Chng 3 CC PHNG PHP GIA CNG HA

3.1 Khi nim: Gia cng ha l phng php gia cng khng truyn thng , trong vt liu c tch ra khi tip xc trc tip vi cc cht khc ha mnh. Ty theo yu cu s dng m ngi ta p dng cc phng php phay ha , khc ha, to phi ha hay gia cng quang ha. 3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng ha : c thc hin theo cc bc : Lm sch b mt chi tit gia cng m bo vt liu c bc i ng u. To lp bo v : ph mt lp bo v ln b mt khng cn gia cng ca chi tit . Lp bo v ny c lm bng vt liu c kh nng chng li tc dng n mn ca cc cht khc ha l axit v thng l neoprene , polivinil chloride v cc polime khc. Lp bo v c th c thc hin bng nhiu cch : ct v bc , khng quang , khng dung li . a. Ct v bc : Lp bo v c ph ln b mt chi tit bng cch p , sn hay phun sng vi chiu dy khong 0.025 0.125mm.Sau khi lp bo v ny ng cng li ngi ta dng dao ct v bc i lp bo v ti nhng vng chi tit cn c gia cng .Phng php ny khng th m bo sai s nh hn +_ 0.125 . b. Khng quang : Phng php ny s dng bng cc k thut chp nh to lp bo v .Vt liu ca lp bo v c cha nhng ha cht cm quang .Sau ngi ta dng k thut ra nh bc lp bo v ca vng ny .S dng sn xut chi tit nh s lng ln vi chnh xc khc khe , dung sai c th nh hn +_ 0.0125mm. c. Khng khung li : Lp bo v c sn ln b mt chi tit gia cng qua mt tm li bng la hoc bng mt tm thp khng r , c gn vi mt khung t nhm trnh cho nhng vng cn khc ha khng b sn ph kn . chnh xc t +_ 0.075mm. Khc ha : Khi chi tit c nhng chm trong dung dch khc ha., nhng phn ca chi tit khng c lp sn bo v s b tc ng ha hc.

3.3 Cc phng php gia cng ha : a. Phay ha : L phng php gia cng ha u tin c thng mi ha . Phay ha c dng cho cc chi tit ln m trong qu trnh gia cng cn c bc i mt lng kim loi ln . nhm ph thuc vo vt liu gia cng v chiu su lp kim loi b bc i.

b. To phi ha : p dng hin tng n mn ha hc ct nhng chi tit kim loi dng tm mng khong 0.025 mm, hay ct nhng chi tit c hnh th phc tp .To phi ha c u im l sau khi gia cng cc chi tit khng c bavia . Ph lp bo v trong to phi ha l phng php khng quang v khng khung li .Phng php khng quang c s dng cho nhng mu nh , phc tp v dung sai khc nghit cn cc trng hp khc th dng phng php khng khung li .

c. Khc ha : L phng php gia cng dng to ra cc bng tn , cc tm phng c ch hoc hnh nh minh ha trn b mt tm kim loi . d. Gia cng quang ha : L phng php gia cng ha hc m trong phng php khng quang to lp ph c s dng gia cng cc chi tit trn tm kim loi cn chnh xc cao , c hnh dng phc tp .Gia cng quang ha c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip in t sn xut vi mch .

CHNG 4 CC PHNG PHP GIA CNG IN HA

4.1 Khi nim : Cc phng php gia cng in ha l dng gia cng nhng b mt c hnh dng nht nh bng phng php n mn in ha , khng c s tc ng c kh ca dng c ti b mt gia cng . 4.2 Nguyn l : Da trn c s nh lut in phn ca Paraday.Trong qua trnh gia cng , chi tit c ni vi cc dng cn dng c c ni vi cc m ca ngun . Hai in cc ny c t vo trong b ng dung dch in phn . Khi ng mch in , dng in i qua dung dch in phn lm ha tan kim loi anod vi khi lng c xc nh theo nh lut Paraday. Phng php ny dng gia cng nhng vt liu kh ct gt .

4.3 My v dng c gia cng. a. in cc dng c - catod : Vt liu in phi c ch to bng cc kim loi c tnh dn in cao , bn chng g tt nh thp khng g , thp chu nhit , hp kim titan , grafit b. Dung dch in phn : Vai tr ca dung dch in phn l to s di chuyn ca cc tia la in bng cc ion gia anod v catod .Ngoi ra dung dch in phn cn ha tan cc in cc . Dung dch in phn c s dng ha tan lin tc kim loi ca chi tit (anod) do thnh phn ca n phi c chn ng trnh gy tr ha b mt ca chi tit .

4.4 Cc thng s cng ngh a. Nng sut gia cng : Nng sut gia cng c tnh bng khi lng kim loi c ly i trong mt n v thi gian (mm3/pht) v t l thun vi cng dng in . Cc yu t nh : in p , kh nng dn in ca dung dch in phn , vt liu lm in cc cng nh hng n nng sut gia cng . b. chnh xc gia cng : Trong qu trnh gia cng , gia chi tit gia cng v mt u in cc tn ti khe h , khe h ny nh hng n chnh xc gia cng v su ca l .Vi tc tin ca in cc khng i , th khe h l hm s ca in p . C th kt lun rng : bng cch nng tc tin ca in cc th c th lm gim sai s ca khe h.

