Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

M U
Trng l mt loi thc phm dinh dng hon chnh rt ph bin nc ta cng nh cc nc trn th gii. Tuy nhin, do iu kin chn nui v thu hoch trng nn trn v trng c rt nhiu vi sinh vt, c bit l E. Coli v Samonella, c th gy nh hng xu n sc khe ca ngi tiu dng, nht l vi thi quen khng ra v trng trc khi s dng ca dn ta. Ngoi ra, theo quy nh ca TCVN 1442 86, c hiu lc t 1/1/1988 (i vi trng vt ti): Trng khng c ra nc hay chi kh lm cho lp mng v trng mt i. Ngc li nc ngoi, nht l nhng nc pht trin, trng g va c thu hoch c ra, kh trng v lm kh trc khi bao gi, bo qun v a ra th trng, theo pht trin ca t nc, nht l trn bc ng hi nhp WTO, vic x l v trng sao cho t tiu chun v sinh s mau chng l mt yu cu tt yu. Lp mng mng t nhin trn v trng c tc dng nh mt ro chn chng li s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt vo bn trong qu trng v gim tn tht khi lng do bc hi nc trong qu trnh bo qun. Nu ta ra v trng ngay sau khi thu hoch th s lm mt i lp bo v t nhin ny, trng s rt mau h hng: nhit thng th ch bo qun c 5 ngy, nhit thp (tt nht l 4 -100C) th thi gian bo qun c th ko di 1 thng. Th nhng, vic bo qun nhit thp i hi nhiu chi ph v khng phi khi no cng c th thc hin c, nht l i vi nc ta. Bi bo co ny nu ra mt s phng php sn xut trng sch v ang c nghin cu trn th gii.

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V TRNG

I. Cu to ca trng:

Hnh 1: Cu to ca trng

Lng trng: Lp long bn ngoi Lp c bn ngoi Lp long bn trong Lp chelaziferous Dy lng V trng: Mng ngoi v trng Lp v trng xp Lp v hnh nm v

Lng : a phi Latebra Lp lng nht Lp lng sm Mng lng Mng Bung kh Mng di v ngoi Mng di v trong

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Cu to ca trng gm ba phn chnh l lng trng, lng v v. T l gia cc phn thay i kh nhiu, s lng trung bnh ca cc thnh phn ny c nu trong bng 1. Trong trng vt, t l lng so vi lng trng chim t l cao hn trong trng g. Bng 1: T l trung bnh ca cc thnh phn cu to v trng Trng gia cm Trng g Trng vt Lng trng 56,8 52,1 Lng 31,6 35,6 V 11,6 12,3

1.

V trng:

V trng lm nhim v bo v cc thnh phn bn trong trnh khi cc tn thng c hc ng thi iu khin s trao i kh cng nh hi m cho cc hot ng sng ca trng. Ngoi ra, v trng cng ngn cn s xm nhp ca vi khun v l ngun cung cp khong cho phi bn trong, ch yu l canxi. dy v trung bnh 0,31 - 0,35mm; pha u nhn v dy hn pha u t vi mt cc l thng hi cng nhiu hn, trung bnh 100 1500 l/cm2, ng knh l 4 40 m. James E. Dennis cng cc cng s (1996) dng knh hin vi in t xuyn sut quan st mt ct v trng v thu c hnh nh sau:

Hnh 2: Cu trc v trng quan st di knh hin vi in t truyn sut

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Ch thch: Cu (Cutine): lp mng bo v ngoi v, Pal (Palisade): lp v trng th xp, M (Mammilary): lp m trng hnh nm v, SM (Shell membranes): mng di v. Ngoi ra, h cn a ra m hnh chi tit v cu trc cc lp v trng nh sau:

Hnh 3: Cu trc chi tit cc lp v trng Nh vy, v c bn, v trng bao gm cc lp sau: Lp mng di v: gm 2 lp nh cu to t cc si collagen ring l nm song song vi b mt v trng, cc si ca lp trong mng hn cc si ca lp bn ngoi. Ngoi ra, mt s si collagen cn c bao bc bi lp canxit giu anion (mt hp cht tng t proteoglycan) nh du s chuyn tip t vng giu cht hu c sang vng giu khong. Lp d tr Canxi hnh nm v: Lp ny nm ngay bn ngoi lp mng di v, bao gm cc a nn (baseplate), cc ti d tr canxi (calcium reserve sac) v lp trn nh (crown). a nn c cu to nh t chim nng cc ti d tr canxi. Cc ti ny gm mt mng bao bc nhiu ti nh hn cha canxi d ha tan v vn chuyn hn cc vng khc cung cp cho phi trong sut qu trnh pht trin. Lp trn nh c cu to t cc ti nh giu in tch bao bc nm ri rc trong vng vt cht tng t mng. Lp v trng th xp: y l vng cha canxi ch yu trong v trng. Lp ny ph mt phn ln lp trn nh, gm nhiu ti nh c cu trc tng t nh ti trn nh nhng kch thc to hn, ni vi nhau bng hp cht tng t nh mng. Ngoi ra, trong lp ny cng c cc th tinh th hp cht canxi chy dc sut chiu di ca lp, hnh thnh do s cnh tranh pht trin ca cc tinh th khng ng hng. Lp mng li thng ng (Vertical maxtrix layer): Mt s tc gi xp lp ny vo trong lp bo v bn ngoi, cn mt s khc li xp vo lp v trng th xp. Trong lp

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch ny, khng c cc ti nh m ch l mt mng li cc tinh th pht trin tip tc t cc th tinh th trong lp th xp hoc thm ch l t lp d tr canxi v nh hng vung gc vi b mt qu trng. Lp mng bo v ngoi v: y l mt loi mng nhy kh keo li do t cung g mi tit ra, bo v cho trng khi cc loi vi sinh vt xm nhp. Mng gm 2 lp nh c cu to t cc ti: lp bn trong giu canxi, lp bn ngoi t canxi. Cc ti thuc lp bn trong bao gm nhng tinh th hydroxyapatite mn, hnh kim hng vo tn rng, ngoi ra, cc phn tch khc cng cho thy lp ny cn cha carbon, photpho, calci, oxi v lng t hn l natri, lu hunh, clo, kali. 2. Bung kh

Nhit ca trng khi mi c ra bng vi thn nhit ca g, vt (khong 40,50C). Khi nhit trng gim n bng nhit ca mi trng th cc thnh phn bn trong trng s co li v hai lp mng s tch nhau u t to thnh bung kh cung cp oxi cho phi trong tun u. Trong qu trnh bo qun, trng mt nc do bc hi lm bung kh to ra, nht l nhit cao. 3. Lng trng Lng trng trng gm bn phn(theo th t t v n lng ): Lp long mng Lp c, dy, hi c thnh phn ch yu ca lng trng Lp long mng

Lp kh c, mng, m c (chalaziferous layer) bao quanh mng vitelline ca lng . Hai u ca lp lng trng trong cng ny l hai dy lng xon theo hai chiu ngc nhau gi lng v tr trung tm v gi a phi lun v tr hng ln trn. Trong qu trnh bo qun, cc lp lng trng c long ra, lng di ng v pha v trng. 4. Lng :

Lng l mt loi t bo trng c bit, bao gm cht nguyn sinh cha nhiu cht dinh dng chia thnh nhiu lp m nht khc nhau. chnh gia c mt li lng mu nht. Phn trn cng ca lng l a phi. Lng c bc trong mng lng (mng vitelline). Mng ny ngn cn qu trnh thm thu gia lng trng v lng , gm 3 lp: lp bn trong v lp bn ngoi cu to t muxin, lp gia cu to t keratin. Theo Machiko Mineki (1997), lp bn trong c cu trc c, gn ging mt mng li vi cc ht nh c bn cht glycoprotein.

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

Hnh 4: Cu trc lng Ruth Bellaris (1961) nghin cu v a ra m hnh cu trc ca lng nh hnh 1.4. Theo Ruth, c hai lp lng vng v trng u c cu to t cc ht cu v git bo phn tn trong dch cht (protein) to thnh h nh tng, cc ht cu ny li bao gm nhiu ht vi cu (tm phn bit l ht vi cu vng v ht vi cu trng). Cc ht vi cu vng c cha sc t vng (sau ny bit c l caroten) cn cc ht vi cu trng th khng c. Cc ht vi cu trng c kch thc thng to hn cc ht vi cu vng mc d kch thc v khi lng ca chng thay i rt nhiu: c nhng ht cu trong lp lng trng ch cha 1 ht vi cu, nhng cng c nhng ht cu cha n 50 ht vi cu. Grodzinski (1946) cho rng cc ht cu c cha mt phn lipid. Cc git cht bo phn tn t do trong pha lin tc, nh hn cc ht cu (2 m so vi 4 75 m ca ht cu lng trng v 25 150 m ca ht cu lng vng) nhng kh ng u v kch thc v khng cha cc ht vi cu.

II.

