate trapped air, fill completely around the reinforcing bars and into all corners of the formwork; To compact, rod, spade or vibrator can be used.

BASIC REQUIREMENT TO PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY CONCRETE

CLEAN INGREDIENTS; CORRECT PROPORTION OF MIXTURE; PROPER HANDLING OF WET CONCRETE TO AVOID SEGREGATING ITS INGREDIENTS; PROPER CURING PROCESS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITION.

WORKABILITY
In general, can be defined as the ease with which concrete can be mixed, transported, placed and finished without losing its homogeneity. For practical purposes, it generally implies the ease with which a concrete mixture can be handled from the mixer to its finally compacted shape.

FACTORS AFFECTING WORKABILITY CONSTITUENT MATERIALS: Cement, Water, Aggregate and Admixture. AMBIENT CONDITIONS: Temperature, Humidity and Wind. DELIVERY TIME

CONCRETE FAILURE N DEFECT

HAPPENS DUE TO. Poor quality materials used; Improper mix design; Lack of proper placing and curing procedures; Poor workmanship.

CONCRETE DEFECTS
HONEYCOMB; SEGREGATION; CRACKS; SPILL-OF; OUT OF SHAPE

HONEYCOMB

HONEYCOMB

SEGREGATION

TYPE OF CRACKS
1. STRUCTURAL AND NONSTRUCTURAL CRACKS; 2. STATIC, DORMANT CRACKS; 3. LIVE OR PROGRESSIVE CRACKS.

CRACKS
In engineering it is a nature of concrete structure to crack to a minor or major degree. Cracking indicate that the structure has been forced to absorb energy of some form of over-stressing. The cracks may further allow the ingress of corrosive agents, which may cause concrete to fail.

STRUCTURAL AND NONSTRUCTURAL CRACKS Plastic cracks appear very soon after
concrete has been cast.

Thermal cracks appear usually when

the formwork is being removed after several days.

Dry-shrinkage cracks appear if the

concrete mix is poorly designed.

STRUCTURAL AND NONSTRUCTURAL CRACKS

Corrosion related cracks often
occur in structure which are exposed to corrosive substances. Inadequate cover or high porosity enhances the rate of corrosion in concrete. The result is cracking and spalling.

STATIC, DORMANT CRACKS

Usually no further movement is likely to occur.

Fine cracks: up to 1mm wide; Wide cracks: 1mm 6mm wide; Fractures: over 6mm wide.

LIVE OR PROGRESSIVE CRACKS Cracks that may subject to further movement. Need frequent observation on affected surface.

PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF CRACKS

Thermal shocks temperature changes in a structure where no provision was made for movement or controlled cracking; Exposure conditions need some form of concrete preservation; Overloading mechanical overload either static or dynamic; Seismic movement under ground movement;

PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF CRACKS

Differential settlement base or foundation settlement which most often is limited and occur after a certain period of time; Shrinkage effects happen during curing process before the concrete has fully develop its strength; Construction errors poor workmanship.

Slab cracking

Slab corner cracking

Slab edge cracking

Scaling and Spalling

THE END.