Contd Unit II Intranets and Extranets The Information technology revolution has facilitated the setting up of local area

networks (LANs) within organizations, which link together computers scattered across different departments and different locations. Wide Area Networks (WANs) link together computers across geographical locations covering a wider area. The Government of Maharashtra has set up an Intranet linking 40 nodes consisting of Mantralaya at Mumbai, Yashwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration (YASHADA) at Pune, six divisional commissioners and 32 district collectorates are further linked through their servers to their field offices through dialup modems. This is a satellite based network of VSATS unlike the fibre-optic based network commissioned in Andhra Pradesh for linking government offices. Early Warning Systems (EWS) Early Warning Systems have been installed in Area Cyclone Warning Centres (ACWCs) at Calcutta, Chennai and Mumbai and at Cyclone Warning Centres (CWCs) at Bhubaneswar, Vishakapatnam and Ahmedabad. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has commissioned a satellite based communication system called Cyclone Warning Dissemination System for dissemination of cyclone warnings to the cyclone-prone coastal areas. IMD also has a Limited Area Analysis and Forecast System based on the optimal interpretation method and a Limited Area Primitive Equation Model to provide numerical guidance. Video Teleconferencing The Latur earthquake of September 30, 1993 was one of the most severe tragedies witnessed by Maharashtra. The Government of Maharashtra prepared a comprehensive Maharashtra Eathquake Emergency Rehabilitation Programme (MEERP) with the support of international agencies like World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme and the department for International Development. A network of control rooms have been set up linking the emergency operations centre and the centre for disaster management along with the district control rooms in various districts. These control rooms facilitate the Video Teleconferencing across various locations. This system supports email, fax, audio-video and data exchange over satellite. Trigger Mechanism Man feels that he has conquered nature

Nature expresses its fury and takes it toll every now and then reminding mankind to be cautious. The effects of modern culture are evident as global warming, excessive generation heat energy and continuous depletion of the protective atmospheric layer. Natural disasters are the manifestation of nature trying to reinstate equilibrium. Man made disasters are the fall out of the top sided developmental activities man sponsors in pursuit of his disastrous ambition to reign supreme of this planet.

The Trigger Mechanism is a preparedness plan in which all the participating managers know in advance the task assigned to them and the manner in which they have to respond. As such the organization and planning would have already been taken care of. The resources including manpower, material and equipment are identified. Remote Sensing Using satellites to monitor Earths resources and natural disasters is the application of remote sensing in disaster management. Each satellite has different repeat pass frequency and spatial resolution (unless it belongs to the same series of satellites for the purpose of continuation of data flow with same specifications). Similarly, different satellites have different types of sensors on-board, such as, panchromatic, multispectral, infrared and thermal. All these sensors have applications in disaster mitigation, though depending on the electromagnetic characteristics of the objects on Earth and the nature of disaster itself. With a review of the satellites in orbit and their sensors the present work provides an insight to suitability of satellites and sensors to different natural disasters. For example, thermal sensors capture fire hazards, infrared sensors are more suitable for floods and microwave sensors can record soil moisture. Contribution of Remote Sensing and GIS Natural disasters are inevitable and it is almost impossible to fully recoup the damage caused by the disasters. But it is possible to minimize the potential risk by developing disaster early warning strategies, prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters and to help in rehabilitation and post disaster reduction. Space technology plays a crucial role in efficient mitigation and management of disasters. This paper describe the role of remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) in evolving a suitable strategy for disaster management and occupational framework for their monitoring, assessment and