Thnh phn dinh dng ca trng:

Bng 2: Thnh phn dinh dng ca trng g, vt Trng gia cm Trng g Trng vt Nc (%) 74,0 70,0 Protein (%) 12,8 13,0 Lipid (%) 11,5 14,2 Glucid (%) 0,7 1,0 Khong (%) 1,0 1,8 Calo/100g 171 189

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Bng 3: Thnh phn trung bnh ca lng v lng trng Thnh phn V Lng trng Lng Nc (%) 1 86-88 47 50 Protein (%) 3-7 10,5 12,3 15 -17 Lipid (%) 0,3 27 36 Glucid (%) 0,5 0,9 0,7 1 Khong (%) 93-97 0,3 0,6 (S, K, Na, Cl, Ca, Fe,) 0,7 1,6

Trng l mt trong nhng loi thc phm c gi tr dinh dng cao, t nng lng, giu bo, m, vitamin v c cc khong vi lng vi t l kh cn i. Protein ca trng l ngun protein c cht lng hon ho nht v c coi l tiu chun quc t nh gi cc ngun protein thc phm khc (Thang ha hc Mitchell Block). Thnh phn ca trng thay i ty theo thc n, ging, mi trng sng, trng thi sc khe v thi gian khai thc ca gia cm. Thnh phn trung bnh ca trng c nu trong bng 1.2 v bng 1.3. 1. Thnh phn ha hc ca v Thnh phn v trng nh sau: Cht khong: bao gm CaCO3 (93%), MgO (1,4%), P2O5 (0,6%) Cht hu c: ch yu l collagen v keratin Nc

2. Thnh phn ha hc ca lng trng Lng trng cha ch yu l nc v protein (protein chim n 90% khi lng cht kh), ngoi ra cng c mt cht glucose t do l ngun cung cp nng lng chnh cho phi. Thnh phn v chc nng ca cc protein trong lng trng trng c nu trong bng 4. Lng trng long ch yu cha albumin v globulin, lng trng c ch yu cha mucin v mucoid. Ovalbumin: l mt phosphoglycoprotein c cha 4 nhm sulphydryl t do v cu disulphide, trong qu trnh bo qun, s lng cu dysulphide tng ln to SOvalbumin bn nhit hn. Conalbumin: l mt glycoprotein c kh nng to phc mu bn nhit vi kim loi ha tr II (Cu2+ - vng) v III (Fe3+ - ).

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Ovomucoid: l glycoprotein c qunh cao, khng nhit ngoi tr trong mi trng kim v c hot tnh khng trypsin. Lysozyme: l mt holoprotein vi pHi rt cao, c hot tnh enzyme glucosaminidase nn phn hy c thnh t bo vi khun gram m. Ovomucin: l mt glycoprotein cha khong 30% cacbohydrate. Ovomucin c cu trc dui do lc y tnh in gia cc nhm in tch m ca acid sialic, t to nn trng thi c qunh ca lng trng. Protein ny khng tan trong nc, ch tan trong dung dch c pH trung tnh hay kim.

Bng 4: Thnh phn v chc nng ca cc protein trong lng trng Protein Ovalbumin % cht kh 54 im ng in 4,6 Nhit bin tnh 84 c tnh sinh hc C lin quan n vic c ch serine protease, to gel To phc vi kim loi (v d Fe3+), c ch vi khun c ch trypsin Ct t lin kt glycoside trong phn t peptidoglucan thnh t bo vi khun, lin kt tnh in vi Ovomucin To bt To bt To nht coa cho lng trng c, nht l khi lin kt vi lysozyme Lin kt vi trypsin, chymotrypsin, v cc protease vi khun v nm mc. Tc nhn to nht

Conalbumin (Ovotransferrin) Ovomucoid Lysozyme

12 13 11

6,5 4,0

61 70

3,5

10,5

75

Ovoglobulin G2 Ovoglobulin G3 Ovomucin

4,0 4,0

5,6 5,6

92 92

1,5 3,5

4,5 5

Ovoinhibitor 0,1 2,5 5,1

Ovoglycoprotein

0,5 1

3,9

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

Flavoprotein Ovomacroglobulin Avidin

0,8 0,5

4,0 4,5

Lin kt vi riboflavin c ch serine protease. Lin kt vi biotin to biotinavidin, lm mt hot tnh ca biotin c ch thiol protease nh ficin v papain

0,05

10

Cystatin

0,05

5,1

3. Thnh phn ha hc ca lng Lng l thnh phn giu dinh dng nht ca trng, c hm lng protein v lipid cao (bng 3). Lipid ca lng d phn tn trong nc, c kh nng to nh tt do giu photpholipid v tt c cc lipid (bao gm c triglyceride) u kin kt vi t nht 2 protein: vitellin v vitrllenin. Khi ly tm lng , ta thu c 3 thnh phn nh bng 5 Bng 5: Cc thnh phn chnh trong lng Thnh phn Lipoprotein t Phosvitin trng cao 1 Lipovitellin (HDL ) ( v ) Lipoprotein t Lipovitellenin trng thp 2 (HDL ) Protein tan ha Livetin YRBP3 Ch thch: 1. HDL High Density Lipoprotein 2. LDL Low Density Lipoprotein 3. YRBP: Yolk riboflavin bindings protein % cht kh 4 16 % protein lng 10 36 Phn b Ht vi cu Ht vi cu M t Cha 18% lipid, gm triglyceride v phospholipid vi lng xp x nhau Cha 90% lipid, ch yu l triglyceride

68

24

Pha lin tc

10 1,5

30 0,4

Pha lin tc Pha lin tc

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Nh vy ht vi cu cha 3 loi protein: v lipovitellin ( pH di 7, chng tn ti di dng dimer) v phosvitin protein c kh nng to phc bn vi Fe3+. Pha phn tn cha ch yu l livetin v lipovitellenin, trong cc lipoprotein ny, protein v phosphilipid phn b b mt hnh cu cn nhn cha triglyceride v cholesterol. Ngoi ra, trong pha phn tn cn c YRBP l flavoprotein gm 1 phn t riboflavin lin kt vi 1 phn t apoprotein. Xt v thnh phn ha hc, protein lng khng nhng cha y cc acid amin khng thay th m t l gia chng rt cn i. Lng trng kh giu cc acid amin c lu hunh nh Cystine, Methionine nn lng l ngun b sung tt cho cc loi protein thc phm khc t Methionine nh u phng. Lipid trong lng gm: Dng n gin: triglyceride ca cc acid bo no (palmitic, stearic) v cc acid bo cha no (oleic) 60%, steride (cholesterol) 5%. Dng phc tp: phospholipid (lecithin) 28%, glycolipid, lipoprotein.

Trong lng cn c cha sc t lutcin c tng hp t cc sc t thc vt xanthophyll v zeacxanthyll do gia cm n vo cng vi thc n xanh v c rt. Lng rt giu mui khong nh kali, natri, magie, canxi, sulphat, photphat v chlorit.

III.

H thng khng khun t nhin trong trng: H thng khng khun trong trng c tm tt nh bng 6.

Bng 6: H thng khng khun trong trng Thnh phn C ch hot ng

Lp mng bo v, v trng, mng Hng ro vt l ngn cn s nhim khun vo albumen qua di v v. Lng trng Vt l: Trng thi c, nht ngn cn s xm nhp ca vi khun, gim xc gip mng lng v lng khng b tn thng c hc khi vn chuyn trng. Ha hc: Lng trng l mi trng khng thch hp cho s pht trin ca vi khun do: pH kim (c th t n 9,6 9,8), hm lng hp cht nit n gin thp v mt s protein c hot tnh sinh hc (bng 4).

10

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Hng ro vt l ngn cn s xm nhp ca vi khun vo lng . Cu trc mn (ht vi cu trong ht cu) vi cc mng bao bc l yu t ngn cn s khuch tn ca cc thnh phn dinh dng c kch thc nh ra mi trng albumen chung quanh.

Mng vitelline

Lng

IV.

Cc bin i v h hng ca trng trong bo qun:

1. Bin i vt l v ha l: Trong qu trnh bo qun, trng b gim khi lng ng thi thay i cc c tnh chc nng ban u ca protein nh kh nng to bt, ng tdo nc bc hi qua cc vi l trn v trng v CO2 trong lng trng thot ra ngoi. Tc mt nc ph thuc vo din tch v, mt l kh, nhit v m ca mi trng xung quanh. Tc mt nc tng nhanh khi nhit cao v m mi trng thp. Ngoi ra, do tch t CO2 v nc bc hi trong trng nn bung kh ln dn ln, thnh phn kh trong bung kh thay i lm cho t trng gim dn. Ngi ta cng nhn thy c s khuch tn nc t lng trng vo lng v s khuch tn cht tan t lng ra lng trng trong qu trnh bo qun lm cho lng b va, h s chit quang ca lng v lng trng thay i. 2. Bin i ha hc v ha sinh: Do CO2 thot ra ngoi nn pH lng trng tng kh nhanh t vng trung tnh (thng l 7,5) lc mi c ra n vng kim (c th t 9,6 9,8), pH lng ban u n nh khong gi tr 6 nhng sau cng tng ln n khong 7,6. Trong trng i, pH li gim xung. Cc enzyme nh lipase, cacbohydrase, esterase, proteasec trong trng gy ra hin tng phn gii cc hp cht protein, lipid, glucid Protein: Ban u protein b chm phn hy nhng sau nhanh hn to thnh cc acid amin t do, thm ch to thnh cc hp cht d bay hi nh NH3, H2SNgoi ra, ovalbumin cng b chuyn ha thnh S-ovalbumin lm kh nng to gel b gim. Lipid: D tc chm hn protein nhng chng cng b phn hy thnh cc acid bo t do v cc sn phm bay hi tng ng. Nh vy trong qu trnh t phn hy, cc hp cht nh NH3, H2S, CO2trong trng tch t li, nht lng v lng trng gim, hm lng cc vitamin, t bit l tin vitamin A trong lng gim n 70%.

