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New Development in Taiwan Orchid Production (Phalaenopsis Innovation)

Fure-Chyi Chen National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

Topics

Production and marketing Breeding and genetic studies Micropropagation for mass production Government supported research
Basic research Industry-oriented research

Advisory committee for orchid industry

Figuer 1. Phal. amabilis from Indonesia island, Malaysia and Philippine locations.

Planted area of floricultural crops in Taiwan (2008)


Category Cut flowers Orchids Bulbs Seeds Nursery Potted flowers Total Planted area ha % 3912 29.84 579 4.42 7 0.05 3 0.02 7,808 59.56 800 13,109 6.10 100

Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. COA Yuan

Pot plants

Cut flowers

Nursery plants

Orchids

Bulbs

Seeds

Percentage of production area of floricultural crops in Taiwan (2008)


Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. COA

Ornamentals production in Taiwan

http://www.orchids.org.tw/p_dist.php

Distribution of planted area of orchids in Taiwan (2008)


Unit: ping ( 3.3 sq. m) Tainan County Chiayi County Yunlin County Pingtung County Yilan County Changhua County Kaohsiung County Other Districts 413,397 387,351 51,909 134,824 10,769 40,142 84,640 604,394 387,351 413,397 84,640 134,824 7,774 40,142 51,909 273,884 454 16,335 6,806 264,657 10,769

Total 1,727,426 Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, COA

Current estimated area over 579 ha

Total import and export value of Phalaenopsis products in Taiwan (2005-2009 )


Import Year Wt (ton) 6.68 20.98 6.90 2.67 1.04 Value
(U.S. $1,000)

Export Wt (ton) 2752.80 3670.90 5167.66 5399.43 2379.45 Value


(U.S. $1,000)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

52.1 125.2 59.5 29.8 13

26658.9 35079.4 48930.6 50929.6 21353.9

Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. COA

Young and mature plants exported from Taiwan


2008

Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. COA

Total import and export value of Phalaenopsis products in Taiwan (2008)

Import and export value of phalaenopsis products in Taiwan (2008)


Phalaenopsis Fresh cut In vitro plantlets Live Total Import Wt Value (ton) (U.S. $1,000) 0 0 2.2 0.47 2.67 26.4 3.4 29.8 Export Value Wt (kg) (N.T. $1,000) 137.09 1304.7 1778.01 3621.42 5536.52 13815.0 371114.6 386234.3

Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. COA

Export country of phalaenopsis (live) from Taiwan

SourceDirectorate General of Customs, Ministry of Finance, ROC.

Breeding and genetic studies

Phalaenopsis production cycle


Flowering plant Flower stalk preparing Parents selection Cross hybridization Development of fruit 3 - 6 months capsules

2-3 months Forcing culture 20 40 days 4-6 months Mature plant Pot size - 10.6 cm 4-6 months Medium plant Pot size - 7.6 cm

Clonal culture
1-2 years Flasked plant De-flasking Young plant Pot size - 4.5 cm

Aseptic seed culture


10-15 months

3-5 months

Flowering plant Spiking plant Mature plant Pot size - 10.6 cm dia Medium-size plant Pot size - 7.6 cm dia Young plant Pot size - 4.5 cm dia

Production period 14 - 18 months

Flasked seedling or plantlet

Harlequin type phalaenopsis

Progenies from a harlequin cross

Government supported research


Basic research
National Science Council National Agricultural Biotechnology Research Program

Industry-oriented research
Department of Economy (For orchid industry) Council of Agriculture Agriculture and Food Agency (COA)

Government supported research


Physiological studies
Flower forcing, suppressing spiking Fertigation and mineral nutrition Modeling shipment Photosynthesis and plant growth

Genetics and breeding

Tissue culture and biotechnology


Mass micropropagation Virus-free young plants Virus-detection Somaclonal variation Genetic transformation

Cross hybridization Meiotic studies relating to breeding barriers Unreduced gamete for polyploid breeding

Strengthening Innovative Agricultural Technology


The COA allocated a budget of NT$3.492
billion for its 766 R&D projects in agricultural science and technology. Taiwan Orchid Plantation Park established in Tainan

Advisory committee for orchid industry


Serves as bridge between government,
academia, and industry Committee members from
University professors Research institutes Agricultural exp. stations

Expertise-diagnosis-discussion based service Extension education

Fertigation, tissue culture, breeding, greenhouse structure, postharvest, plant pathology, entomologists

Organization meeting of the Advisory Committee (2009, 4/30)

Prof. Shen chairing Growers attending

Members

On site visiting to Evergreen Orchids (2009/5/18)

Meeting with Owner

Greenhouse touring

Opinion exchange

Growing young plants

Different state of growth

Visiting another nursery


(2009/6/12)

Discussion with owner

Checking plants

Crowded plants

New disease symptom

Pesticide damage

On site diagnosis-1

On site diagnosis and discussion

Nursery with good management

Top quality orchid plants



Healthy root systems with vigorous growth Green and sturdy leaves or shoots No injury on leaf surface No lower leaf yellowing (senescence) No sign of fungal infection Insect-free or less environment (Clean space) Simple fertigation program

Vocational trainingSymposium

Strengthening International Marketing of Agricultural Products


Phalaenopsis orchid was selected as one
of Taiwan's main export products (others, Oolong tea, Taiwan tilapia, and mangoes) in 2004. COA improved the supply chain, and strengthened foreign marketing related measures for the growth of export industries.