mitigation, identifies gap areas and recommends appropriate strategies for disaster management using these technologies. Introduction Natural Disasters are inevitable, and Indian subcontinent is prone to all type of Natural Disaster either it is flood, drought, cyclone earthquakes or forest fires etc. Disasters can be classified in several ways A possible sub-division of disaster is: 1) Natural Disasters; 2) Human made disasters; 3) Human induced disasters. Another sub-division is related to the main controlling factors leading to a disaster. These may be meteorologically, geomorphological/geological, ecological, technological, global environmental and extra terrestrial. Another useful distinction that can be made between disasters is regarding their duration of impact and the time of forewarning. Some disaster strikes within a short period with devastating outcomes; others have a slow onset period with equally or even more serious repercussions. According to the available statistics 60% of the total area of Indian subcontinent is venerable to seismic activity of varying intensities, 16% of the country's total area is drought prone. In India 68% of total sown area of the country is drought prone. Coastal areas of India is exposed to tropical cyclones and among all the disaster occur in the country, River floods are the most frequent and often the most devastating. Remote Sensing and GIS in Disaster Management Mitigation of natural disaster management can be successful only when detailed knowledge is obtained about the expected frequency, character, and magnitude of hazard events in an area. Although, natural disaster have shown in the last decades a drastic increase in magnitude and frequency, it can as be observed that there is a dramatic increase in technical capabilities to mitigate them. We now have access to information gathering and organizing technologies like remote sensing and GIS, which have proven their usefulness in disaster management. Remote sensing and GIS provides a data base from which the evidence left behind by disaster that have occurred before can be interpreted, and combine with the other information to arrive at hazard maps, indicating which area is potentially dangerous. Using remote sensing data, such as satellite imageries and Ariel photos, allows us to map the variabilities of terrain properties, such as vegetation, water, geology, both in space and time. Satellite images give a synoptic overview and provide very useful environmental information, for a wide range of scales, from entire continents to detail of a few meters. Many types of disasters, such as floods, droughts, cyclones, volcanic eruptions, etc. will have certain precursors that satellite can detect. Remote sensing also allows monitoring the event during the time of occurrence while the forces are in full swing. The vantage position of satellite makes it ideal for us to think of, plan for and operationally monitor the event. Finally, the impact and departure of the disaster event leaves behind an area of immense devastation. Remote Sensing can assists in damage assessment monitoring, providing a quantitative base for relief operation. After that it can be used

to map the new situation and update the database used for the reconstruction of an area. It can help to prevent the occurrence f such disasters again in future. Disaster Management The use of remote sensing and GIS has become an integrated, well developed and successful tool in disaster management, as we are having our own earth observation programs, and the requirement for hazard mitigation and monitoring rank high in the planning of new satellites. A very powerful tool in combination of these different types of data is GIS. It is defined as a "powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from a real world for a particular set of purpose". GIS allows the combination of different kinds of data using models. GIS allows for the combination of the different kinds of spatial data, with non-spatial data, attribute data and use them as useful information in the various stages of disaster management. A complete strategy for disaster management is require to effectively reduce the impact of natural disaster, which is as referred to as disaster management cycle. Disaster management consists of two phases that takes place before disaster occurs, disaster prevention and disaster preparedness, a three phases that happens after the occurrence of a disaster i.e. disaster relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction. In disaster prevention phase, GIS is used to manage the large volume of data needed for the hazard and risk assessment. In disaster preparedness phase it is a tool for the planning of evacuation routes, for the design of centers for emergency operations, and for integration of satellite data with other relevant data in the design of disaster warning systems. In the disaster relief phase, GIS is extremely useful in combination with Global Positioning System in search and rescue operations in areas that have been devastated and where it is difficult to orientate. In the disaster rehabilitation phase GIS is used to organise the damage information and the post-disaster census information, and in the evaluation of sites for reconstruction. Hence, GIS is the useful tool in disaster management if it is used effectively and efficiently (Pearson et al., 1991). Case Studies Case Study 1: Sahana Disaster Management System in the Aftermath of the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and Pakistani Earthquake in 2005 Sahana, a free and open source software (FOSS)-based system developed by Lanka Software Foundation, is a suite of web-based applications that provides solutions to the problems arising in a post-disaster situation. The following examples show how Sahana assisted disaster victims during the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 and the Pakistani earthquake the following year. Example 1: Tracing Missing Persons