11

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch 3. Bin i sinh hc Vi sinh vt l nguyn nhn ch yu lm trng b h hng. Nhng g mi c bung trng bnh c th truyn bnh qua trng trong qu trnh hnh thnh ng dn trng hay truyn qua l huyt. Tuy nhin, trng ca gia cm khe mnh t v trng ti 93 98%, s nhim bnh t ngoi vo mi l nguyn nhn chnh. Cc vi khun nguy him thng gp trn v trng l E.Coli, Salmonella, CampylobacterKhi ra trng lm mt lp mng bo v hay trng b nt v, vi khun t phn, rm r n chung hay t trng b i khc rt d xm nhp vo bn trong. Chng tit ra enzyme phn hy cc thnh phn hu c c trong trng lm lng trng long ra, dy lng t, lng dnh vo v trng, rut trng bin mu v c mi c trng ca H2S, indol, skatol. giai on sau ca qu trnh h hng, trng cng c th chu tc ng ca cc loi nm mc nh Penicillium, Chadosporium, Aspergillus v Fusarium. Chng i vo trng nhng ni m lng dnh st vo v. Cc loi nm ny to ra cc chm en mt bn trong ca mng di v trng v phn hy cc cht ca trng. Hin tng ny ch ngng li khi thiu oxy hay nhit gim xung 6 7oC

V. Cc ch tiu cht lng ca trng ti:

Cht lng trng khng th c nh gi ch thng qua mt c im m phi c nh gi da trn nhiu c im v cu to v thnh phn ca trng, v cht lng bn trong cng nh bn ngoi. c im no gy cho trng c cht lng thp nht s i din cho cht lng chung ca trng. Ngi ta c th phn nhm cc c im theo phng php kim tra (c cn ph v trng hay khng) hay theo thnh phn ca trng. a. Khi lng v t trng y l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng ca trng n. Trng ti tiu th ngoi th trng phi c khi lng ln hn 45g i vi trng g v 55g i vi trng vt (theo TCVN 1858 86 v TCVN 1442 86). Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th nh gi trng thng qua t trng do khi trng c th bung trng to, t trng gim. Trng ti c t trng t 1,078 n 1,097. xc nh t trng ca qu trng, ngi ta c th tnh ton da trn khi lng v th tch, nhng cng c th th trng vo dung dch mui c nng xc nh trc. Nhiu nh khoa hc ang nghi ng liu vic da trn t trng nh gi cht lng v trng c ph hp hay khng (Sloan, 2000; Voisey v Hamilton, 1997; Wells, 1967) v c kin cho rng t trng ch ni ln c t l v trng trong trng.

12

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch b. Cht lng v trng Mu ca v trng c quyt nh bi mu ca lp v ngoi cng. y ch yu l c im v di truyn, khng nh hng n gi tr dinh dng, cht lng trng, mu sc, c tnh chc nng ca trng. Mu sc ca v ng u hay thnh m l do c mt cc sc t nh oorodein, ooxianin, ooclorin v ooxanthin. Ngi ta nh gi mu ca v bng cch so snh n vi mt dy cc mu chun (v d thang Roche) hay xc nh t l nh sng phn x khi chiu mt chm nh sng vo v trong mt iu kin xc nh. Cht lng v trng thng c nh gi thng qua cc yu t sau: sch, hnh dng, cu trc, bn. Cht lng v ph thuc vo ging, tui gia cm, yu t dinh dng nh Ca, P, vitamin, cht lng nc, polysaccharide khc tinh bt, s nhim bn ca ngun thc n, bnh dch, dy chuyn sn xut (nui th, nui chung n, nui chung cng nghip) sch: Trng khi va c ra khng b bn m ch b bn sau do phn hay do cc nguyn nhn khc. Ngi ta da trn din tch b mt trng b bn phn lai chng. Hnh dng: Trng bnh thng c hnh elipsoide, trng qu di hoc qu trn cng khng c cht lng cao do khng va vi bao b nn d nt v trong qu trnh vn chuyn. nh gi, ngi ta s dng ch s hnh dng l t s gia ng knh ngn v ng knh di. Cu trc: Trng thng c b mt nhn, nu c b mt sn si hoc thm ch c cc nt vi th mt gi tr cm quan, c th b gim hng. giai on u to v trng, do mt khim khuyt no , trn v trng c vt nt. giai on sau, g vt s t to ra mt lp v mi mng hay c th dy che lp i vt nt, ch khi soi n mi pht hin c. Tuy nhin, nhn chung th cc trng loi ny u d v nn cng b gim hng ty vo vt nt. Hin nay, ngi ta ang nghin cu pht hin vt nt trn v bng phn x xung m thanh (acoustic impulse response) vi chnh xc pht hin vt nt 98,7% v sai s loi b trng tt l 10%. bn: bn ca v c xc nh bi dy ca v trng v hm lng Mg c trong v (t khi s dng). Khi v trng mng th cht lng trng km, kh nng p v bo qun cng gim, g li c thi xu l n trng. Trng c t trng v khi lng cao th v thng dy hn. Ngi ta o dy trung bnh ca v trng vng xch o v cc min cc bng micromet. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn nh gi bn thng qua lc ph v v v lc m thng v. c. Cht lng lng trng v lng Lng ca trng ti phi cao, mng ca n phi n hi v chc. Cc cht cha bn trong trng khi p ra phi chim mt din tch nh (tc l chiu cao lng trng ln) v khng chy loan ra. Ngi ta c th biu din cc c im ny theo cc ch s ton hc: ch s lng trng, ch s lng , H.U. (Haugh Unit).

13

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch - Ch s lng trng (hay lng ): l t s gia chiu cao so vi tr s trung bnh ca ng knh ln v ng knh b. Trong hai ch s th ch s lng l gi tr thng c s dng trong vic nh gi ti mi ca trng (Obanu v Mpieri 1984). Ch s lng cng gim th trng cng c do mng vitelline b yu i, nc t albumen d xm nhp vo v lm long lng . - HU ( Haugh Unit): l i lng dng nh gi cht lng lng trng, c tnh ton theo cc phng trnh sau: HU= 100 x log10 ( H- 1,7x W0,37 + 7,6) HU= 100 x log ( HTrong : H: chiu cao lng trng o v tr gia mp lng v mp lng trng hay cch mp lng 10mm (mm) W: khi lng ton v trng (g) G= 32,2

Hnh 5: Micrometer 3 chn dng o HU Ch thch: Gng c t nghing 45o so vi mt knh phng quan st lng t pha di

14

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Da trn HU, ngi ta phn loi trng ra thnh 4 loi nh bng 7 Bng 7: Phn loi trng theo HU Loi AA A B C Gi tr ca HU 72 60- 71 31-59 30

Tuy nhin, ngi ta ang xt li tnh hp l ca HU v ngoi yu t l thi gian bo qun, HU v ngoi yu t l thi gian bo qun HU cn chu nh hng bi tui v ging ca gia cm. Ngoi ra cn c mt s ch tiu khc nh gi cht lng trng nh: qunh ca lng trng v lng : o bng dng c o qunh Hoppler; H s khc x; im ng c ca lng trng v lng ; phng xp v n nh ca lng trng: nh lng trng cho bt ni ln ri xc nh ch s phng xp ( t l phn trm gia th tch c nh bt ni ln v th tch ban u) v n nh ( lng lng trng quay tr li trng thi dch lng khi yn 30 pht sau khi nh ni bt). Tuy nhin, cc ch tiu ny khng thng dng lm do gi tr thng thay i nhiu gia cc trng.

15

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

CHNG 2 : QUY TRNH SN XUT TRNG SCH

Trng

Nc 32340C

Lau ra

Kh trng

Hu x l

Soi trng

Phn nhm

X l bo qun

Xp v

Trng sch

16

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

CHNG 3: THUYT MINH QUY TRNH CNG NGH

I. Lau ra:
Dng vi mm nhng vo nc sch c nhit 32-340C ri lau ra cc vt bn nh rm, r, phn, t bm trn b mt, ch lau nh trnh lm nt v.

II. Kh trng:
Hin nay, hu ht cc nc pht trin trn th gii, trng gia cm ti trc khi c a ra lu hnh ngoi th trng u phi qua giai on ra v dit khun. C rt nhiu phng php dit khun khc nhau. nc ta, hin nay phng php dit khun ch yu l xng kh ozone. a) X l bng tia cc tm (UV): Tia UV (Ultra Violet) c kh nng c ch v tiu dit vi sinh vt. Kh nng kh trng cao nht l khi bc sng tia dao ng trong khong 260 270 nm. Thng thng, tia UV c s dng kh trng cc b mt lm vic hoc cc khong khng gian trong t cy hoc phng v trng. Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th dng tia UV kh trng b mt v trng. C ch tc ng C ch tc ng ca tia UV ln t bo vi sinh vt c th c gii thch nh sau: u tin, cc electron s b nh hng, chng s thay i qu o chuyn ng trong m my in t ca nguyn t hoc b bn ra khi cu trc ca nguyn t. khi , nguyn t s b kch thch hoc ion ha. Nhng bin i ni trn cp nguyn t s lm nh hng n cc i phn t nh acid nucleic hoc protein trong t bo vi sinh vt. Nhng i phn t ny c th b phn hy hoc bin tnh. Ty theo mc bin i ca cc i phn t m t bo vi sinh vt c th b c ch hoc tiu dit. Trong mt s trng hp c th lm xut hin mt s t bo t bin di tc ng x l ca tia UV.

b) S dng hn hp nc epoxide: Mc ch:

Ra nhanh bng phng php hi nc-epoxide lm tiu dit cho cc VSV trn b mt ca trng. Phng php s dng hi nc- epoxide s ko di thi gian bo qun ca trng thm ch khi khng c bao gi v trng hoc mng bao v trng.

