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TS. Nguyn B

NNG - 2007

Cc k hiu s dng gii thch hot ng s :


1- A(x) = 1: phn t A dng th x c in (nu l cun dy) hoc ng li (nu l tip im) 2- A(x) = 0: phn t A dng th x mt in (nu l cun dy) hoc m ra (nu l tip im) 3- A(x,y): phn t A gia hai dng x v y hoc hai im x,y. 4- A(l): phn t A trn mch ng lc V d: - G(l) = 1: tip im G mch ng lc ng (tr 33) - K2(l) = 0 : tip im K2 mch ng lc m (tr33). - n nt M1(22) LT(22) = 1, LT(17) = 1, + LT(22,23) = 1: khi n nt M1 dng 22 th cun dy rle LT dng 22 c in lm cho tip im LT dng 17 ng, ng thi tip im LT gia dng 22 v 23 ng.(tr36) - R8(15-13) = 1, + R8(1-3) = 1, R(5-9): tip im R8 gia im 15 v 13 ng li, ng thi tip im R8 gia im 1 v 3 cng ng lm cho in tr R(5-9) (tr40)

Chng 1

TRANG B IN MY CT KIM LOI


My ct kim loi c dng gia cng cc chi tit kim loi bng cch ct bt cc lp kim loi tha, sau khi gia cng c hnh dng gn ng yu cu (gia cng th) hoc tho mn hon ton yu cu t hng vi chnh xc nht nh v kch thc v bng cn thit ca b mt gia cng (gia cng tinh). 1.1. Cc yu cu chnh v nhng c im cng ngh c trng ca trang b in v t ng ho cc my ct kim loi My ct kim loi theo s lng v chng loi chim v tr hng u trong tt c cc my cng nghip. 1.1.1. Phn loi my ct kim loi My ct kim loi gm nhiu chng loi v rt a dng trong tng nhm my, nhng c th phn loi chng da trn cc c im sau: Phn loi my ct kim loi theo nh hnh 1.1
MY CT KIM LOI

QU TRNH CNG NGH TIN PHAY BO MI KHOAN

QU TRNH SN XUT VN NNG

TRNG LNG KCH THC THNG LN

CHNH XC GIA CNG THNG

CHUYN DNG C BIT

NNG

CAO RT CAO

RT NNG

Hnh 1.1 S phn loi cc my ct kim loi - Ty thuc vo qu trnh cng ngh c trng bi phng php gia cng, dng dao , c tnh chuyn ng v.v, cc my ct c chia thnh cc my c bn: tin, phay; bo, khoan doa, mi v cc nhm my khc nh gia cng rng, ren vt v.v - Theo c im ca qu trnh sn xut, c th chia thnh cc my vn nng, chuyn dng v c bit. My vn nng l cc my c th thc hin c cc phng php gia cng khc nhau nh tin, khoan, gia cng rng v.v gia cng cc chi tit khc nhau v hnh dng v kch thc. Cc my chuyn dng l cc my gian cng cc chi tit c cng hnh dng

nhng c kch thc khc nhau. My c bit l cc my ch thc hin gia cng cc chi tit c cng hnh dng v kch thc. - Theo kch thc v trng lng chi tit gia cng trn my, c th chia ma ct kim loi thnh cc my bnh thng (<10.000kG), cc my c ln (<30.000kG), cc my c nng (<100.000kG) v cc my rt nng (>100.000kG) - Theo chnh xc gia cng, c th chia thnh my c chnh xc bnh thng, cao v rt cao. 1.1.2 Cc chuyn ng v cc dng gia cng in hnh trn MCKL Trn MCKL, c hai loi chuyn ng ch yu: chuyn ng c bn v chuyn ng ph Chuyn ng c bn l chuyn ng tng i ca dao ct so vi phi m bo qu trnh ct gt. Chuyn ng ny chia ra: chuyn ng chnh v chuyn ng n dao - Chuyn ng chnh (chuyn ng lm vic) l chuyn ng thc hin qu trnh ct gt kim loi bng dao ct. - Chuyn ng n dao l cc chuyn ng x dch ca dao hoc phi to ra mt lp phi mi. Chuyn ng ph l nhng chuyn ng khng lin quan trc tip n qu trnh ct gt, chng cn thit khi chun b gia cng, nng cao hiu sut v cht lng gia cng, hiu chnh my v.v V d nh di chuyn nhanh bn hoc phi trong my tin, ni sit x trn tr trong my khoan cn, nng h x trong dao trong my bo ging, bm du ca h thng bi trn, bm nc lm mt v.v Cc chuyn ng chnh, n dao c th l chuyn ng quay hoc chuyn ng tnh tin ca dao hoc phi. Trn hnh 1-2 biu din cc dng gia cng in hnh c thc hin trn cc MCKL. - Gia cng trn my tin (hnh 1-2a): n - tc quay ca chi tit (chuyn ng chnh); v - vn tc x dch ca dao ct vo chi tit (chuyn ng n dao). - Gia cng trn my khoan (hnh 1-2b): n- tc quay ca mi khoan (chuyn ng chnh); v- chuyn ng tnh tin ca mi khoan vo chi tit (chuyn ng n dao). - Gia cng trn my phay (hnh 1-2c): n- tc quay ca dao phay (chuyn ng chnh); v- chuyn ng tnh tin ca phi (chuyn ng n dao). - Gia cng trn my mi trn ngoi (hnh 1.2d): n- tc quay ca mi (chuyn ng chnh); v- chuyn ng tnh tin ca mi vo chi tit (chuyn ng n dao).