After a disaster, there are often a large number of individuals missing. It is common to find families scattered and children separated from their parents. Outside relatives and friends, especially those living overseas, naturally want to know the latest information about the condition of their loved ones. The psychological strain on children can be severe and it is essential that they be reunited with their families as soon as possible. One objective of Sahana is to assist victims in connecting with their families and friends as soon as possible. Sahanas Missing Person Registry is an electronic version of a bulletin board of missing and found people. It can capture information not only on the people missing, but also about those who seek details about the missing, thus increasing their chance of reuniting. Even if the victims or families do not have access to this information themselves, it is quite easy for any authorized NGO or civil society group to connect to the central portal and provide that service in the areas they are working. Example 2: Coordinating Donor Groups In the immediate aftermath of the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka, there was a massive outpouring of support from international NGOs, local NGOs and community groups. There were at least 300 NGOs working on the same goals, though they used different approaches. In an environment where resources are in short supply, it is essential that response efforts should not be duplicated. Otherwise, such duplication can result in issues such as congested supply routes, competition between organizations, double vaccinations and saturation of support provided to some areas while other affected areas are neglected. Consequently, goodwill can be lost. This coordination task is too much for an authorized emergency controller to handle manually. An ICT solution can thus be the ideal solution. For instance, an electronic organization registry can help immensely. It can effectively track who is doing what, where, when and, more importantly, whether there are areas in which services are not adequate. This awareness can enable volunteers and organizations to distribute themselves evenly across affected regions. Sahana has developed such an organization registry. It keeps track of all the relief organizations and civil society groups working in the disaster region. It captures information on both the places where they are active and the range of services they are providing in each area to ensure that there is no overlap. Example 3: Recording the Locations of Temporary Camps and Shelters In a disaster situation, there are usually no pre-planned locations for camps and shelters. A temporary shelter or camp can be anywhere and can range in size from a large government-maintained camp to an individual house. Due to these differences, it is necessary to record the locations and populations of all camps. This is paramount to distributing aid effectively and ensuring that no affected areas are inadvertently ignored. A sub-application of the Sahana system keeps track of the location of all the camps in the region. It also records basic data on the facilities they might have and

the number of people in them. If necessary it can provide a GIS view to plot the location of the camps in the affected area (De Silva, undated). Case Study : Use of Internet in the Aftermath of the 1999 Earthquake in Turkey On 17 August 1999, a major earthquake caught people off guard in Izmit, Turkey, resulting in 15,000 deaths. A second earthquake occurred on 12 November of the same year in Duzce, claiming 1,000 lives. In addition to these casualties, almost twice as many people were displaced as a result of both events. A total of 120,000 houses were damaged beyond repair while 50,000 houses were partially damaged. During the Izmit earthquake, telecommunications infrastructure was so extensively damaged that it was impossible to access emergency services. The use of public phones was almost impossible, while mobile phone networks were operating with reduced bandwidth. In addition, many of the microwave repeaters mounted on apartment buildings had been damaged during the quake. In this situation, Internet was the only possible medium that could connect the affected areas to the outside world. Several Internet applications were used in the post-disaster response, mainly in two key areas: coordination of aid disbursement and finding information about missing people. Due to system disruption, donors often found themselves acting as the distributors of aid as well, thus, the Internet proved a valuable resource. NGOs played a central role in the provision of discussion lists for the coordination of donations so that donors could find the most in need, identify what they were in need of, and in some cases, determine how to get there. Internet was also used to provide information regarding the whereabouts of missing family members. For example, many organizations formed message lines, which acted as a database of people found, their condition or the degree of damage to the region in which relatives lived (Zincir-Heywood & Heywood, 2000). The importance of information security and privacy can never be underestimated in ICT-based humanitarian systems. In these cases, data privacy is not just a matter of encryption, it can also be a matter of life and death. If data falls into the wrong hands, it can result in rape and sexual harassment, child and female trafficking, child soldier recruits, prostitution and even ethnic cleansing. This is especially the case when a disaster occurs in an ethnopolitically volatile region, where the technology and frameworks conceptualized and implemented need to be deeply cognizant of ground realities and tensions between ethnic groups, factions and non-state actors. Case Study 3: UNOSATs Role in Disaster Response During the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami The United Nations Institute for Training and Research Operational Satellite Applications Programme (UNOSAT) provides the international community and developing countries with enhanced access to satellite imagery and GIS services. These tools are used mainly in humanitarian relief, disaster prevention and post-crisis reconstruction. UNOSAT also acquires satellite images from all commercial providers.