17

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Cch thc hin

Theo nh phng php hn hp hi nc-epoxide, tt nht v trng c bao gi v trng, kn hoc c bao bi mng v trng nh ngm hoc c phun du khong v trng. Phng php ny thng i theo sau bc tit trng vi bao gi v trng v mng bao vi du khong v trng. Trng c th tip xc vi hn hp hi nc- epoxide bng phng php thch hp, nh l tip xc ngc dng bng cch trng di chuyn trn bng ti qua mt hm v hn hp hi nc- epoxide di chuyn t hng ngc li. Cch tt nht trng c gia nhit trc ri tip xc vi hn hp hi nc- epoxide v hi epoxide khng truyn nhit nhanh bng hi nc. V l do ny, hn hp hi nc- epoxide vi lng hi nc cao hn th c kh nng truyn nhit nhiu hn. V trng c gia nhit ln gn nhit tit trng trc khi tip xc vi hn hp hi nc- epoxide, thi gian tip xc khong vi giy n 30 pht v nhit ( ca hn hp hi nc- epoxide) l khong 130- 212oF l thch hp. T l epoxide v hi nc T l epoxide v nc hoc hi nc thay i kh ln. Do , hn hp hi ncethylene oxide khc t 10% ethylene oxide v 90% hi nc n 95% ethylene oxide v 5% hi nc c dng cho tit trng v c nh hng ln. Tng t vy hn hp hi nc- propylene oxide t 40% propylene oxide v 60% nc n 98% propylene oxide v 2% hi nc c nh hng trong qu trnh tit trng. Phng php ny nh hng n s tit trng nhit tng i thp c 212oF hoc thp hn trong khong thi gian ngn c vi giy n vi pht ph thuc vo nhit . Bng cch so snh, hi nc tinh khit ( 0% epoxide) trong dng hi i hi cn nhit cao ( c 240- 250 oF) hoc thi gian di ( c 1 ting hoc hn) ph hy VSV gy h hng chu nhit cao. Tng t vy epoxide tinh khit (0% nc) i hi nhit cao hoc thi gian di hn. Nu nc c bn trong trng, nh l trng dc ra bng nc v trng v khng c lm kh, th lc ny c th dng epoxide tinh khit v kh hn hp hi nc epoxide c hnh thnh Epoxide Cc epoxide c s dng l ethylene oxide v propylene oxide. Cng thc cu to

18

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

Tuy nhin, cc ng ng cao hn c th c dng nh butylene oxide,

v dn xut nh styrene oxide

Ngoi ra, cc ng phn c th c dng, vng 4 oxy c thay bng vng 3 oxy. Cc hp cht nh epichlorhydrin, ethyleneimine v ethlene sulfide c th c dng, loi c vng nhn.

X c th l oxy, nitro hoc lu hunh. Tit trng bng hn hp hi ca hi nc (1) v hi ca hp cht (2) c cng thc

X c chn t nhm bao gm oxy, lu hunh v imine (NH) v R1, R2, R3 v R4 c chn t nhm bao gm hydrogen v cc hydrocarbon c khi lng phn t thp, nh hp cht c p sut hi 212oF.
c) Dit khun bng dung dch chlorine: Sodium hypocloride (NaClO) Sn phm thng mi NaClO dng lng cn gi l nc Javel. Thng thng nc Javel c chlore dao ng t 10-200 ( chlore l s lt chlore c gii phng ra tnh trn 1kg sn phm). Khi co NaClO vo nc s xy ra cc phn ng ch yu sau: NaClO + H2O = HClO + NaOH HClO = HCl + O

19

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Oxy nguyn t c kh nng oxy ha rt mnh v l mt tc nhn dit khun. N s chui vo bn trong t bo vi sinhvt, tham gia phn ng vi mt s nhm chc ca protein v lm ri lon qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo. Liu lng NaClO cn s dng ph thuc vo nng t bo vi sinh vt. tiu dit c bo t vi khun, ta cn tng liu lng s dng v thi gian x l. Thc t thng ngi ta s dung vi nng 100-200ppm vi thi gian khng thp hn 1 gi. Calcium hypochloride Ca(ClO)2 Sn phm thng mi ca Ca(ClO)2 dng b mu trng. Trc khi s dng, ta cn ha Ca(ClO)2 vo nc. Cc phn ng ch yu gm c: Ca(ClO)2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + 2HClO HClO = HCl + O Tng t nhu NaClO, Ca(ClO)2 khi phn ng vi nc cng s to ra oxy nguyn t c tc dng dit vi sinh vt. Ngoi ra, cn c th xy ra cc phn ng sau: Ca(ClO)2 + 4HCl = CaCl2 + 2Cl2 + 2H2O Cl2 + H2O = HClO + HCl HClO = HCl + O Khi clo s phn ng vi nc to ra acid hypochloride, acid ny b phn hy gii phng oxy nguyn t, gp phn c ch h vi sinh vt.

d) X l bng ozone: C ch dit khun ca ozone cng tng t vi cc cht trn. Ozone s phn hy to ra oxy nguyn t c tc dng tiu dit vi sinh vt. O3 = O 2 + O e) Kh trng bng dung dch acid
Dung dch acid c s dng c pH nm trong khong1,3 n 5. Trong thc t vic s dng acid yu c u tin hn, qu trnh lm sch khng ch da trn s xm nhp hoc ty ra trn b mt v trng nh thng thng m cn i su vo b mt v trng, bn di lp t v cht bn hu c. Do gip loi b c ht cht bn bm trn v trng. Nguyn tc: Cc tp cht b mm ra v tch khi b mt trng khi b tn cng bi ion H+ t do. Qu trnh n mn ca acid trn v trng khng gy ra nh hng bt li n cht lng trng nhng lm sch hon ton cc vt bn.V trng c thnh phn ch yu l canxi carbonate v phn ng xy ra trong qu rnh lm sch c vit nh sau:

20

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch CaCO3 + 2H+ Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O Ha cht s dng: Ha cht chnh: Acid mnh: sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, oxalic v hydrofluoric acid, nhng acid c pH b hn 1,3 c im: - Sulfuric, oxalic v hydrofluoric acid to ra trng c b mt nhm khng c a thch, do hnh thnh canix sulfate, canxi oxalate hoc canxi fluorate khng tan. - Nitric acid cng l mt cht ha hc khng c a thch, nh hng n phn t protein ca trng - Ngoi ra do cc acid ny c tnh c hi cao, gy n mn thit b. Hn na, cc acid ny khng th lm gim hm lng st trong dung dch n mc c th gim s h hng trng. Acid yu: Ngun ion H+ thch hp l acid khng c hi c hng s phn ly khng qu 10-3 v thng nm trong khong 10-3n 10-4 nh acetic acid, alkylene diamine tetraacetic acid (v d ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid EDTA) hoc propylene/butylenes diamine tetraacetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, gluconic acid, glyceric acid, malic acid, glycolic acid, saccharic acid, phosphoric acid v benzoic acid. Mui ca acid nh acetic acid, cht m c th cung cp acid t do trong dung dch, cng c s dng. Tuy nhin, c th nhn thy sulfamic acid cng l acid thch hp mc d n c hng s phn ly vt qu 10-3. Cc acid c a thch nht l citric acid, phosphoric acid, gluconic acid, acetic acid v tartaric acid. c im: - Tnh c hi thp. - Cc acid k trn c acid lm sch cht bn trn b mt trng m t gy n mn thit b. - Khng lm nhm b mt trng. - C kh nng to phc vi ion st trong dung dch do c th loi b c ion v kt qu l gim nguy c trng hng. Vi nhng c im nu trn, ngi ta thng s dng acid yu trong qu trnh lm sch trng. S kt hp ca hai hay nhiu lai acid trn cng c s dng rt nhiu.

21

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Ha cht ph tr: Thnh phn th hai c s dng trong dung dch lm sch l dung dch phosphates, pyrophosphate c pH trong nc t 4 n 7, hoc boric acid. V d: mono alkali metal dihydrogen phosphats v alkali metal dihydrogen pyrophosphates, nh dn xut natri hoc kali, NaH2PO4 v NaH2P2O7, v tng t vi amoni Tc dng: Lm tng hiu qu lm sch trng cng nh tng kh nng iu khin tc phn ng, ng vai tr nh mt dung dch m, n cng c xem l ngun pH d tr, kt hp vi thnh phn acid c bn trong dung dch lm tng kh nng to phc vi ion st, do n cng nh mt tc nhn lm mm nc. Lng s dng: 0,1% n 5%, thng l 0,1% n 2% so vi khi lng dung dch. Thnh phn thc ba c b sung vo dung dch nh nh mt tc nhn lm t, thng 2 dng nonionic hoc anionic. V d: - Nonionic l alkylaryl polyether alcohols nh isooctyl phenoxy polyethoxy athenol, c bit trn th trng l Triton X-100 - Anionic l alkyl aryl sulfonated nh sulfonated dodecyl diphenyl oxide, mui natri. Tc dng: Tng kh nng thm t v hiu qu lm sch ca dung dch. Lng s dng: Khong 0,001% n 0,01% theo khi lng dung dch. Tc nhn lm t ch nn s dng mt lng nh nhm trnh s to bt khng mong i trong qu trnh lm sch. Thng s k thut: - pH ca dung dch acid lm sch nn duy tr khong 1,3 n 5, tt nht l trong khong 1,3 n 3,5. - Lng acid s dng trong dung dch ra trng dao ng t 1 10% so vi khi lng dung dch, tt nht t 2 6%. Lng acid trong dung dch c s dng ph thuc vo lng v loi cht bn trn v trng, nhit dung dch, thi gian x l v loi thit b s dng. - Nhit ca dung dch dao ng trong khong nhit mi trng xung quanh n khong 50oC, tt hn l khng trn 46oC. - Thi gian x l ph thuc phng php, loi v lng acid s dng, thng dao ng t 3 n 10 pht. - Khi ta s dng loi acid khng c kh nng to phc vi st vi vai tr l thnh phn chnh trong dung dch lm sch ( nh acid phosphoric hoc sulfamic ) th ta nn s dng kt hp vi 1 lng nh hp cht khc, lai c kh nng to phc vi st nh mui natri ca N,N-di(betahydroxyehtyl) glycine hoc acid citric, acid tartaric. Lng ca tc nhn h tr to phc dao ng t 0,001% n 0,5% so vi khi lng dung dch.