- Gia cng trn my bo ging (hnh 1-2e): vt, vn- chuyn ng qua li ca bn (chuyn ng chnh), chuyn ng di chuyn ca dao theo chiu ngang ca bn (chuyn ng n dao).

Hnh 1-2 Cc dng gia cng kim loi trn cc my ct kim loi a) Tin b) Khoan c) Phay d) Mi e) Bo

1.1.3. Cc thit b in chuyn dng dng trong cc my ct gt kim loi. 1. Nam chm in: thng dng iu khin cc van thu lc, van kh nn, iu khin ng ct ly hp ma st, ly hp in t v dng hm ng c in. Nam chm in dng trong cc my ct gt kim loi l nam chm in xoay chiu c lc ht t 10N n 80N vi hnh trnh ca phn ng (li nam chm) t 5 n 15mm.
1.Mch t; 2. Cun dy ca nam chm; 3. Thanh dn hng; 4. Phn ng li nam chm; 5. Vng ngn mch F

Hnh 1-3 Cu to nam chm in Hnh 1-4 c tnh c ca nam chm in

Nguyn l lm vic ca nam chm in nh sau: khi cp ngun cho cun dy 2 s xut hin t thng khp kn theo mch t 1. S tc dng tng h gia t thng v dng in trong cun dy s sinh ra mt lc ko ht phn ng 4 vo su trong nam chm in. Thanh dn hng 3 c chc nng gim h s ma st gia phn ng v mch t, m bo cho phn ng khng b ht lch. c tnh quan trng nht ca nam chm in l c tnh c (c tnh lc ko). N biu dim s ph thuc gia lc ko sinh ra ca nam chm in v hnh trnh ca phn ng F = f(). c tnh c biu din trn hnh 1-4. 2. Bn t: dng cp chi tit gian cng trn cc my mi mt phng (hnh 1.5). Cu to ca bn t gm: hp st non 1 vi cc cc li 2, cun dy 3, bn t 4 c lt cc tm mng 5 bng vt liu khng nhim t. Khi cp ngun 1 chiu cho cun dy, bn s tr thnh cam chm vi nhiu cp cc: cc bc N v cc nam S Bn t c cp ngun 1 chiu (tr s in p c th l 24, 48, 110 v 220V vi cng sut t 100 3000W) t cc b chnh lu dng it bn dn. Sau khi gia cng xong, mun ly chi tit ra khi bn phi kh t d ca bn t, thc hin bng cch o cc tnh ngun cp cho bn t. 3.Khp ly hp in t: dng iu chnh tc quay, iu khin ng c truyn ng: khi ng, o chiu, iu chnh tc v hm. Khp ly hp in t l khu trung gian ni ng c truyn ng vi my cng tc cho php thay i tc my cng tc khi tc ng c khng i, thng dng trong h truyn ng n dao ca cc my ct kim loi. i vi h truyn ng n dao ca cc my ct gt kim loi, yu cu duy tr mmen khng i trong ton di iu chnh tc . V cu to v nguyn l hot ng, ngi ta phn bit hai loi khp ly hp in t: khp ly hp in t ma st v khp ly hp in t trt. a) Khp ly hp in t ma st, cu to nh trn hnh 1-6 gm: thn khp ly hp 3, cun dy 4, cc a ma st 8 v 9, a p 10 v gi kp 11. Tt c cc phn t k trn c g lp trn bc lt 2 lm t vt liu khng nhim t v bc lt c lp trn trc vo 1 (trc gn vi trc ca ng c truyn ng). Ngun cp cho cun dy ca ly hp c cp
H1-6. Khp ly hp in t ma st

nh sau: cc m ca ngun c ni vi thn ca ly hp 3, cc dng ca ngun c cp qua chi than 7 v vnh trt tip in 6, cn 5 l vnh cch in gia cc dng ca ngun v thn ly hp. Nguyn l lm vic ca khp ly hp ma st nh sau: khi cun dy 4 c cp ngun, s to ra mt t trng khp kn qua cc a ma st. T trng to ra mt lc ht ko a ma st 9 v thn ly hp 3. Cc a ma st 8 v 9 n khp nhau. a ma st 9 ni vi trc 1 (trc ng c truyn ng), cn a ma st 8 ni vi trc 12 (trc my cng tc). b) Khp ly hp in t trt. Cu to ca n c biu din trn hnh 1-7.