UNOSAT provides services on: Image processing; Map production; Methodological guidance; Technical assistance; and Training. The UNOSAT core team consists of UN fieldworkers as well as satellite imagery experts, geographers, database programmers and Internet communication specialists. This unique combination gives UNOSAT the ability to understand the needs of the users and to provide them with suitable, tailored solutions. UNOSAT has been active during many recent disasters.When the Indian Ocean tsunami struck on 26 December 2004, UNOSAT provided an immediate overview of the situation prior to triggering the International Charter Space and Major Disasters the day after. UNOSAT immediately created regional maps of potential impact and more focused maps of the areas reported to be heavily affected in the first days after the disaster. The first UNOSAT map was on-line and distributed to field users on 29 December 2004. Satellite image analyses and map production provided UN colleagues and the international humanitarian community with regional and local damage assessment maps using a wide range of satellite sensors.The Imagery Bank was on-line as of 14 January 2005 with a large amount of free satellite data obtained through the Charter and the US Government.Currently,over 670 raw satellite images and over 200,000 tsunami maps are available on its website at http://unosat.web.cern.ch/unosat

Case Study - UNISDR welcomes mass earthquake drill in Delhi

BANGKOK, 16 February 2012 - More than 40,000 people took part in a mass earthquake drill in Delhi yesterday to check the alertness and preparedness of the 16.7 million people living in the Indian capital in the event of a high intensity earthquake of 7.2 on the Richter scale. Experts have long questioned Delhi's ability to withstand a major earthquake due to lack of safety standards, illegal buildings and poor enforcement of building codes despite its classification as a high-risk seismic zone, ranking four on a five-point scale by the US Geological Survey. The head of the UN's Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Margareta Wahlstrm, welcomed the initiative by the National Disaster Management Authority and the Delhi Disaster Management Authority which was the culmination of the country's first-ever State-wide earthquake preparedness exercise which got underway last December. "I encourage all high risk seismic cities to follow the example of Delhi and to be better prepared against any catastrophic event. Mock drills are a good opportunity to identify gaps in preparedness planning. More than 370 million people live in earthquake-prone cities around the world and there are mass casualties on a regular basis from earthquakes," she said. Delhi Chief Minister, Ms. Sheila Dikshit, said: "It was perhaps the biggest exercise ever organized in the country to check disaster preparedness. It involved 15,000 officials of various departments and agencies." The exercise was conducted across 218 government and 24 private schools, 31 colleges, 11 government and 11 private hospitals, four cinemas, 19 resident welfare associations, 13 government office buildings, eight markets, and two petrol pumps. A total of 276 "deaths" were enacted; around 828 people were assumed to have suffered major injuries, and 1,897 people with minor injuries.

The two-hour disaster simulation brought together the police, fire officers, ambulances and volunteers. Six metro stations were closed for over half-an-hour and road traffic in many areas in Central, South and North Delhi was diverted as part of the exercise, causing huge traffic interruption. The Delhi government estimates that nine out of every 10 buildings in the city are at risk of moderate or significant quake damage. Every year, tens of thousands of housing units are built without any earthquake safety checks. Secretary of the Delhi Disaster Management Authority, Vijay Dev, said more than 300,000 SMS messages had been sent out over the last week to sensitise the public and ensure their participation in yesterday's exercise. He told reporters: "The exercise was also publicized with the help of FM channels and the media. I will not say there was zero public participation but the turnout was less than expected. However, this is just the beginning." There were 300 Army observers present during the exercise and they are drawing up a report on the exercise.