22

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

f) X l nhit nhanh:
Mc ch chnh trong vic bo qun trng l: Lm chm tc ca cc h hng ha hc v vt l Bo qun gi tr dinh dng v tnh cht nu nng. Gi li cc thnh phn t nhin trong trng. Bo qun lnh l phng php gn vi t nhin nht nhng ch c hiu qu trong thi gian ngn. V vy trn thc t ngi ta nghin cu vic ko di kh nng bo qun lnh ca trng bng cch kt hp vi phng php x l nhit, hay vic gi trng mt nhit cao trong 1 khong thi gian gii hn i vi cc nc cha c iu kin bo qun lnh. Gia cc phng php x l, phng php x l nhit i vi trng c tm quan trng v y ha hn. Trn thc t c rt nhiu s th nghim v vic s dng nhit trong bo qun trng. Benjamin (1914) pht biu rng: nu trng c nhng trong nc mt nhit xc nh th s c 1 lp rt mng ca lng trng ng li c hnh thnh pha trong lp v trng, v n lm cho lng t b bin i hn v do trng c gi ti hn bnh thng. Cader de vans pht biu: kh nng hnh thnh lp mng mng st v do ng t ca lng trng bi tc dng nhit nh mt lp v khng thm nc vo trong trng. Phng php ny lm phi trng cht; vi sinh vt trn b mt v trng b tiu dit; lng , lng trng trng n nh. Nguyn liu v phng php: Trng sau khi thu hoch th s c gi nhit thng t nht l 2 gi, mt l nh (18 trng) s c x l 600C-1000C trong nhng khong thi gian khc nhau, trn 1 pht. Mi l trng c t trn 1 r li v c nhng ngp trong nc nng. Sau chng c lm ngui v c gi nhit phng 210C, v nhit lnh ng 50C, trng c th s dng trong 12 thng. Vic kim tra l trng qua x l v l trng mu c thc hin bng vic xem xt s ng t lng trng, tnh cht vt l, mu v trong ca lng trng; mu v hnh dng ca lng ; mi ca trng. Hiu qu ca vic x l 1 pht ti cc nhit khc nhau xc nh cc hiu qu chung ca vic x l nhit trong bo qun, trng c nhng trong nc nng nhit 600C , di im ng t [Romanoff (1943a) ] , n 1000C trong khong thi gian l 1 pht. Sau , trng c gi nhit phng 210C v nhit tr lnh 50C. Cui 1 nm, tt c trng x l hay khng x l u c em ra kim tra. T tm tt ca d liu c th hin bng 1 cho thy cht lng ca trng c x l v bo qun h hng t hn khi gia tng nhit x l. Sau khi x l 1000C, trng c bo qun trong 12 thng nhit 50C v 210C u cho kt qu tt. Tuy nhin, nhng tc ng c hi ca vic bo qun nhit cao (210C) n cht lng ca trng th hin r rng hn.

23

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch i vi trng c x l 1000C , lng trng vn tt, ch cho thy biu hin nh v mu sc v vn gi c hnh dng tt. st ca lng trng c hi long hn, mi ca trng rt kh nhn thys thay i. Nhng kt qu u cho thy hiu qu ca vic x l nhit cao trong bo qun trng. Tuy nhin, c vi trng hp khi trng c p ra th xut hin lp mng ng t ca lng trng.

Bng 8: Kt qu x l nhit trong mt pht ti cc nhit khc nhau v bo qun trng 12 thng trong kho. Nhit x l trong 1 pht Nhit bo qun Trng sau 12 thng bo qun Lng Mu sc 600C 700C 800C 900C 1000C 210C Rt m m Hi m Bnh thng Hi nht Hnh dng Rt dp Dp Hi dp Hi dp Kh tt Long Long Long Hi long Long ng k Long t Kh tt Kh tt Tt Tt Mi mnh Mi r rt C s khc bit M nht khng Rt m nht st ca lng trng Mi ca trng

600C 700C 800C 900C 1000C 50C

Bnh thng Bnh thng Hi nht Hi nht Nht

Hi dp Hi dp Kh tt Kh tt Tt

M nht Rt m nht Rt m nht Bnh thng Bnh thng

S gim vic to mng ng t lng trng: T khi vic bo qun trng c nghin cu l tt nht 1000C, n cng c xc nh khong thi gian bao lu duy tr nhit ny lm gim s xut hin lp mng do ng t lng trng. Trong khi lp mng mng ny c th khng lm gim gi tr s dng ca trng hay cc thc phm c cha trng nhng vi ngi khng chp nhn s xut hin ca lp mng ny. Kt qu ca nghin cu c tm tt trong bng 2. S quan st trng c p ra ngay sau khi c x l 2 giy, thy xut hin du hiu ca s ng t, nhng nu trng x l

24

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch c p ra sau 7 ngy bo qun nhit phng hay nhit lnh , th mng ng t ca lng trng ch xut hin trong trng c x l trong 5 giy. Sau khi c lm ngui v bo qun th lp mng s bm vo v trng v c th d dng c cun tri bi hi nc t pha trong mt v trng b. Trong tt c cc nghin cu c lin quan th phng php x l nhit trong 5 giy ti 100 C c gii hn cao hn trnh nhng s xut hin khng mong mun ca lp mng ng t.
0

Bng 9: nh hng ca thi gian ln vic xut hin mng ng t lng trng ti nhit 1000C Thi gian(s) Mc nhn thy mng ng t lng trng Trng c p ngay tc th + ++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ -W -W -W -W + + ++ ++ +++ Trng c p sau 1 tun

1 2 3 4 5 7 9 11 15 20

Hiu qu ca vic x l 5 giy 1000C : Xc nh r hiu qu ca vic x l trng nc si (1000C) trong 5 giy trong vic bo qun. Trng ti qua x l c bo qun chung vi mu kim chng ti nhit phng 210C v nhit lnh 50C . Sau 12 thng , trng c em ra kim tra v c tm tt trong bng 3.

25

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Bng 10: Kt qu ca vic x l trng nhit 1000C trong 5 giy v bo qun 12 thng. Loi Nhit bo qun Trng sau 12 thng bo qun ng knh ca l kh 3.93 4.13 50C 3.20 3.25 Lng Mu sc Hi nht Rt m Nht m Hnh dng Dt B b Gi nguyn Dt Trong, long Hng, long Bnh thng Trong, long R rt Rt mnh Bnh thng Mi nht Lng trng Mi

Mu x l nhit Mu chun Mu x l nhit Mu chun

210C

Trng c x l nhit v bo qun nhit thp sau khi kim tra cho thy vic bo qun tt lng trng trng, lng mu nht v vn gi c hnh dng bnh thng v khng c mi l. Trng cha c x l nhit, di iu kin bo qun tng t cho thy lng trng trng long ra v lng c mu m.

Kt lun: Phng php x l nhit nhanh ti nhit trn im ng t ca lng trng c chng minh c hiu qu trong vic bo qun trng. S xut hin lp mng mng do ng t lng trng sau 5 giy bm cht vo v. Phng php x l khng cho thy s bin i thnh phn ng k trong trng , cht lng ca lng khng thay i. Cht lng ca trng qua x l v c bo qun nhit 50C v nhit 210C cao hn cht lng ca trng cha qua x l iu kin bo qun tng t.

III. Hu x l:
Trng sau khi ngm trong dung dch dit khun c nhng nhanh vo nc sch c nhit 32-340C loi b i lng ha cht cn dnh trn v trng. Sau dng khn sch lau kh v trng. i vi phng php x l nhit sau khi gia nhit cn lm ngui trc khi lau sch.

26

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

IV. Soi trng:

Soi tng qu trng di n dy tc c bc vi pha trn loi ra cc trng h hng. Trng c la chn phi c mu hng trong sut, khng quan st r lng , bung kh nh. Cc trng c lng dnh vo v hay c th quan st r lng l trng c, loi b, khng c dng trong th nghim.

Hnh 6: Trng sau 1 ngy

Hnh 7: Trng sau 7 ngy

27

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

Hnh 8: Trng sau 2-3 tun

V. Phn loi:
TRNG VT (TCVN 1442-86 ) Bng 11: Phn hng theo khi lng Hng I II III Khi lng mt qu (g) T 65 tr ln T 55 n di 65 Di 55 1 Sai lch cho php

T l ln loi cho php Trng ti khi xut cho ngi tiu th cho php ln ti a 2% trng loi ra ( khng k trng rn nt) v cho php ln ti a 5% trng rn nt, khng c ln trng hng

TRNG G (TCVN 1858-86 )

28

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Bng 12: Phn hng theo khi lng Hng I II Khi lng mt qu (g) T 55 tr ln 1 T 45 n di 55 Sai lch cho php

T l ln loi cho php Trng ti khi xut cho ngi tiu th cho php ln ti a 2% trng loi ra ( khng k trng rn nt) v cho php ln ti a 5% trng rn nt, khng c ln trng hng.

VI. X l bo qun:
1. Bo qun bng cch ngm trong dung dch: Bo qun trng bng cch nhng trng trong cc cht lng khc nhau c cp kh nhiu. Nc vi l 1 dung dch bo qun trng c a chung nht trong th k 18. u th k 20, nc thy tinh c s dng vi nhng thnh cng ng k. Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l ngm trng trong dung dch khng c hi nhm bt kn cc l kh trong v, nh ngn chn s thot kh v m khi trng, cng nh s thm nhp ca vi sinh vt t ngoi vo bn trong trng.Vi sinh vt chnh l nguyn chnh lm trng b h hng. Phng php: Chun b dung dch bo qun ri cho dung dch vo b cha (khong 1/3 b cha). B cha lm bng g, t nung hoc men, khng nn s dng st hoc thp v s lm r st. Cho trng vo b, m bo trong trng c nhng ngp hon ton trong dung dch v mc cht lng cch lp trng trn cng khong 5 cm. Cn lm nh tay, trnh nt v trng. Sau t b cha ni thong mt bo qun. Dung dch vi Khi ngm trng vo dung dch canxi hidroxit Ca(OH)2, CO2 c to thnh trong qu trnh h hp bn trong trng s thot ra v kt hp vi Ca(OH)2 to thnh canxi cacbonat bt kn cc l trn v trng, ngn cch phn bn trong trng v mi trng ngoi CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