Promotion for phalaenopsis marketing

Import of phalaenopsis orchids with medium from Taiwan to USA


Approved since June 14 in 2004

Young plants grown in certified insect-proof greenhouse ready for packing and quarantine exam

The trend for phalaenopsis production in Taiwan



International competition Economic depression Lower price for finished orchid plants Public breeding research emphasized
Develop more novel cultivars for market need

Pathogen-free young plants


Certification for in vitro plantlets (virus-free) Certification for breeding parents (Virus-free) Virus elimination during tissue culture

Achievements (our example)


Protocorm-like induction and proliferation
technology (procedures + culture media) Flower stalk node culture and shoot multiplication (procedures + culture media) In vitro germination of orchid seeds from mature open capsules Know-how transfer to a total of 10 companies

Germiantion of Mature Seeds

Harvested mature seeds

Spread evenly on germination medium and germinated protocorms

Mother flask plantlets

Basal media used for seed germiantion and meristem culture of Phalaenopsis and other orchids
Medium Knudson VW Thomale GD MS Hyponex NDM NP Full name Kundson Vacin & Went Thomale GD Murashige & Skoog Hyponex N:P:K=7:6:19 New Dogashima New Phalaenopsis Characters All purpose orchid medium Orchid seed germination Paphiopedilum seed germ. All purpose medium Most adopted by the industry Medium developed by Dogashima (PLB) Islam el. For Phalaenopsis PLB

Flower stalk node culture

The process of axillary shoot formation from two-month-old P. Sogo Yukidian V3 shoots cultured on SIM-B medium after leaf blade and apical bud removal; A: Dissected shoot showing emerged axillary buds from leaf sheath two weeks after culture. (Bar= 2 mm); B: Multiple shoots produced after two month culture (Bar= 1 cm). Ab: axillary bud, Ls: leaf sheath.
Wu and Chen, 2008b

Effect of different basal media on in vitro morphogenesis and multiplication of P. Brother Stage nodal cuttings

Medium
z

Vegetative Reproductive shoots (%)y shoots (%) 74.3 b 81.4 a 77.2 ab 78.6 ab 8.5 a 2.8 b 10.0 a 2.8 b

SIM-A SIM-B SIM-C SIM-D


z

Callus formation (%) 17.1 ab 15.2 ab 12.9 b 18.6 a

Mean shoots per responding explant 1.5 c 2.0 b 1.4 c 2.4 a

SIM-A mortified from Wang and Li (1992), SIM-B provided by a nursery, SIM-C modified from Chu and Li (1988), SIM-D from our laboratory. y Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different by Duncans multiple range test at 5% level.

Wu and Chen, 2008b

Effect of various cytokinins and their concentrations on shoot multiplication of Phal. Sogo Yukidian V3 after two months

Wu & Chen, 2008

Induction of PLBs from etiolated leaves

Fig. 12. Protocorm-like bodies produced from leaf sections of Phal. aphrodite Rchb. f. etiolated.
Hsu and Chen, 2003

Effect of sucrose, BA and TDZ on protocorm-like body proliferation from etiolated leaves of Phal. aphrodite Rchb. f.

Hsu and Chen, 2003

Condition of protocorm-like bodies formed and proliferated from explants of Phalaenopsis Tropican Lady, after culture for thirty five days.bar=5mm
Huang, YW, 2007

Secondary PLBs can be induced by cutting


and culture on a suitable medium The multiplication rate reaches ave. 12-27 folds Each subculture takes about 6-8 weeks

Meristem culture of Phalaenopsis


A B

Shoot tips of a Doritaenopsis and induction of PLBs. (A) The shoot tip. Bar= 1 mm (B) PLBs were induced from meristem. Bar = 1 mm

Somaclonal Variation

P. Zumas Pixie A B

P. Little Mary C D E

Doritaenopsis Minho Diamond F G H

Wildtype and mutant flowers of Phalaenopsis and Doritaenopsis

Chen et al., 2005

Somaclonal variants of Phalaenopsis orchids. A, Sickle leaf; B, Vegetative phase with extra leaves; C, Petal-to-labellum conversion; D, Miniature petals with pollinia in tips; F, Color variegation in P. Golden Peoker BL; G, Color stripe mutant(right) as compared to the wildtype(left).
Chen et al., 2008

Mutations May Occur in Seedlings

Calyx (sepal) fusion

Certain Mutants May Have Commercial Value


Some mutations can be considered as
novel varieties if showy and decorative flower type occurs

Orchid book written by Taiwanese sicentists (Research-derived knowledge)

Cultivation handbook for the industry practical knowledge

Conclusion and perspectives



More and more international competition Economic depression affects Phal. marketing Specific market niche awaiting exploration Basic and industry-oriented research ongoing Continuous breeding, physiological, and all aspects or research necessary Training and extension education important to enhance competitiveness of growers, breeders, etc.

Acknowledgements

Chia-Chia Hsu Chin-Yi Tsao Ya-Wen Huang Pei-Jung Wen Hsuan-Hsuan Wu Chuen-Hsin Lin Ge-Mang Chang Huey-Yu Chiou

Prof. Tsai-Mu Shen Prof. Shih-Wen Chin Council of Agriculture Agriculture and Food Agency I-Hsin Biotechnology OX Orchids Sogo Orchids Yu Pin Biotechnology

Yi-Jung Tsai Teen-Chi Cheng

Teachers Day get together

Thank you for your attention!

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