UNIT III Trigger Mechanism INTRODUCTION Man feels that he has conquered nature Nature expresses its fury and takes it toll every now and then reminding mankind to be cautious. The effects of modern culture are evident as global warming, excessive generation heat energy and continuous depletion of the protective atmospheric layer. Natural disasters are the manifestation of nature trying to reinstate equlibrium. Man made disasters are the fall out of the top sided developmental activities man sponsors in pursuit of his disasterous ambition to reign supreme of this planet.

CATEGORISATION

OF

DISASTERS

Neither anticipated nor expected combination of both. Anticipated but not expected - man made disaster & needs precautions Anticipated and also expected natural disasters & needs preparedness

MAJOR HURDLES IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT: I) Attitudinal insensitivity:

The management is distanced from the location of the event physically and from the affected people emotionally. There is also public apathy towards disasters and risk involved pose a big challenge to mobilize the community towards preparedness. Poors are the most vulnerable section in disaster but who shows very little value to life which in turn lowers it desire to survive against odds and fight for itself.

 People in this category expect providential help when disasters strike. They lack self reliance and the capacity for individual response.

II)

Disaster Management plans: The present plans are very exhaustive and detailed do not have a spontaneous functional mechanism for the response to be enacted on time. In such situations the disaster managers swing in to action as soon as the disaster strikes. But the managers in such situations start organizing, planning and activating the mitigation process the need of the hour would be to start the mitigation process on the ground rather than spending time for organizing and planning. Time is the essence of disaster management The objective is to provide immediate relief and rescue to save the maximum human lives and to mitigate human miseries within the crucial first 48 to 72 hours after a disaster has struck.

THE TRIGGER MECHANISM The above major drawback is the fundamental for the trigger mechanism. The trigger mechanism envisages that receiving signals of a disaster happening or likely to happen all the resources and activities required for the mitigation process are energized and activated simultaneously without loss of any time and the management of the event is visible on the ground. The primary objective of the trigger mechanism is to undertake immediate rescue and relief operations and stabilize the mitigation process as quickly as possible.

The trigger mechanism requires the planners: TO identify disasters and the probability of their occurrence:

The response managers and planners should identify the disasters prone areas and also be aware of the likelihood of such a happening. This would mean identifitcation of the hazards and vulnerability of area to the hazards. This would require the profile of the district or the state or the area of concern is required to be prepared which will include vulnerability assessment, records of previous disasters, details of the geographical features of the area and the impact and intensity of the damages inflicted by disasters in past. Taking into account these parameters the response managers has to define the parameters for the response.

To evolve an effective signal/warning mechanism: o This mechanism may avail the techniques being used in the existing signal warning systems of the India Meteorological Department and the Central Water Commission and also enlist the services of the All India Radio. The TV, local sirens and other traditional means of communication may also be used to alert the community and the field level machinery immediately in the event of a likely disaster.

To identify the activities:

A number of activities need to be undertaken as the response in the event of a disaster. The activities involved in disaster response generally would be:

i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) xii) xiii) xiv) xv) xvi)

Coordination, command and control Rapid assessment of damage Restoration of power Restoration of telecommunication Restoration of surface transport Deployment of search and rescue teams Deployment of medical and paramedical teams Supply of food material Supply of medicines Arrangements of drinking water Setting up of temporary shelters Sanitation and hygeine Transportation of men and material Identification of resources Earmarking of resources Maintenance of law and order

To identify the subactivities: -It would be necessary to determine the sub activities under each category of main activity identified. -When it comes to actual performance on the ground, each activity will generally involve three or four sub activities. -For eg; for each search and rescue one needs to organize the search and rescue team, the necessary equipment, means of transportation, the dog squad and the like. -For effective response all the sub activities need to be listed under the respective main activities.

To define the level of response: -The level of response should be in view of the magnitude of the disaster in terms of intensity and impact. -Lower the magnitude of a disaster lower the level of activity required. -If the magnitude of the disaster were very severe then the same response activity would be required to be undertaken on a much larger scale. -Therefore its necessary to grade the levels of activities keeping in view of the assessment of intensity and the impact of probable disasters carried out as already described. -This will enable to undertake activities as per planned level of response.