Dung dch thng c s dng l mt hn hp gm Nc : Vi : Mui = 16 : 2 : 1

29

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Trng bo qun bng phng php c th gi c t nht t 6 8 thng. Nhc im: nhng qu trng i khi c hng v nh ca vi. Dung dch nc thy tinh Nc thy tinh hay thy tinh ha tan th rt ph bin, l tn gi cho kali hoc natri silicat. Nc thy tinh thng mi thng l hn hp ca c 2 silicat, gi r hn nhiu so vi dng tinh khit m hiu qu bo qun trng th tng ng nhau. Nc thy tinh thng mi c bn di hai dng: syrup v dng bt. Cc sn phm thng mi thng bn theo tng lon nh, n c thit k c bit cho vic bo qun trng. Nhng loi khc nhau s c cch s dng khc nhau (c hng dn r trn bao b). V d: Nc thy tinh ca cng ty Raliance Ha tan 454g Reliance Water Glass trong 3,785 lt nc. Nc thy tinh c tc dng chng vi khun, ngn khng cho vi khun xm nhp vo trng v ngn s bc hi nc t trng. Nc thy tinh khng xm nhp vo trng nn khng gy ra mi v l cho trng v cng khng lm mt hng v t nhin ca trng.. Nc thy tinh c tnh kh nh. Tuy nhin, nhit cao nc thy tinh khng pht huy tc dng . Trng c ngm trong nc thy tinh v bo qun ni thong mt c th gi c 8 9 thng thm ch ln n hai nm. V sau khi ta ly trng ra khi nc th thy tinh th trng s tip tc gi c bn tun. Theo tin s Wiley, v ca qu trng c bo qun trong nc thy tinh c th b nt trong nc si. Vn ny c th trnh c bng cch dng kim m cn thn qua v qu trng kh thot ra ngoi. 2. Bo qun lnh: cc nc nhit i, trng c th h hng rt nhanh tr khi c bo qun nhit thp. Nhit bo qun l tng kh hu ny l 130C hay thp hn (thng l khong gia 10 130C). C ngha l cn thm thit b lnh bo qun thng mi tt, tuy nhin s tiu tn thm chi ph v khng phi c s no cng c th thc hin. Nhng yu t quan trng nht bo qun thnh cng l : La chn v bao gi trng Thit b v s chun b cho qu trnh bo qun lnh Nhit , m v i lu kh hp l Kim tra cht lng nh k Cc thc nng nhit khi a ra khi phng bo qun

30

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch La chn v bao gi cho trng bo qun: trng a vo bo qun phi sch, cht lng bn trong tt v v lnh ln. nu c mc ch bo qun n mt thng, trng cn t c tiu chun loi A. Do , tt nht nn soi trng trc khi bo qun. Ngoi ra cng nn ly mt vi mu v p ra kim tra cht lng. Thi gian t khi thu hoch trng n khi bo qun ch nn khong vi ngy. Trng nn c gi mt trong sut thi gian ny. Vt liu bao gi dng cho bo qun nn mi, sch, khng mi v khng c h hi. Khi ti s dng , iu ti quan trng l phi sch s, khng mi v khng h hi. Mt iu quan trng na l vt liu cho php trng c th h hp c v khng b mi i. Vt liu ny cng nn bn vng phng trng hp phi xp chng ln nhau. Phng php v s chun b cho vic bo qun lnh: phng bo qun cn c sn b tng c th v sinh d dng. Tng v trn nh cng phi d v sinh. Nh bng g c cho l tha mn iu kin, khng gy mi hng l cho trng. cn phng cn c lm sch ton b bng nc nng v x phng hay cht ty ra khng mi trc khi s dng. Ra mt ln cui vi dung dch hypocloride s c tc dng kh mi tt. Phng bo qun cn c thng kh v lm kh sau khi lm v sinh, sau ng li v bt thit b lm lnh ln. Tt nht nn c vi ngy nhit v nm trong phng c nh. Nhit , m v i lu khng kh: iu khin iu kin khng kh cn thn v chnh xc l iu thit yu. Nhit khong gia -1,5 n 00C c khuyn co. nhit thp hn 2,50C trng b ng lnh. Phng nn c thit k tt v cch nhit, thit b lnh nn c kh nng duy tr mt nhit chung cho tt c cc khu vc. Cc lng trng nn c phn cch bng cc thanh g v gi khong cch vi tng cng nh khng cn s i lu khng kh. Hnh lang dng thun tin cho vic vn chuyn cc lng trng ng thi cng gip cho s lu thng khng kh. m tt nht nm trong khong 80 -85% nhit -10C. nhit lnh khong 100C m nn nm trong khong 75 -80%. Vi trng hp ny, trung bnh tn tht khi lng ca trng khng c qu 0,5%/thng. Trong giai on u ca vic bo qun khi m cc ngun liu bo gi ht m nhiu, sn nh cn c ti nc sch nhiu ln trong ngy. Nu m qu cao, khng kh c th i qua mt b phn cha CaCl2. Kim tra cht lng nh k: vic kim tra ny l thit yu trnh tht thot khi lng v cc mi nguy khc. Hng thng cc mu trng cn c ly ra t khiu khu khc nhau v kim tra. Thng th ngi ta ly 1% tng s trng em i lm mu th. Nu c bng chng v h hng, tt nht l nn b s trng nhanh chng. Qu trnh nng nhit: cn cn thn khi a trng ra khi iu kin bo qun trnh ngng t m trn v. C th gim thiu vic bng cch nng nhit t t hay a trng qua nhiu phng nhit trung gian. Nu hin tng ngng t xut hin , nn gi trng iu kin cho m bay hi trong vng 1 ngy.

31

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Trng khng nn bo qun chung vi cc sn phm khc. Nu thi gian di, trng nn c bo qun ring, cn nu trong thi gian ngn c th bo qun chung vi mt s sn phm t sa. Thi gian bo qun trung bnh ca trng t 6 -7 thng.

Hnh 9: Kho bo qun trng lnh

3. Bo qun bng mi trng kh tr: Cc kh thng dng l CO2, N2 hoc hn hp ca chng. C th dung ti polyetylen hn kn cha vi trng hoc bo qun lng ln trng trong kho kn. Nu bo qun trong kho th nhit l 00C, m khong 85% v nng CO2 bng 3%, thi gian bo qun c th ln n 9 thng.

4. Bo qun bng phng php mng bao: 4.1 Nguyn liu bc mng: Vt liu dung to mng bao cho trng thng rt a dng, bao gm lipid, resin, polysaccharide, protein, composite, mng sinh hc, cht hot ng b mt, cht nh ha trong ch yu l lipid, polysaccharide v protein. 4.1.1 Lipid:

Mng bn thm lm t cht bo c s dng t hn 800 nm. Mng bn thm lipid c s dng bi chng c tnh k nc cao v th c tc dng l mt tm ngn ngn chn s mt

32

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch nc. Mng lipid c th c lm t nhiu loi lipid khc nhau bao gm acetyl monoglycerides, wax v cht b mt. Cc lipid c bn cht k nc nn kh nng chng trao i m tt, th nhng bn ( c bit l i vi s oxy ha), cu trc v cht lng cm quan ( c, c mi sp) l cc vn cn khc phc. Tc trao i m gim khi mch lipid cng di, mc khng bo ha hay phn nhnh gim (Kamper v Fennema, 1984 - 1985). Ngc li, s trao i oxy gim khi mch cacbon ngn v mc bo ha hay phn nhnh cng tng (Brody, 2001). Cc lipid thng c s dng l cht bo ng thc vt, bao gm c sp v cc dn xut ca n, trong sp (nh carnauba, candelilla, sp ong, du paraffin) c dung nhiu hn c. Mng bn thm lipid c chia thnh nhiu nhm nh sau: a) Mng lm t sp (wax) hoc du: Mng sp hoc du bao gm paraffin, sp ong, sp polyethylene v du khong. Paraffin c lm t du th v dng bao bc rau qu dng th (cha qua s ch). Hin cn c c paraffin tng hp c lm t xc tc polymer ha ethylene. C 2 loi paraffin tng hp v t nhin u c t chc thuc v thc phm Hoa k cho php s dng nh l mt cht ph gia thc phm sau khi vt qua mt vi ch tiu nht nh v kh nng hp th tia cc tm v trng lng phn t. b) Mng bn thm lm t axit bo v monoglyceride: Axit bo v monoglyceride c s dng trong mng bn thm nh l cht gy nh ha. Axit bo c th c chit sut t du thc vt trong khi monoglyceride c to thnh bi vic trans-ester ha glycol v triglycerides. Ru mch di cng c s dng do c tnh k nc v nhit nng chy cao. c) Dung dch nh tng (Emulsion): S dng dung dch nh tng sp bao bc l mt tng kh mi. Dung dch mng c kh nng ngn cn mt nc tt tuy nhin li khng em li cho sn phm bng bn ngoi. Nhiu cht nh ha s dng trong dung dch mng sp u c ngun gc t glycerol v axit bo. Cht nh tng c thng mi ha l polyglycerols-polystearate. Mng bao dng nh tng cn c th c chia thnh loi nh tng ln v nh tng nh. Nh tng ln l loi c kch thc hn 2 x 103 2 x 105 Amstrong trong khi nh tng ht nh c kch thc 1000-2000 Amstrong. 4.1.2 Polysaccharide:

Cc cht ny c nhiu lin kt OH nn ngn cn s trao i oxy v cht bo tt, ng thi ci thin cu trc v b mt, tuy nhin kh nng chng trao i m km. Cc cht thng c dung l cellulose, CMC, tinh bt, pectin, alginate, carrageenan, chitosan, gum Arabic, gum ghatti, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, xanthan