Hnh 1-7 Khp ly hp in t trt Cu to ca n gm hai phn chnh: Phn ng 1 c gn vi trc ca ng c truyn ng 2 (trc ch ng) v phn cm 3 ca cun dy kch thch 4 c ni vi trc ca my cng tc (trc th ng). Ngun cp cho cun dy kch thch 4 l ngun 1 chiu tip in bng chi than 5 v vnh trt 7 lp trn trc 6. Nguyn l lm vic ca khp ly hp in t trt nh sau: Khi cho ng c truyn ng quay v cp ngun cho cun kch thch, trong phn ng s xut hin sc in ng cm ng, sc in ng s sinh ra dng in xoy (dng Fuc). S tc dng tng h gia dng in trong phn ng v t thng ca phn cm s sinh ra mmen in t lm cho phn cm quay theo cng chiu vi phn ng. H s trt ca khp ly hp ph thuc vo tr s dng in trong cun kch thch v mmen ca ph ti. Bi vy, vi mmen ti khng i, khi ta thay i dng in trong cun dy kch thch s thay i c tc ca my cng tc. 1.2 Chn h truyn ng v tnh chn cng sut ng c truyn ng ca my ct gt kim loi 1.2.1. Cc h truyn ng thng dng trong my ct gt kim loi 1. i vi chuyn ng chnh ca my tin, khoan, doa, my phay vi tn s ng ct in khng ln, phm vi iu chnh tc khng rng

thng dng h truyn ng vi ng c khng ng b rto lng sc. iu chnh tc trong cc my thc hin bng phng php c kh dng hp tc . 2. i vi mt s my khc nh: my tin Rvonve, my doa ngang, my sc rng yu cu phm vi iu chnh tc rng hn, h truyn ng trc chnh dng h truyn ng vi ng c khng ng b hai hoc ba cp tc . Qu trnh thay i tc thc hin bng cch thay i s u dy qun stato ca ng c thay i s i cc vi cng sut duy tr khng i. 3. i vi mt s my nh: my bo ging, my mi trn, my doa to v h truyn ng n dao ca mt s my yu cu: - Phm vi iu chnh tc rng. - o chiu quay lin tc. - Tn s ng ct in ln. Thng dng h truyn ng mt chiu (h my pht - ng c in mt chiu F - , h my in khuch i - ng c in 1 chiu MK - , h khuch i t ng c in 1 chiu KT - v b bin i tiristo - ng c in mt chiu T-) v h truyn ng xoay chiu dng b bin tn. 1.2.2 Cc tham s c trng cho ch ct gt trn cc my ct gt kim loi Cc tham s c trng cho ch ct ph thuc vo yu t ca iu kin gia cng nh: chiu su ct t, lng n dao s (hnh 1-2), b rng phi b, bn dao ct T, vt liu chi tit, hnh dng v vt liu dao, iu kin lm mtCc tham s c xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim ng vi tng nhm my. 1.Tc ct: l tc chuyn ng di tng i ca chi tit so vi dao ct ti im tip xc gia chi tit v dao Tc ph thuc vt liu gia cng, vt liu dao, kch thc dao, dng gia cng, iu kin lm mt v.v. theo cng thc kinh nghim
v= Cv

Trong t: chiu su ct , mm; s: lng n dao, l dch chuyn ca dao khi chi tit quay c mt vng, mm/vg T: bn ca dao l thi gian lm vic ca dao gia hai ln mi dao k tip, ph Cv, xv, yv, m l h s v s m ph thuc vo vt liu chi tit, vt liu dao v phng php gia cng

T t s

XV

yv

[m/ph]

(1-1)

2. Lc ct : trong qu trnh gia cng, ti im tip xc gia chi tit v dao c mt lc tc dng F , lc ny c phn ra 3 thnh phn (hnh 1-2a): - Lc tip tuyn (lc ct) Fz l lc m trc chnh (truyn ng chnh) phi khc phc. - Lc hng knh Fy to p lc ln bn dao. - Lc dc trc Fx m c cu n dao phi khc phc. [N] (1-2) tnh ton lc ct, ta dng cng thc kinh nghim sau: Fx = 9,81CF.txF.syF.vn [N] (1-3) x y Trong : CF,t F , s F ,n l h s v s m ph thuc vo vt liu chi tit gia cng, vt liu lm dao v phng php gia cng. Cc lc cn li Fx, Fy cng c xc nh theo cng thc tng t nh cng thc (1-3) Khi tnh ton s b c th ly Fx v Fy theo cc t l nh sau: Fz:Fy:Fx = 1: 0,4 : 0,25 (1-4) 3. Cng sut ct: (cng sut yu cu ca c cu chuyn ng chnh) c xc nh theo cng thc:
F = Fx + F y + F z

Pz =

Fz .v 60.1000

[kW]

(1-5)

Trong : Fz - lc ct, N; v - tc ct, [m/ph]. 4.Thi gian my l thi gian dng gia cng chi tit, cn gi l thi gian cng ngh, thi gian c bn hoc thi gian hu ch. tnh ton thi gian my, ta cn c vo cc tham s c trng cho ch ct gt gi l phng php gia cng trn my. V d: i vi my tin:
tm = L n.s