To specify authorities: Every activity is to be assigned to a specific authority Since a number of departments/organisations would be involved in the response program details like name, designation, telephone/fax numbers, email addresses etc of the authorities specified for the different activities should be listed down. As an alternative the similar details of the second in command authority should also be listed for each activity. The sub authorities entrusted with these sub activities should also be specified. As far as possible these should be from within the organisation so that proper command and control exercised.

To determine the response time: -In an emergency response one should not forget that time is the essence.

-Therefore each specified authority should work out the response time needed for operationalising the activity and the subactivity it is responsible for. -This response time will be graded as lesser time at a lower and more time would be needed if the activity is to be operationalised at a higher scale. To work out the individual activity plan: -Every authority and sub authority has to work out the individual activity required of it in view of the assessment of probable disasters and their likely intensity and impact determined later. -These plans will lay down a functional mechanism of coordination in both horizontal and vertical manner. -Requires clear identification of resources. To have quick response Teams (QRTs): o The job to be undertaken is known in advance and the process of planning and organisation has been completed. o Therefore a quick response team may be constituted for each activity. o The members should know each other one another and should also know their specific task as an individual activity besides the overall task assigned to the team. o The specified authority and sub authorities should have complete details of the quick response team members to ensure their availability and proper communication at the time of response. o To undergo preparedness drills: The quick response teams should undergo preparedness drills and carryout mock exercises so as to pre empt the possibility of any hiccups or restrains which or likely to occur while implementing their plan on ground.

To provide appropriate delegations: o It is necessary to ensure the necessary administrative, financial and legislative provisions in advance so that the response mechanism becomes functionally viable and sustainable.

The provisions for the different authorities and sub authorities should be well defined and clearly laid down.

o Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should be laid down in advance so that one knows what to respond to and how to respond. To have alternative plans: o Everyone has to aim for zero level of failure. Therefore recommended that alternative plans and contingency measures also be thought of in advance so that the response mechanism does not get stuckup for any reason till the mitigation process is stabilised.

Constitution of Trigger Mechanism The Trigger Mechanism has two basic components. These are the Trigger Authority and the Coordination, Command and Control activity. The flow chart for Trigger Mechanism is as given below. Source Info

Trigger Authority

Trigger Level

Sub Activities

Activities

Sub Activities

Coordination, Command and Control

Fig 1 - Flow Chart for Trigger Mechanism The Trigger Mechanism in fact is a preparedness plan in which all the participating managers know in advance the task assigned to them and the manner in which they have to respond. As such the organization and planning would have already been taken care of. The resources including manpower, material and equipment are identified. The performers have adequate delegation of financial and administrative powers and have the mandate for accomplishing the task. The Trigger Mechanism network is given below as a diagrammatic representation. The various levels of authority at the National, State, District and the Block levels are interlinked with each other.

National

Block

District

State

1st Responder

Community

Fig 2 Trigger Mechanism Network

The success of the Trigger Mechanism depends on the vision and perception of the planners. They are required to anticipate the likely activities with reference to the nature of the disaster and its impact. In fact the Trigger Mechanism can also be called as the Operating Standard Procedure (OSP). All major activities, which are generally common to all types of disasters, will require sub-division and preparation of sub-action plans by each specified authority. They will be required to list all the requirements and their availability within the prescribed response time. Trigger Mechanism would thus be a horizontal network of interaction between the different responders. To sum up, the Trigger Mechanism is an emergency quick response mechanism is like an ignition switch which when energized spontaneously sets the vehicle of management into motion on the road of disaster mitigation process to play a prominent role in disaster risk reduction. Disaster Risk Reduction Education, Information And Public Awareness Introduction Disasters occur as part of natural events, affecting people their livelihood, economies and infrastructure. Without people there would be no disasters only natural events of different types and degree of severity. Education is an important aspect of the development process particularly as it has a direct bearing on health, hygiene and sanitation which are already in considerations for programmers mounted by such organizations as the UNICEF. Awareness of these factors and of the importance of the clean drinking water is essential at the family level for controlling the outbreak of diseases and infection, which frequently accompany disasters. The importance of environmental conservation and management can be impressed upon the community as part of such awareness and training programs encouraging it to contribute towards reducing environment degradation which is a significant cause of thread forced by drought, desertification and floods which plough much of the developing world .All the people and community at the first victim of disaster their contribution through self-help, community action and self-reliance is the first step in disaster reduction step.