33

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch a) Alginate: Lin v Lan (1999) ghi nhn rng alginate khng c hiu qu ko di thi gian bo qun ( thi gian bo qun ca trng bc mng alginate l 27 ngy so vi trng i chng l 24 ngy) nhit thng. Mng alginate cng khng ngn cn s trao i m tt lm do bn cht ho nc ca cc nhm OH. b) Chitosan Hin nay c nhiu phng php bo qun trng nh bo qun lnh, bo qun bng nc vi, bo qun bng kh tr v bo qun bng mng (silicate, parafin, chitosan). Trong , mng bao lm t chitosan, ph phm ca ng vt thu sn, c tnh khng khun, khng nm, khng thm nc, hn ch mt nc nn thng c nghin cu ng dng bo qun rau qu, trng gia cm. Kt qu nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi ch ra rng: mng bao chitosan, trong qu trnh bo qun, nh hng tch cc n cht lng ca trng g ti. Theo Su Hyun Tp ch Khoa Hc Cng Ngh i Hc Nng - S 5(34).2009 82 Kim, Cenzig Caner, trng c bo qun bng mng bao chitosan hn ch ng k s hao ht khi lng, tng ch tiu cht lng lng trng (Haugh units), lng trng (Yolk index). Nghin cu ca Xian De Liu v cng s [8] cho thy: s dng mng bao chitosan kt hp vi chiu x gip ci thin cht lng trng g ti trong thi gian bo qun. nc ta, tc gi Trn Th Luyn, L Thanh Long [6] cng nghin cu ng dng mng bao chitosan kt hp vi ph gia bo qun trng g ti. Chun b dung dch to mng Chitosan c ho tan trong dung dch acid acetic 0.6% cc mc nng t 1% n 1.6%. n nh dung dch trong 12h sau khi pha. Tin hnh lc, dung dch sau lc thu c chnh l dung dch dng to mng. Kho st hao ht khi lng trng Sau khi to mng trn v trng v em bo qun nhit thng (phng) theo nh m t trn, chng ti tin hnh xc nh khi lng trng c sau 5 ngy bo qun. Kt qu hao ht khi lng trng trong 30 ngy bo qun biu din bng 1 v hnh 1. Bng 13: Hao ht khi lng trng (%) theo thi gian bo qun bng mng chitosan. Thi gian bo qun (ngy) Nng chitosan (%) 0 0.0 1.0 0 0 5 0.970 0.937 10 2.185 1.976 15 3.053 2.674 20 4.446 4.015 25 5.843 4.858 30 8.240 7.352

34

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

1.2 1.4 1.6

0 0

0.915 0.836 0.732

1.878 1.453 1.371

2.447 2.317 2.101

3.768 3.330 3.175

4.334 4.132 3.964

5.991 5.599 4.750

T kt qu th nghim thu c bng 13 v biu din hnh 10, chng ti nhn thy rng: trong 5 ngy u bo qun hao ht khi lng trng c to mng (0.732% i vi nng chitosan 1.6%) khng c s khc bit ln vi trng khng to mng chitosan (0.970%). Nng chitosan to mng cng khng nh hng ln n hao ht khi lng trng trong khong thi gian ny. iu ny c th c gii thch: do trong thi gian u, khi mng bao t nhin ca v trng cha b phn hu nn cn kh nng khng vi sinh vt, hn ch s trao i kh v nc vi mi trng bo qun.

Hnh 10. Hao ht khi lng trng (%) theo thi gian bo qun bng mng chitosan. Ch thch: Khng s dng mng chitosan ( ). Mng chitosan nng 1% ( ). Mng chitosan nng 1.2% ( ). Mng chitosan nng 1.4% ( ). Mng chitosan nng 1.6% ( ). Tuy nhin, khi thi gian bo qun cng di th nh hng ca mng bao n hao ht khi lng trng cng r nt hn. Sau 30 ngy, trng c bo qun bng mng chitosan nng 1.6% ch hao ht 4.750%, trong khi mu i chng ln ti 8,240%.

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Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Kho st s bin i hm lng protein trong trng Bn cnh xc nh hao ht khi lng trng, chng ti cn theo di s bin i hm lng protein trong trng, thng qua th nghim xc nh hm lng protein ho tan. Kt qu th nghim c tng hp bng 14 v hnh 11.

Bng 14. Bin i hm lng protein ho tan theo thi gian bo qun bng mng chitosan Nng chitosan (%) 0.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Thi gian bo qun (ngy) 0 12.500 12.500 12.500 12.500 12.500 5 8.363 11.499 11.658 11.919 12.121 10 5.803 10.856 11.048 11.385 11.647 15 2.589 9.042 9.871 10.552 11.152 20 0.428 8.812 9.188 10.005 10.332 8.682 9.023 9.526 9.926 5.554 8.861 9.076 9.574 25 30

Kt qu cho thy: sau 30 ngy bo qun, hm lng protein ho tan ca mu i chng gim r rt (sau 20 ngy bo qun gim 0.428%). iu ny c th l lun rng: trong thi gian bo qun, s trao i kh, m vi mi trng bn ngoi, to iu kin cho s xm nhp vi sinh vt lm cho cc phn ng thu phn, phn hu protein din ra mnh lit to thnh acid amin t do NH3, H2. Vi cc mu trng c bo qun bng mng chitosan th s bin i hm lng protein ho tan t hn. Nng chitosan mng bao cng nh hng n hm lng protein ho tan. Sau 30 ngy, hm lng protein ho tan trong trng vn cn 9.574% (i vi nng chitosan 1.6%).

36

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

Hnh 11. Bin i hm lng protein ho tan theo thi gian bo qun bng mng chitosan. Ch thch: Khng s dng mng chitosan ( ). Mng chitosan nng 1% ( ). Mng chitosan nng 1.2% ( ). Mng chitosan nng 1.4% ( ). Mng chitosan nng 1.6% ( ).

Kho st hm lng amoniac trong trng Ngoi nh lng hao ht khi lng, hm lng protein ho tan, chng ti cng tin hnh th nghim xc nh hm lng amoniac (NH3) trong trng. Kt qu hm lng amoniac sau 30 ngy bo qun th hin bng 15 v hnh 12. Bng 15. Hm lng NH3 (%) sau 30 ngy bo qun bng mng chitosan. Nng chitosan (%) 0 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 NH3 (%) 0.064 0.042 0.03 0.025 0.021

37

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

Hnh 12. Hm lng NH3 (%) sau 30 ngy bo qun bng mng chitosan Qua hnh 12, chng ti thy rng hm lng NH3 tng nhiu sau 30 ngy bo qun. Mu i chng c hm lng cao nht (0.064%). Trong khi , mu trng c bo qun bng mng nng chitosan 1.6% c hm lng NH3 thp nht (0.021%). Kt lun Nghin cu ny cho thy mng bao chitosan nh hng nhiu n cht lng trng g ti (hao ht khi lng, hm lng protein ho tan, hm lng amoniac). Nng chitosan trong dung dch cng nh hng n phm cht ca trng, tuy nhin khng c s khc bit ln. Do vy nng chitosan thch hp trong dung dch c th thay i t 11.6%. Vi nhng kt qu khi ng dng mng bao chitosan bo qun trng m cc tc gi khc nghin cu, cng nh nhng kt qu ch ra bi bo ny, cho thy: hon ton c th s dng mng bao chitosan bo qun trng qui m thng mi v cng nghip.

4.1.3

Protein:

Do c tnh a nc nn cc cc protein c kh nng cn s trao i m km nhng li ngn cn tt s thm thu ca cc hp cht khng phn cc nh oxy v cht to hng d bay hi. Protein c khi lng phn t cng ln v lin kt ngang cng nhiu th ngn cn s thm thu qua mng cng tt. Cc protein tng c nghin cu gm protein u nnh, zein (bp), casein, whey t sa, gluten bt m, protein u phng nhng nhn chung hin nay ng dng ca chng cha ln lm.

38

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch a) Whey protein isolate (WPI) Cengiz Caner (2005) tin hnh so snh hiu qu ca mng WPI 3 nng 6, 12 v 18% khi bo qun trng nhit thng. Kt qu cho thy mng WPI 12 v 18% cho kt qu tt hn mng 6% v c kh nng gi hng cht lng ca trng l hng A trong 3 tun so vi nhm i chng l 1 tun. b) Mng t Zein Wong et al. (1996) nhn thy rng mng t zein gip gim mt nc v gi c gi tr HU trong sut thi gian bo qun tt hn cc mng lng trng trng, SPI, gluten bt m v du khong. Ngoi ra, zein cn ci thin bn ca v. c) Whey protein concentrate Nhng u im ca vic s dng mng bao n c c ng dng hp l k t khi chng c th duy tr c nhng c tnh chc nng ca thc phm bng cch hn ch s thot m, s vn chuyn kh (O2 v CO2), tr hon vic bay hi ca cc hp cht hng. Vic ng dng ca phng php bo qun trng bng cch to mng bc trng gip hn ch s mt khi lng v duy tr cht lng ca trng c o thng qua nhiu ch s nh HU, ch s lng v pH lng trng (Imai, 1981). Nguyn liu v phng php 150 trng g ti trong : 10 qu trng ti c la chn v ring ra nhm xc nh gi tr HU v pH lng trng trng. Nhng qu trng cn li c kh trng bng dung dch sodium hypochlorite 1% trong 30 giy (Oliveira, 1997). Sau chia lm 2 nhm: 1 nhm c ph lp mng WPC, nhm cn li th khng c ph mng.

t trng trong cc thng carton v bo qun 25oC, m tng i dao ng t 70 78%. Cch ph mng WPC: Ngm cc qu trng trong dung dch WPC trong 1 pht v sy kh nhit phng trong 24h. Sau 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 v 28 ngy ta o s gim khi lng, gi tr HU, pH lng trng trng. Th nghim c lp i lp li ba ln, vi cng s lng trng. Mng bao protein: dung dch lm mng bao c chun b theo phng php ca Gennadios et al. (1993): 10,78g WPC (8% protein) v 3,5g glycerol cho vo cc c cha 100g nc. Khuy u, gi 90oC trong 30 pht, sau lm lnh xung 25oC, dng dung dch NaOH 0,1M chnh pH = 7. gim khi lng = Trng lng cui Trng lng u, th hin di dng phn trm.

39

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Cht lng trng: Xc nh chiu cao lng trng trng, s dng cng thc tnh HU theo Haugh, 1937. HU = 100 log (H + 7,57 - 0,37 1.7W) Trong : HU = Haugh n v; H = chiu cao lng trng trng dy (mm); W = trng trng lng (g) (Roush, 1981). Kt qu v tho lun Cc kt qu trng ti (ngy 0) c s dng nh l mt tham chiu cho cht lng trng.