[ph]

(1-6)

Trong : L - chiu di ca hnh trnh lm vic, mm; n - tc quay ca chi tit (tc quay ca mm cp), vg/ph. s - lng n dao, mm/vg; Nu thay vo biu thc (1-6) gi tr ca:
60.10 3 v n= d

[vg/ph]

(1-7)

Trong : d - ng knh chi tit gia cng; mm. Ta c:


tm =

dL

60.10 3 vs

[s]

(1-8)

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T biu thc (1-8) ta nhn thy rng: mun tng nng sut ca my (gim thi gian cng ngh tm) phi tng tc ct v v lng n dao s. 1.2.3. Ph ti ca ng c truyn ng cc c cu in hnh trong cc my ct gt kim loi 1. C cu truyn ng chnh Trong truyn ng chnh cc my ct gt kim loi, lc ct l hu ch, n ph thuc vo ch ct (t, s, v) vt liu chi tit gia cng v vt liu lm dao i vi chuyn ng chnh l chuyn ng quay nh my tin, phay, khoan, doa v my mi, mmen trn trc chnh ca my c xc nh theo cng thc:
Mz = Fz .d 2

[N.m] [m] [N.m]

(1-9)

Trong : Fz - lc ct, N; d - ng knh ca chi tit gia cng Mmen hu ch trn ng c l:


M hi = M z Fz .d = i 2i

(1-10)

i vi chuyn ng chnh l chuyn ng tnh tin, v d nh chuyn ng di chuyn bn trong my bo ging, chuyn ng ca dao trong my sc, my bo ngang v.vMmen tnh tin hu ch l: Mhi = Fz. [N.m] (1-11) Trong : l bn knh qui i lc ct v trc ng c, c xc nh bng t s gia tc di chuyn tnh tin v tc ca ng c truyn ng:
=
v 60

[N.m] [N.m]

(1-12) (1-13)

Mmen cn tnh trn trc ng c c xc nh theo biu thc sau:


Mc M hi

2. C cu truyn ng n dao Trong h truyn ng n dao, ng c thc hin di chuyn bn dao, hoc dch chuyn chi tit thc hin c qu trnh ct gt. H truyn ng n dao c thc hin bng nhiu phng n khc nhau. Phng n in hnh l c cu n dao kiu trc vt cu. S ng hc ca c cu n dao c biu din trn hnh 1.8 Lc n dao khi bn dao hoc bn cp chi tit khi hnh c tnh theo biu thc sau: Fado = (Gb + Gct)f0 + s Trong : Gb - khi lng ca bn, N; [N] (1-14)

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Gct- khi lng ca chi tit, N; f0 - h s ma st khi bn dao trt trn g trt f0 = (0,2 0,3) khi khi ng bn dao; f0 = (0,08 0,1) khi ct gt; - p sut dnh thng ly bng 0,5N/cm2

Hnh 1-8. S ng hc ca c cu n dao 1. ng c in; 2. hp tc ; 3. trc vt v tn; 4. cu; 5. Bn dao; 6. G trt

Lc n dao khi ct gt c tnh theo biu thc: [N] Fad = (Gb + Gct)f + s Mmen trn trc vt v tn c tnh theo cng thc sau: - khi khi ng Mado
M ado = Fado .d tb tg ( + ) 2

(1-15)

[N.m] [N.m]

(1-16) (1-17)

- khi ct gt
M ad =

Fad .d tb tg ( + ) 2

Trong : - gc nghing ca ren vt v tn; = arctg(f) - gc ma st ca trc vt v tn; dtb - ng knh trung bnh ca trc vt v tn, m. 1.2.4. Tnh chn cng sut ng c truyn ng cc c cu ca my ct kim loi 1.Nhng vn chung Vic chn ng cng sut ng c truyn ng l ht sc quan trng. Nu chn cng sut ng c ln hn tr s cn thit th vn u t s tng, ng c thng xuyn lm vic non ti, lm cho hiu sut v h s cng sut thp. Nu chn cng sut ng c nh hn tr s yu cu th my s khng m bo nng sut cn thit, ng c thng phi chy non ti, lm gim tui th ng c, tng ph tn vn hnh do sa cha nhiu.