Similar examples of environmental degradation caused by over-stocking, poor development planning, inefficient environmental management and failure to involve people in the developmental plans which will affect the generations to come, are occurring in many areas of the world now. There are four main actors in these situations: 1) Politicians in the government 2) The news and the information media 3) Government administrations and professionals 4) People in community All must be helped to meet their separate responsibilities because, unless each can address its own responsibilities with regard to disaster reduction, development strategies and projects will continue to be set back to disasters. Conversely, sustain economic and human development will create robust societies and resilient economics capable of absorbing the effect of natural disaster. A very large proposition of the worlds population lives in disaster prone developing counties, which lie on the borderline between hunger and extreme food shortage. When a disaster strikers, many find their livelihood and access to food cut off. They become dependent upon others for survivals. The food relief operations of the nations, internations and UN agencies become lifelines. The problems which all must address is how to ensure that these lifelines are only temporary means of pulling victims to safety and do not becomes long-terms life supports system from which the buy cannot be detected. In Mozambique, the internal security situation to an almost total college of normal production and agriculture activities for many year. The normal economy was replaced by a food aid economy, which replaced all normal economics activity, such as production and many commercial activities. National politics and policies also become involved in the aid programmer and it demanded a very great degree of political will and urgent need for peace to be established throughout the country, to end the dependency of all sectors of society upon the food aid programme. As the rural population increasingly drift from the agriculture economy towards the opportunities and promise offers by urban areas, the important of agriculture production increases. Fewer agricultural workers seek to maintain or to increase production to meet the growing demands, whist harvest prices remain controlled at below market prices. A precariously balanced economy can be badly upset by a disaster which can dangerously affect nationally stability and can lead to indiscriminate flow of agriculture labour to the urban areas. The way forward

The responsibility for affecting improved standers of disaster preparedness, better disaster management and the development of self-help and self-reliance in communities rests with four sections: 1) Politicians in the government 2) The news and the information media 3) Government administrations and professionals 4) People in community, NGOs . National policy and responsibility: The responsibilities of the political fabric include: 1) Implementation of national disaster preparedness and response plans

2) Development of early warning systems (EWS) based upon monitoring and surveys at community levels. 3) in Defining the specific responsibilities of the government and the local authority planning, response and recovery. 4) Identification of preparedness and response. In establishing and demonstrating its policies and political will in relation to disaster preparedness, governments should employ all available public information sources, educational and research organizations, as well as news media systems. These should be staffed by professional and educationalist who are given the freedom to apply their professional skills in the most effective way. Disaster reduction plans, public information and awareness programmes are conducted to develop the professional skills of media staff at the national and also at the local levels so that the challenges are met in the most effective way. Radio, television and news papers reporting prorgrammes demand skillful development, presentations and repetitions more akin to the practice of the teacher then to the news reporting. These resources include clear definitions of the objectives and expert programme designers who are educationalists rather than reporting besides ensured availability of programme time. Administrative Responsibilities and Actions: community and individuals responsibilities in disaster