Hnh 13: gim khi lng trng khi c v khng c mng bao WPC trong sut thi gian bo qun

gim khi lng:

C hai nhm trng c v khng c mng bao u gim khi lng trong thi gian bo qun, nhng nhm c mng bao th khi lng gim t hn. Khi lng gim nhiu nht vo tun th t trong qu trnh bo qun, t gi tr 4,8% v 6,0%, tng ng vi trng c mng bao v khng mng bao. Wong et al. (1996) c o trng vi mng bao l gluten bt m th gim khi lng l 4,2%; mng bao SPI l 6,5%, mng bao du khong l 9,2% sau 28 ngy bo qun. Vo ngy th 3, mt s khc bit 100% gia cc nhm trng c pht hin (bc trng = 0,37% v khng bc trng = 0,74%), mc d, t th 7 n ngy 21 s khc bit l khong 50%.

40

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Tuy nhin vo ngy 28, s khc bit ny thm ch cn thp hn, t 23%. Cc whey protein c d lng amino acid a nc cho php cc phn t nc i qua. Cht lng trng:

Hnh 14: HU ca trng khi c v khng c mng bao WPC trong sut thi gian bo qun Cht lng trng gim dn theo thi gian bo qun, v nhm khng c mng bao th cht lng gim nhanh hn nhiu so vi nhm cn li. Gi tr HU ca nhm c mng bao gim t 79 xung 67, ca nhm khng c mng bao gim t 62 cn 14 (gi tr tng ng vi ngy th 3 v 28 trong qu trnh bo qun). Theo tiu chun Bc M, trng tt l trng c HU trn 72. Trong th nghim ny ta thy cc gi tr HU ca trng c mng bao sau 14 ngy bo qun l 73, nh vy trng vn rt tt. Cn i vi trng khng mng bao th ch sau 3 ngy bo qun HU ch cn 62.

Hnh 15: pH ca lng trng trng c v khng c mng bao trong thi gian bo quan pH ca lng trng trng khng c mng bao cao hn so vi c mng bao.

41

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch 4.1.4 a) Shellac: Shellac c co t v ca cc cy ni m b cnh kin ci nh ra c th dnh ln thn cy. Nhng con cn trng ht nha cy v thi ra cht dnh. Shellac c sn xut khi cc con cn trng sng bm trn cy kursum. Shellac th c cha c v cy, n c t trong cc ng v gia nhit. N s nng chy v tch v cy ra. Shellac c dnh c lm kh ri bao gi v bn. Khi s dng, n s c trn vi ru methyl ha trong vi ngy ha tan v thnh shellac lng. Shellac lng c thi gian bo qun l khong 1 nm Shellac mang mu m, t vng nht n nu. Mu sc ca shellac nh hng bi nha ca cy m b cnh kin sng v thi gian thu hoch. Shellac rt ph bin, c bn nhng ni bn sn v vec-ni. Shellac l mt polymer t nhin v c tnh cht ha hc tng t nh cc polyme nhn to, v n c xem l mt dng nha t nhin. b) Carboxymethyl cellulose Cc cht khc:

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hay cellulose gum l mt dn xut cellulose vi nhm carboxymethyl (-CH2-COOH) lin kt vi mt vi nhm hydroxyl ca glucopyranose monomers n to nn mch chnh cellulose. N thng c dng vi mui sodium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. N c to ra bi phn ng xc tc ca cellulose vi acid chloroacetic. c tnh chc nng ca CMC ph thc vo mc thay th ca cu trc cellulose( ngha l bao nhiu nhm hyroxyl tham gia trong phn ng thay th), cng nh chiu di chui ca mch chnh. CMC c dng trong thc phm nh l mt cht to st, to c, v l cht n nh trong cc sn phm khc nhau bao gm kem. Nh mt ph gia, n c s E l E466. Sau phn ng ban u, cht tng hp c khong 60% CMC thm 40% mui (sodium chloride v sodium glycolate). Sn phm ny c gi tn k thut l CMC c s dng trong vic ty ra. Qu trnh ra c s dng loi mui sn xut CMC tinh khit, n c dng trong thc phm, thuc v kem nh rng. CMC t tinh khit hn c s dng trong sn xut giy

42

Cng ngh sn xut trng sch Carboxymethyl cellulose dng ht khng ha tan c dng nh mt dng nha trao i cation trong phng php sc k trao i ion tinh sch protein. c) Hypromellose

Hypromellose gi tt ca hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) l mt polyme viscoelastic bn tng hp, tr. N l mt ph gia thc thm, c s E l E464. Hypromellose l mt cht rn. Hp cht hnh thnh dng keo khi ha tan trong nc. D khng phi cht c nhng n d chy v c th phn ng mnh lit vi cc cht oxy ha. Hypromellose tan trong nc, khng ging nh methylcellulose, n khng th hin s ng c. Khi dung dch gia nhit ln nhit ti hn, dung dch ng li thnh cht bn mm do. c bit nhit ti hn lin quan n c nng ca HPMC v nng ca nhm methoxyl trong phn t HPMC ( n ph thuc vo mc thay th ca nhm methoxyl v phn t thay th). Nng ca nhm methoxyl cng cao th nhit ti hn cng thp. 4.1.5 Kt hp cc cht:

Nhm khc phc nhc im ng thi pht huy u im ca cc loi mng, hin nay ngi ta nghin cu cc loi mng kt hp gia protein hay polysaccharide vi lipid, nh tng. Nh vy, c th nng cao hiu qu chng mt nc v cht bo c kh nng ngn cn s trao i m, cn protein v polysaccharide th to cu trc cho mng. Cc loi vt liu kt hp thng c s dng l: CMC (cacboxymethyl cellulose) hay HPMC (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose) vi acid bo (stearic hay palmitic), paraffin hay sp ong; CMC vi ester ca acid bo vi sucrose; casein vi acetylate monoglyceride; paraffin, sp ong; zein vi acetylate monoglyceride. Ngi ta nghin cu cc vt liu kt hp gia protein hay polysaccharide vi lipid, nh tng nng cao hiu qu chng mt nc v cht bo c kh nng ngn cn truyn m, cn protein v polysaccharide c th to cu trc cho mng. Cc vt liu kt hp c s dng l CMC hay HPMC vi acid bo ( stearic hay palmitic), parafine hay sp ong; CMC vi ester ca acid bo vi sucrose, casein vi acetylate monoglyceride, paraffin, sp ong, zein v acetylate monoglyceride. S dng mng bc nhm hn ch mt nc v cc qu trnh h hp ko di thi gian bo qun, c p dng tng i ph bin cho tri cy ti c trong v ngoi nc; nhng

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Cng ngh sn xut trng sch i vi trng; k thut ny cha c p dng Vit Nam, mc d c mt vi nghin cu, th nghim v c kt qu tt. 4.2 Phng php bc mng trn v trng: Pht bng tay: Qu c th c pht cht to mng v bi u hon ton th cng. C th dung vi mm hay chi bng lng mn tng tc to mng. Nhng vo dung dch: Nu dung dch to mng c nhit cao th qu thng ch c nhng trong khong 1 giy hay ngn hn. Nu dung dch nhit thng th thi gian c th di hn. iu cn ch l b mt qu phi hon ton kh trc khi nhng v nu cn m t, nhit cao s lm nc bay hi v to thnh cc ti hay ch phng rp trn lp mng, chng bao lu lp v s b bong trc ra. Dng bn chi dng trc ln: Dung dch to mng c phun t trn xung thm t bn chi. Bn chi ln trn theo trc s y qu i v qut mng u ln b mt rau qu. Tc quay ca trc khng nn qu 100 vng/ pht. m bo long mm v qut ht b mt tri, bn chi nn c lm t lng nga t nht l 50% v c gi mm bng cch ra thng xuyn vi nc nng. Phun: phun dung dch to mng bng u bec, o li, phun u cn li ri em i lm kh bng qut gi. 4.3 u im ca vic bc mng: Ci thin v ngoi: Lm cho b mt sng bng, hp dn hn. Gim mt nc: Khi bc mng s c mt lp mng bao bc bn ngoi trng, che chn cc l kh gip hn ch ng k s bay hi nc v tht thot kh CO2 do s ko di thi gian bo qun trng. Gim h hng sau thu hoch: Cc loi nm mc v vi khun gy bnh lun i hi mt lng m nht nh trn b mt trng pht trin, nhng mng thng c bn cht k nc nn khng thun li cho vi sinh vt. 4.4 Nhc im ca vic bc mng: Gim mt v t nhin: Mt s ngi a chung mu sc v b ngoi t nhin hn l v sang bng ca mng, ch yu l sp. Ngi ta cho rng trng khng cn l sn phm t nhin na. Tng gi thnh: Do phi x l to mng nn thi gian t lc thu hoch n khi a ra th trng tiu th s tng ln v phi hao tn mt khon chi ph mi cho nguyn liu to mng, thit b, nhn cng, nng lng

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Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

CHNG IV: KT LUN

bo qun trng ti hiu qu ta cn p ng nhng iu kin sau: Trng cn phi sch nhng khng nn ra trng trc khi tin hnh bo qun. Do chng ta cn thu hoch trng ngay khi con vt va nhm hn ch c nhng cht b bm ln trng. Bo qun trng ni sch s, thong mt. Cc phng lu tr phi c gi n nh v nhit v m. Cn c khng kh lu thng trong phng lu tr. Gim bay hi nc n mc ti thiu.

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Cng ngh sn xut trng sch

TI LIU THAM KHO

Nguyn Th Lan, Trng i Hc Bch Khoa, i Hc Nng; Hunh Thi Nguyn, Trng Cao ng Cng nghip Thc phm TPHCM; NGHIN CU NH HNG MNG BAO CHITOSAN N MT S TNH CHT HO L CATRNG G TRONG QU TRNH BO QUN; Tp Ch Khoa Hc V Cng Ngh, i Hc Nng S 5(34).2009. Alexis L, Romanoff and Anastasia J. Romanoff; Agricltural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; STUDY OF PRESERVATION OF EGGS BY FLASH HEAT TREATMENT. William J. Stadelman, Owen J. Cotterill. Egg Science And Technology. The Avi Publishing Company, Inc, 1995.

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