1 PRESENTED BY: Abhishek.p.

k TOPIC :

HARD DISK DRIVE A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred to as a hard drive or hard disk, is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. HDDs were originally developed for use with computers. In the 21st century, applications for HDDs have expanded beyond computers to include digital video recorders, digital audio players, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, and video game consoles. In 2005 the first mobile phones to include HDDs were introduced by Samsung and Nokia. The need for large-scale, reliable storage, independent of a particular device, led to the introduction of configurations such as RAID arrays, network attached storage (NAS) systems and storage area network (SAN) systems that provide efficient and reliable access to large volumes of data. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Components Electromechanical Rotating disks Arm assembly

Electronics Disk controller Cache Interface controller

FRAME The mechanical frame is remarkably imp to the successful operation of a hdd. The frame affect drive structure ,thermal and electrical integrity. A frame must be rigid and provide a steady platform for mounting the working components . Larger drives typically use a chassis of cast aluminum ,but the small drive(laptop) may be use plastic. Materials depends on the form factor.

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2 PLATTERS Its are heavy duty disks of aluminum , glass or ceramic composite materials. Then it coated on both side with layer of magnetic material and covered with a protective layer. Finished or polished platters then stacked and coupled to the spindle motor . some drives use only one platter. Before the platter stack is fix to the chassis ,the R/W head assembly is fitted in b/w each disk. There usually one head per platter side , so a drive with two platters should have three or four heads. During drive operation the platter stack spins at 5,000 RPM or higher (10000 RPM). READ / WRITE HEADS R/W heads form an interface b/w the electronic ckts and magnetic media. During writing , a head translates electronic signals into magnetic flux transitions that saturate points on the media where those transitions take palace. A read operation works roughly in reverse .flux transitions along the disk induce electrical signals in the head are amplified ,filtered and translated into corresponding logic signals. its up to the drive electronic determines whether a head is reading or writing. Its use a soft iron cores with a core of 8 to 34 turns of fine copper wire. Such heads were physically large and relatively heavy limiting the number of the track on available on a platter . Virtually all current hard drive designs have abandoned classical wound coil in favor of thin film R/W heads. Thin film heads are fabricated in much the same way as chips or platter media using photo chemical process. the result is very flat ,sensitive, small and durable R/W head, but even thin film heads uses air gap and 8 to 34 turns of copper wire. The small size and light weight allow for smaller track widths and fastest travel time. HEAD ACTUTORS Unlike the floppy motors their R/W heads in and out ,hard drives swings the heads along a slight arc to achieve the redial travel from edge to spindle.

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3 Hdd uses voice coil motors (also called rotary motors or servos) to actuate head movement. Voice coil motors uses same principles as analog meter movements ; a permanent magnet is enclosed within the two opposite coils. As current flows through the coil , a magnet field is produced that opposes the permanent magnet. Head arms are attached to the rotating magnet , so the force of opposition causes a deflection that is directly proportional to the amount of driving current. Greater current signals result in greater opposition and greater deflection .cylinders are selected by incrementing the servo signal and maintaining the signal at the desired level. Voice coil motors are very small and light assemblies that are well suited to fast access times and small hard drive assemblies. Head movement is to keep the heads centered on the desired track. Otherwise, aerodynamic disturbance ,thermal effects in the platters , and variations in voice coil driver signals can cause head positioning error. Head position must be constantly checked and adjusted in real time to ensure that desired tracks followed exactly. The process of track following is called servoing the heads. SPINDLE MOTORS One of that contribute to hard drive performance which is the media passes under the R/W heads . Media is passed under the R/W heads by spinning the platter(s) at a high rate of speed (at least 3600 rpm and as high as 10000 rpm). The spindle motor is responsible for spinning the platter(s). A spindle motor typically a brushless ,low profile Dc motor. An index sensor provides a f/b pulse signal that detects the spindle as it rotates . The drives control electronics uses the index signal to regulate spindle speed as precisely as possible. Todays drives typically use magnetic sensors that detect irons tabs on the spindle shaft or optoislators that monitor holes or tabs rotating along the spindle . The spindle motor and index sensor are also sealed in the platter compartment. Older hard drives used a rubber or cork pad to stop after drive power is removed, but virtually all IDE drivers use a technique called dynamic braking.

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4 When power is applied into a spindle motor, a magnetic field is developed in the motor coils. When power is removed the magnetic energy stored in the coil is released as reverse voltage pulse. Dynamic braking channels the energy of that reverse voltage to stop the drive faster and more reliably than physical braking. DRIVE ELECTRONICS Hard drive controlled by a suite of remarkably sophisticated circuitry. The drive electronics board mounted below the chassis contains all of the circuitry necessary to communicate control and data signals with the particular physical interface ,whenever the R/W heads, read or write as required ,and spin the platter(s).Each of these functions must be accomplished to high level of precision . In spite of the demands and complexity involved in drive electronics ,the entire circuit can be fabricated on a single pc board responsible for the following functions. Controlling the spindle motor and ensuring that the spindle runs at the correct speed. Controlling the head actuator's positioning to various tracks. Managing all R/W operations . Implementing power management features . Handling the geometry translation from logical(entered in cmos set up) to physical (on the drive platters). Managing internal cache and optimization features(such as pre fetch). Coordinating other functions such as the flow of the data over the interface ,optimizing multiple request ,converting data to form the read/write and so on. Implementing all advanced performance and reliability features .

By Abz

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