To be effective in their purpose of creating effective standards of disasters preparedness, government policies must be translated into actions. Although the primary responsibilities for this must lies with the Government, it is essential that all concerned agencies such as the UN and national and international NGOs be brought in for support. The most appropriate and rapidly available relief material is that which is located nearest to the point of need. This applies to both human and material resources and implies the importance of developing disaster preparedness plan from the community level upwards. However the availability of local experts and appropriate local equipment depends upon the local awareness of the disaster response plan and of the responsibilities and tasks of the local community. It therefore becomes important for the success of a disaster reduction programme, to reduce the tendency to of the community depend on external help created by previous disaster relief and food aid programmes, to create the sprite of self-help and self-reliance in the community and to continence the people, that the support of a wide-range of respected authorities is available to them at all levels. By involving religious, political and community leaders in public awareness and information programmes, the people in the area will gain confidence in the disaster reduction programme and its aim. Example of the ill-effects of industrial operations can be seen in the oil extraction site of a multi-national company in Nigeria and in a multi-national site of a multi-national chemical plant in Bhopal, India. It is therefore of extreme importance that multi-national operations are brought within a purview of national disaster reduction and environmental management plans and actions. Existing public awareness programmes: In developing countries, the UN sponsors a range of programmes while at the same time, international NGOs aim at social and community development. Example of relevant existing programmes is the primary health care schemes, woman and child care programme s and famine warning implemented by UNICEF and save the Children Fund. Community-based programme: In the agricultural sector of India, Food For Work(FFW) now practiced as, Income Generation Project(IGP) have been important element of disaster reduction, disaster preparedness relief for over 100 years. These are into disaster preparedness

plan at district and community levels, with provision of resource kept ready for their early implementation when disaster strikes. FFW and IGP are intended mainly as relief measures when disaster strikes, there are a range of community programmes pertinent to droughts and flood control and to environment management and conservation which can be simulated by public awareness and information programmes. Community leader must don the primary role in implementing the awareness programmes which are essential to create community understanding of threads which the action programmes are designed to meet. They must not only participate actively but also set example that will motivate the community to involve the work programmes. For this, the community leader will need the support of the government as well as the NGOs involved in such programmes. Role of school and school children: School, schoolteachers and pupils must be included in the national and local programmes for disaster reduction and environmental management. This is probably one of the most cost effective ways of creating change and effecting improvement in farming practice and environmental conservation. Classroom learning programmes, projects and experimental based upon environmental conservation practices can also be started in schools and as of part of adult learning programmes. The mass media: The press, radio and television can be employed to propagate programmes of public awareness and information oriented towards disaster reductions, provide that the finance required to support and sustain them is available. For any disaster reduction public awareness and information programme is to be mounted by any of the means of mass communication, it is essential that either the government uses its authority or has the finance necessary to ensure the sustain programme that will convey the message correctly to the target audience. The design of the educational, public awareness and information programmes requires knowledge and abilities, which are professionals and quite different from those of either news reports or journalists. Display of the posters is of equal importance. They should be displayed widely, particularly in community centers, churches, temples and mosque, schools, medical posts, shops and markets. Action must be taken to prevent their deteriorations and damages. They should renew periodically, if possible in new colors and format so that their impact is renewed.

The message may originate from the technical department it should be translated into everyday language by the communicators. Local dialects and vernacular language should be included in the spoken and written means of communicating the message. How well all those are done, developed and maintained demands and earnest communities from all quarters, active involvement of the national and local governments in collaboration with the people, participation of protagonist of all kinds and unflagging support of the NGOs. Clearly all disaster management programmes call for time, men, martial and money. However environmental conservation affected and the amount of damage averted will more than compensate for the expenses. II Internal Portions PART A Questions 1. Write short notes on LAN and WAN intranets. 2. Define early warning system. 3. Explain video conferencing. 4. Mention the categorization of disasters. 5. Define trigger mechanism or OSP. 6. What are the major hurdles of disaster management? 7. What is QRT? 8. What is remote sensing? 9. Mention few points on role of GIS in disaster preparedness. 10. What are the different levels of disaster risk reduction by education? 11. Write short notes on EWS. 12. Define mass media. 13. Provide the major objective of community responsibility. 14. Mention the different methods of creating public awareness. PART B Questions 1. Discuss in detail the constitution of trigger mechanism and requirements of planning in disaster mitigation.

2. Enumerate the role of remote sensing and GIS in disaster preparedness. 3. Explain in detail how will you educate for risk reduction procedure in disaster management. 4. Discuss in detail the public awareness measures in disaster mitigation. 5. What are the roles of schools and school children in disaster preparedness? 6. Explain the following terms (i) internet (ii) intranet (iii) Video Teleconferencing. 7. Describe the different community based programs available in public awareness process.