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2. Cc s liu ban u tnh chn c cng sut ng c, cn phi c cc s liu ban u sau: a) Cc thng s ca ch lm vic ca my bao gm: - Cc thng s c trng cho ch ct gt l: tc ct, lc ct hoc cc thng s ca ch ct gt nh chiu su ct, lng n dao, vt liu c gia cng , vt liu dao v.v , trng lng chi tit gia cng, thi gian lm vic, thi gian ngh - Khi lng ca chi tit gia cng. - Thi gian lm vic v thi gian ngh. b)Kt cu c kh ca my bao gm: - S ng hc ca cc c cu. - Khi lng cc b phn chuyn ng. 3. Cc bc chn cng sut ng c Qu trnh chn cng sut ng c c th chia lm 2 bc sau: a) Bc 1: chn s b cng sut ng c truyn ng theo trnh t sau: + Xc nh cng sut hoc momen tc dng trn trc lm vic ca hp tc (Pz hoc Mz). Nu trong mt chu k, ph ti ca truyn ng thay i th phi xc nh Pz (hoc Mz) cho tt c cc giai on cho c chu k . Mi loi my c cc cng thc ring xc nh. C th cho trc Pz hoc Mz + Xc nh cng sut trn trc ng c in v thnh lp th ph ti tnh: mun thnh lp th ph ti cho truyn ng trong mt chu k, ta phi xc nh cng sut hoc momen trn trc ng c v thi gian lm vic ng vi tng giai on - Cng sut trn trc ng c xc nh theo biu thc:
Pc = Pz

Trong l hiu sut ca c cu truyn ng ng vi ph ti Pz - Thi gian lm vic ca tng giai on c th xc nh tu thuc iu kin lm vic ca tng c cu truyn ng nh khong ng di chuyn ca b phn lm vic, tc lm vic, thi gian lm vic hoc iu khin my v.v Trong c thi gian hu cng (thi gian lm vic thc s) v thi gian v cng (thi gian lm vic khng ti, iu khin my, chuyn i trng thi lm vic v.v) Thi gian hu cng c xc nh theo cng thc ng vi tng loi my. Thi gian v cng c ly theo kinh nghim vn hnh. + Da vo th ph ti tnh xy dng phn trn, tin hnh tnh ton chn ng c nh nu trong gio trnh T - Khi ch lm vic l di hn, ph ti bin i (loi bin i) ng c thng c chn theo i lng trung bnh hoc ng tr - Khi ch lm vic l ngn hn lp li, ng c c chn theo ph ti lm vic v h s ng in tng i.

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- Khi ch lm vic l ngn hn, ng c c chn theo ph ti lm vic v thi gian c ti trong chu k. b) Bc 2: kim nghim ng c theo nhng iu kin cn thit. Tu thuc vo c im ca c cu truyn ng m ng c chn c kim nghim theo iu kin pht nng , qu ti v m my. kim nghim theo iu kin pht nng, ta xy dng th ph ti ton phn bao gm ph ti tnh v ph ti ng. Ph ti ng ca ng c pht sinh trong qu trnh qu (QTQ) v c xc nh t quan h:
M d = J d dt

Trong J l momen qun tnh ca ton b h thng truyn ng qui i v trc ng c in d/dt gia tc ca h thng. Sau khi lp th ph ti ton phn i=f1(t); M= f2(t); P= f3(t) hoc th tn hao trong ng c P= f4(t), theo i lng ng tr hoc tn hao trung bnh, ta kim nghim iu kin pht nng. Nu thi gian QTQ khng ng k so vi thi gian lm vic n nh v ng c c chn s b theo phng php ng tr th khng cn kim nghim theo iu kin pht nng. Ch l i vi cc ng c lm vic ch ngn hn lp li, tr s M% phi ly theo th ph ti ton phn. Khi kim nghim theo iu kin qu ti, i vi ng c khng ng b, cn xt ti hin tng st p li in. Thng thng cho php st p 10%, nn mmen ti hn ca ng c trong tnh ton kim nghim ch cn: Mt = (90%)2Mtm = 0,81Mtm Mtm l momen ti hn theo s liu ca ng c in. nhng c cu truyn ng i hi m my c ti nh c cu nng h x, di chuyn bn, ng c cn kim nghim theo iu kin m my. Ngoi ra cn phi kim nghim ng c theo iu kin c bit do yu cu iu chnh tc v hn ch gia tc. 1.3. iu chnh tc trong cc my ct kim loi nhn c cc ch ct khc nhau m bo cc qu trnh cng ngh ti u, cn phi iu chnh tc truyn ng chnh v n dao. iu chnh tc cc my c th thc hin bng ba phng php: c, in c v in. u chnh tc bng c l phng php iu chnh c cp vi s thay i t s truyn trong hp tc . iu c th thc hin bng tay hoc t xa: bng khp ly hp in t, thu lc v.v trong trng hp ny ng c c s dng khng ng b roto lng sc. iu chnh tc bng phng php in c l iu chnh tc bng cch thay i tc ng c v thay

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i t s truyn ca hp tc . ng c in c th l ng c khng ng b nhiu tc hoc ng c mt chiu. iu chnh in l thay i tc my ch bng thay i tc ng c in. ng c in mt chiu cho php iu chnh tc n gin, trn hn so vi ng c in xoay chiu, gim nh kt cu c kh ca my. Khi gii quyt vn iu chnh tc truyn ng chnh v n dao MCKL cn phi quan tm n cc ch tiu sau: 1. Phm vi iu chnh tc : t s tc gc ln nht max v tc gc nh nht ca chi tit min
D =

max min

(1-19)

i vi chuyn ng tnh tin


Dv = Vmax Vmin

(1-20)

i vi chuyn ng n dao l t s lng n dao ln nht v nh nht


Ds = s max s min

(1-21)