c. Cht lng b mt : Gia cng bng in ha t cht lng bong b mt cao . B mt sau khi gia cng c th t Rmax = 5- 10 m i vi thp cacbon , t Rmax < 1 m i vi thp khng g , chu nhit v chu mi mn .Vt liu sau khi gia cng vn gi c tnh cht ca n , khng c s thay i trong cu trc , khng c ng sut d v bin cng b mt . d. Phm vi ng dng : Cng ngh gia cng bng in ha c tnh kinh t cao trong trng hp gia cng cc vt liu cng , kh ct gt bng cc phng php gia cng truyn thng. Khng gia cng in ha cc hp kim cng . 4.5 Cc phng php gia cng in ha : a. Mi in ha : Mi in ha l dng c bit ca phng php gia cng in ha trong mi quay (catod) l mt a mi hnh vnh khn dn in c gn cc ht kim cng hoc carbit silic , c dng tng cng s ha tan ca b mt kim loi gia cng (anod) .Vt liu dng cho mi in ha l oxit nhm v kim cng .Vt liu kt dnh hoc l kim loi hoc l nha trn vi cc ht kim loi to thnh cht dn in .Cc ht mi nh ra t mi tip xc vi chi tit gia cng hnh thnh nn khe h trong mi in ha . Dng dung dch in phn i qua khe h gia cc ht mi ha tan kim loi cn gia cng . C 2 phng php mi in ha : Dng mi dn in : u im : C kh nng mi c bt k kim loi no , khng ph thuc vo cng , do v khng c phng in h quang hay tia la in .

Nhc im : Mt dng in ln i hi phi c cng sut ngun in ln v tiu hao cht in phn ln . Dng mi rnh thot phoi trn cc dng c hp kim cng v mi nhiu loi chi tit hp kim cng khc .

Dng mi trung tnh : Phng php ny cng c nhng u nhc im nh mi bng dn in nhng chi ph mi thp hn v khng i hi phi c cng dng in mnh

. b. Mi bng in phn : c im chung ca phng php mi in phn l cho nng sut cao, bng b mt sau khi mi kh cao, mp m t vi c th t ti Ra = 0,04 m ,

trn b mt gia cng khng c nhng ng gn nm theo hng tin ca in cc gia cng . chnh xc v hnh dng hon ton ph thuc vo chnh xc ca a mi . ng dng mi sc cc dng c bng hp kim cng .Nng sut cao hn nhiu so vi mi thng thng . Nhc im l thit b t tin nhng y l phng php tin tin hng u mi sc dng c t hp kim cng r nht v cht lng cao nht . c. nh bng in ha : nh bng in ha l phng php b sung cho gia cng in ha . Trong qu trnh gia cng , in cc khng chuyn ng , mt dng in thp hn v tc di chuyn ca cht in phn thp hn nhiu, tc bc vt liu cng gim. Trong phng php nh bng in ha chi tit gia cng v in cc dng c nhng vo dung dch mt cch c lp nhau . Khi dng in chy qua th s ha tan anod bt u, dng in tp trung nhng im nh ln , cn ch lm l mn mui mng t dung dch in phn tch ra .B mt g gh dn dn mt di v tr nn nhn bng .

Phng php nh bng in ho tin hnh theo quy trnh nh sau : Lm sch m trn b mt gia cng . Lm kh.

Ph bng nha perclovinil trn cc b mt khng nh bng . nh bng bng in phn . Lm sch dung dch in phn cn d trn b mt gia cng bng dung dch trung ha . Lm sch bng nc lnh . Trung ha bng dung dch 3% natri cacbonat. Lm sch bng nc nng ang chy. u im : Nng sut nh bng bng 3-4 ln nh bng bnh thng . bng b mt rt tt . C th nh bng mt trong v mt ngoi bt k hnh dng no . Nng sut gia cng tng m khng i hi nhiu lao ng bng tay . C kh nng nh bng nhng b mt c cng cao. C kh nng t ng ha c qu trnh gia cng . Gim nh iu kin lao ng ca cng nhn C th ng dng phng php nh bng in ha nh bng cc mu kim loi soi knh hin vi . Nhc im : bng b mt ph thuc vo ng nht ca vt liu . Kh gi ng c kch thc v hnh dng c. Tui th ca dung dch in phn c hn . Ch p dng i vi b mt khng qu g gh. d. Khoan l bng in ha : Khoan in ha l ng dng ca phng php gia cng in ha trong vic khoan cc l rt nh bng cch s dng cc dng in c in th cao v dung dch in phn axit. c s dng khoan cc l nh hnh lm bng kim loi kh gia cng c chiu su n 610 mm v ng knh t 0.5-1.27 mm .

e. Lm sch bavia bng in ha : Lm sch bavia in ha l phng php gia cng in ha dng tch kim loi trong cc mp hay gc ca chi tit bng cch ha tan anod .C 2 cch lm sch bavia bng in ha : Lm sch bavia trong b in phn : cch ny ging nh bng in ha , li dng hin tng in trng tp trung nhng cnh gc c mt in tch ln nht ha tan vt liu nhiu nht ,kim loi c bc i nhiu nht v nhanh nht nn bavia cng c lm sch nhanh chng . Lm sch bavia trn thnh phm : Cch ny c nng sut cao hn 3-4 ln so vi cch ty bavia trn b mt in phn .in cc dng lamfdungj c ty bavia c ni vo cc m vi hnh dng c cu to sao cho khi t n dc bavia th s to 1 khe h nh .Dung dch in phn c phun qua rnh vi tc chy ln lm mt bavia nhanh chng .