2. trn iu chnh tc : l t s gia hai gi tr k nhau ca tc :


= i +1 i

(1-22)

Trong : i , i+1 l tc cp th i v i+1 N c xc nh bng cng thc sau:


= z 1 max z 1 = D main

(1-23)

Trong : z s cp tc ca my. Cc ga tr chun ca trn iu chnh c s dng trong truyn ng ca MCKL l: = 1,06; 1,12; 1,26; 1,41; 1,58; 1,78; 2 3. S ph hp gia c tnh ca h thng v c tnh ca ph ti c tnh c ca c cu sn xut c khi qut bng phng trnh:
M c = M 0 + (M dm + M 0 ) dm
q

(1-24)

q l s m tu thuc vo loi my [-1, 0, 1,2] Ta ch xt hai trng hp q = 0 v q = -1ng vi truyn ng n dao v truyn ng chnh MCKL q = 0 ta c Mc= Mm = const ng vi truyn ng n dao q = -1 ta c Mc= 1/ (Pc= const) ng vi truyn ng chnh

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Trong thc t, c tnh c ca my khng gi c c nh theo qui lut trong ton b phm vi iu chnh tc m thay i theo iu kin cng ngh hoc iu kin t nhin. - i vi truyn ng chnh MCKL, ni chung cng sut khng i khi tc thay i, cn momen t l ngc vi tc . Nh vy tc thp , momen c th ln. Do kch thc ca cc b phn c kh phi chn ln ln , iu khng c li. Mt khc, thc t sn xut cho thy rng cc tc thp ch dng cho cc ch ct nh, ngha l Mz v Pz nh. V vy vng tc thp ngi ta gi momen khng i cn cng sut ct thay i theo quan h bc nht vi tc - i vi truyn ng n dao MCKL, ni chung momen khng i khi iu chnh tc . Tuy nhin vng tc thp, lng n dao s nh, lc ct b hn ch bi chiu su ct ti hn t. Trong vng ny khi tc n dao gim, lc n dao v momen n dao cng gim theo. tc cao, tng ng tc vz ca truyn ng chnh cng phi ln, nu gi Fad ln nh c th cng sut truyn ng s qu ln. Do cho php gim nh lc n dao trong vng ny, momen truyn ng n dao cng gim (h1.9)

Fz

Fad

M,P M P

Vgh

V1

V2

Vad

min

gh

max

1.9 th c tnh ph ti ca MCKL

1.10 Quan h M(), P() ca


M l khi thay i U vv

Mt h thng truyn ng in c iu chnh gi l tt nu c tnh iu chnh ca n ging c tnh c ca my. Khi ng c c s dng mt cch hp l nht, ta c th lm vic y ti mi tc . Nh , h thng t c cc ch tiu nng lng cao. Ni cch khc, c th la chn ng c c kch thc nh nht cho my. c tnh iu chnh ca truyn ng in l quan h gia cng sut hoc momen ca ng c vi tc . V d i vi ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp, khi iu chnh in p phn ng v gi t thng khng i, ta c: M = kI = const, P = M Khi iu chnh t thng, gi in p phn ng khng i th:

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M = kI 1/; P = M = const Kt hp c hai phng php iu chnh ta c th nh hnh 1.10. c tnh iu chnh vng ny c dng ging nh c tnh c ca truyn ng chnh MCKL 4) n nh tc : l kh nng gi tc khi ph ti thay i. ng c tnh c cng cng th n nh cng cao. Ni chung truyn ng n dao yu cu % 5 10% ; truyn ng chnh yu cu % 515% 5) Tnh kinh t: xt n gi thnh chi ph vn hnh, tn hao nng lng trong qu trnh lm vic n nh v QTQ. Ngoi ra cn phi nh gi mc tin cy, thun tin trong vn hnh, d kim vt t thay th. 1.4. iu khin chng trnh s cc my ct gt kim loi 1.4.1. Khi nim c bn v iu khin chng trnh s 1. Khi nim v nh ngha Khi gia cng trn cc my ct kim loi thng thng, cc bc gia cng chi tit do ngi th thc hin bng tay nh: iu chnh s vng quay, lng n dao, kim tra v tr ca dng c ct t kch thc cn gia cng trn bn v v.v Ngc li, trn cc my ct gt iu khin theo chng trnh s, qu trnh gia cng c thc hin mt cch t ng theo chng trnh thit k trc. Chng trnh c thit k bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Vd nh cc my chp hnh dng gia cng cc chi tit c b mt khng gian phc tp (cnh tua bin, khun dp c cu hnh phc tp), chng trnh cho trc c thit k di dng cc vt mu. Qu trnh gia cng trn cc my chp hnh thc cht l qu trnh chp nguyn mu theo vt mu. Tuy nhin, tnh linh hot ca cc my khng cao. Mun thay i loi chi tit gia cng, phi thay i hnh dng, v tr, s lng v qui lut chuyn ng ca cc b phn cam, vt mu, v tr cng tc hnh trnh Nh vy vic chnh my phc tp, ch to vt mu mt nhiu thi gian. khc phc nhng khuyt im trn ca my chp hnh, trong cc my iu khin theo chng trnh s, chng trnh a vo cc thit b iu khin s dng cc bng c l hoc bng t. Cc bng thc hin chc nng l mt b mang chng trnh gia cng di dng mt chui cc lnh iu khin. H thng iu khin s c kh nng thc hin cc lnh v kim tra chng nh mt h thng o, s dch chuyn ca cc bn trt ca my. Nh vy, iu khin s (Numerical Control - NC) l mt hnh thc c bit ca t ng ho m c th l cc my ct gt t ng c lp trnh thc hin mt lot cc hot ng mt ch c xc nh trc nhm to ra

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mt chi tit c kch thc, hnh dng v cc thng s cng ngh c th d on trc. Cc my ct gt kim loi iu khin theo chng trnh s gi l my NC hoc cc my CNC (Computer Numerical Control). Mt my ct gt kim loi NC gm hai b phn chnh: B iu khin my (The Machine Control Unit - MCU) v bn thn my ct gt kim loi. B MCU gm hai thnh phn: b x l d liu (The Date Proccessing Unit DPU) v b iu khin lp li (Control Loops Unit CLU). DPU c chc nng x l d liu v m ho, nhng d liu ny c c t b mang chng trnh v phn nh cc thng tin v: V tr ca mi trc, chiu chuyn ng, t s tin dao v cc tn hiu iu khin cc chc nng ph ti CLU. CLU c chc nng iu khin cc c cu chuyn ng ca my. S khi ca mt my ct kim loi iu khin s biu din trn hnh 1-11
BV GCT BV GM K CB CH M

Hnh 1-11. S khi my iu khin chng trnh s


BV - bn chi tit gia cng; GCT- khi chun b v ghi chng trnh; CN - cc thng s cng ngh; GM - b gii m; K - khi khuch i; CH - c cu chp hnh; M - my ct gt kim loi; CB - b cm bin cc tn hiu phn hi.

B ghi chng trnh gm hai khu chnh: Khu chun b chng trnh v khu ghi chng trnh c chun b vo b mang chng trnh. thit lp c chng trnh, cc d liu cn c l: - Bn v chi tit gia cng. Thng s cng ngh ca chi tit gia cng gm: kch thc, vt liu, chnh xc gia cng. - Cc loi dao ct yu cu. - Cc loi g. - Cc thng s ct gt: chiu su ct t, lng n dao s, v tc ct v. 2. H thng iu khin. Cc h thng NC u tin ra i do s cn thit ch to cc chi tit ca my bay vi s lng khng nhiu. Trong h thng NC, cc thng s hnh hc ca chi tit v cc lnh iu khin my c a ra l dy cc con s.

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Hnh 1-12 S khi iu khin chc nng ca h thng iu khin NC S khi chc nng h thng iu khin NC gm c cc b phn chnh sau: + Np d liu vo h thng gm bn phm v bng c l (hoc bng t). Ton b cc ch dn gia cng c in vo bng c l (hoc bng t) di dng cc cu lnh chng trnh. + H thng iu khin thc hin chc nng x l d liu v a ra d liu. + B thch nghi l mt mt xch ni gia my NC vo h thng iu khin

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b) H thng iu khin CNC H thng iu khin NC c nhc im l km linh hot. Mun thay i chng trnh phi lm li bng c l hoc thay bng t khc. Hin nay khc phc nhc im trn, dng h thng iu khin CNC, s khi chc nng c biu din trn hnh 1-13

Hnh 1-13 S khi chc nng ca h thng iu khin CNC

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+ Np d liu vo h thng Trong h thng iu khin CNC chng trnh gia cng c th a vo trong h thng iu khin thng qua bng iu khin c mn hnh. + H thng iu khin CNC Chng trnh gia cng a vo by gi c th gi ra bt c lc no t b nh chng trnh. Thay i, sa cha chng trnh c th thc hin ngay trn my. Cc cu lnh c th b sung, thay th. + B thch nghi. B thch nghi trong cc h iu khin NC thng thng l mt b chuyn i lin ng. Trong h iu khin CNC, b chuyn i lin ng ny c thay th bng mt b iu khin chng trnh lu gi, b iu khin ny c ni vi my tnh. 1.4.2. Cc dng iu khin Trn cc my ct gt kim loi iu khin theo chng trnh s, qung ng i ca cc dao ct hoc ca cc chi tit c cho trc mt cch chnh xc thng qua cc ch dn iu khin trong chng trnh NC. Tu theo dng ca cc chuyn ng gia cc im u v im cui ca qung ng i ny , ngi ta chia lm ba dng iu khin: 1. iu khin theo im iu khin theo im c ng dng khi gia cng theo cc to xc nh n gin (nh my khoan doa). Dao ct s thc hin chy nhanh n cc im c lp trnh, trong hnh trnh ny dao khng ct gt vo kim loi, chi khi dao n ng to , qu trnh ct gt mi c thc hin theo lng n dao c lp trnh (hnh 1-14)

Hnh 1-14. iu khin theo im

Hnh 1-15. iu khin theo ng

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2. iu khin theo ng iu khin theo ng to ra cc ng chy song song vi cc trc ca my. Trong khi dao chy ng thi thc hin ct gt lin tc to nn b mt gia cng (hnh 1-15) 3. iu khin theo ng vin Bng iu khin theo ng vin, phng php iu khin ny c th to ra cc ng vin hoc ng thng tu trong mt phng hoc trong khng gian. iu t c nh s chuyn ng ng thi ca cc bn trt theo hai hoc nhiu chiu v gia cc trc chuyn ng c quan h hm s (hnh 1-16)

Hnh 1-16 iu khin theo ng vin a) iu khin ng vin 2D. Cho php thc hin mt ng vin no ca dao ct trong mt mt phng gia cng X-Y. b) iu khin ng vin 1/2D. Cho php thc hin mt ng vin no ca dao ct trong mt mt phng gia cng X-Y sang mt phng Y-Z. c) iu khin ng vin 3D. Bng iu khin ng vin 3D, cho php ta thc hin c cc chuyn ng ca dao ct trong khng gian ba kch thc X-Y-Z 1.4.3 Lp trnh gia cng trn cc my NC v CNC 1. Cc nh ngha a) Mt chng trnh c to nn bi mt chui cc lnh khin cho mt my tnh hay mt my NC tin hnh cng vic gia cng xc nh. i vi mt my NC, cng vic ny l ch to mt chi tit c th bng chuyn ng tng i gia dao ct v chi tit. b) Qu trnh thit lp cc chui lnh cho cc dao ct t bn v chi tit gia cng, cng vi s pht trin cc lnh chng trnh c th va sau chuyn tt c cc thng tin ny sang b phn mang d liu c m ho c bit cho mt h thng NC v c th c n mt cch t ng c gi l lp trnh.

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2. Ni dung ca chng trnh NC Ni dung ca chng trnh c cu thnh t mt s khi m t qu trnh hot ng ca my bng cc bc hoc cc cu lnh. Trong mi khi c th bao gm cc lnh khc nhau, c cc kiu lnh sau: - Cc lnh hnh hc iu khin chuyn ng tng i gia dao ct v phi l ABCXYZ. - Cc lnh cng ngh qui nh t s bc tin (F), s vng quay ca trc chnh (S) v cc loi dao ct (T). - Cc lnh chuyn dch la chn dao ct (T), cc lnh ph khc (M) v.v H thng a ch thng l mt ch ci qui nh cc gi tr bng s v sau lu gi li. Mi a ch c xut hin trong mt khi. 3. Cc bc lp chng trnh Qu trnh lp chng trnh c thc hin theo cc bc sau: a) Chun b d liu (thng tin v cng ngh) lp c chng trnh cn c cc d liu v cng ngh nh: kch thc v vt liu chi tit gia cng, chnh xc gia cng, dao ct, gc, cc thng s c trng cho ch to ct gt. b) M t ton hc: V li cc bn v chi tit gia cng, trn ghi y cc kch thc, c im cng ngh, c im iu khin theo tng nguyn cng. c) M ho cc d liu: Cc s liu v ch gia cng c bin i thnh dng m ho theo tiu chun. tin hnh m ho d liu theo chng trnh, cn nm bt cc khi nim sau: + To khun: l thit lp cc lnh iu hnh thuc phn cng trong thng tin iu hnh c m ho. S lng cc con s cn dng ph thuc vo tng kiu cc h thng iu khin s. + H thng a ch: l nhng k t cho php thng nht vi chc nng m bo bi h thng iu khin s. a ch c ghi bng ch ci tiu chun nh trong bng 1.1.

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Bng 1.1 Bng ch ci tiu chun ghi h thng a ch


K hiu

ngha Chuyn ng xoay xung quanh trc X Chuyn ng xoay xung quanh trc Y Chuyn ng xoay xung quanh trc Z B nh hiu chnh dng c ct Lng chy dao th hai Lng chy dao iu kin chuyn ng C th s dng t do Thng s ni suy song song vi trc X Thng s ni suy song song vi trc Y Thng s ni suy song song vi trc Z C th s dng t do Chc nng ph S th t cu lnh C th s dng t do Chuyn ng th ba song song vi trc X Chuyn ng th ba song song vi trc Y Chuyn ng th ba song song vi trc Z hoc chuyn ng nhanh theo trc Z S vng quay ca trc chnh Dng c ct Chuyn ng th hai song song vi trc X Chuyn ng th hai song song vi trc Y Chuyn ng th hai song song vi trc Z Chuyn ng theo hng ca trc X Chuyn ng theo hng ca trc Y Chuyn ng theo hng ca trc Z

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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