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IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No.

5, May 1985
SIMULATOR STUDY OF A VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE GENERATOR CONNECTED TO A SMALL HYDRO NETWORK
S. Lefebvre, L. Dessaint, B. Dubg, H. Nakra, A. Pgrocheau

1095

Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Qugbec (IREQ) Varennes, Qugbec, Canada

ABSTRACT

The paper describes a simulator study of a vertical axis wind turbine generator connected to a small isolated hydro network. The connection to the network is done through a back-to-back dc link, which is used as a static frequency changer. The penetration level of the wind turbine is in the range 13% - 33% of the rating of the AC network. The study includes the transient performance of the dc link and the wind turbine drive during electrical braking and for system disturbances such as AC system faults.
The study shows that the use of a stabilization signal in the dc link helps to reduce large torsional vibrations in the wind turbine low speed shaft. These vibrations are observed after AC system faults. The study also shows that it is possible to obtain satisfactory operation of the overall system by adopting suitable control strategies. INTRODUCTION

When a WT has to be integrated into a relatively small power system, variable-speed operation of the WT is more likely. Variable-speed operation permits to extract more energy from the wind since it is possible to operate always close to optimum rotor speed. Either a synchronous alternator or an induction generator can be used. Typically the machine is connected to the network through a back-to-back dc link. The machine is This coupled to the WT with or without a gearbox. system makes the alternator operation independent of the AC network. This alleviates the WTG synchronisation problems. Aside from this, the principal advanta(1) directges of such a scheme are the following: drive capability using a low-speed alternator, (2) increased turbine efficiency, (3) electrical braking capability through the dc link, (4) capabilities for smooth starting. For Darrieus VWTG, the dc link is in fact the only control interface available. The main problem of variable-speed operation of the WT with a dc link is the relatively high cost of the link compared to a conventional HAWT pitch-control Despite this fact, the scheme is receiving system. Other increased attention for both HAWT and VAWT. problems of concern are also due to the dc link: (1) harmonics generated by the converters, (2) power factor problems due to converter consumption of reactive power.
A WTG-system was studied on the IREQ dc simulator. The system consists of a Darrieus VAWTG connected to an isolated small hydro network. The power rating of the VAWTG, 224 kW, is typical of medium-size WT susceptible to being installed in a small isolated power grid. Diesel generators which could be replaced by the WTG would normally serve as back-up to the WTG. Production of power with WTG differs from conventional power sources by the facts that (1) the prime mover torque is oscillatory (aerodynamic torque) and (2) the average prime mover torque is variable as it is subjected to the wind. These phenomena could influence the small AC networks to which the WTG are connected. The other concern is for the transient performance of the dc link and the WT drive during electrical braking and for various types of system disturbances such as AC system faults.

Escalating costs of fossil fuel and environmental concerns in the last decade have led to renewed interWind est into the use of alternate energy sources. energy is one such source and recently various wind turbine generating systems have been proposed and studied.
There are basically two families of wind turbines The horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) consists of a propeller with/without variable pitch control. Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are usually of the There is no control mechanism on a Darrieus type. It is possible to further divide Darrieus turbine. each family of WT into two large classes, based on the operating condition of the wind turbine generator (WTG): constant-speed systems and variable-speed systems.

(WT).

The interest in this paper is for WTG in remote locations, e.g. Canadian northern country, where the isolated AC network has a power rating of the same order of magnitude as the WTG. For such systems the AC network cannot be assumed stiff and its own dynamics Furthermore, the must be included in most studies. study concerns more specifically Darrieus VAWT as this is the emphasis of the current Canadian Wind Energy R&D Program. The study was performed as part of a Research Project (223G342) for the Canadian Electrical Association (CEA).
A paper recommended and approved 84 SM 573-2 by the IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of

the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE/PES 1984 Summer Meeting, Seattle, Washington, July 15 - 20, 1984. Manuscript submitted February 2, 1984; made available for printing

Several studies have been made on the transient dynamics of VAWTG in constant-speed type of operation [1-3]. These studies have shown that, during transients such as start-up, the first torsional vibration mode of the low speed shaft is crossed. As a result, resonnance phenomena appear in the low speed shaft It is torque, hereafter Ti, during such transients. shown in the paper that this torsional mode is also excited by AC system disturbances even though the WTG is at variable speed.
In the study, the dc link was controlled to regulate the WTG power and speed. Therefore this provided a mechanism to adjust the turbine efficiency, to absorb the wind gust energy, and to increase damping for shaft In particular, large torsional torques oscillations.

May 10, 1984.

0018-9510/85/0005-1095$01.001985 IEEE

1096
observed after AC system faults were quickly eliminated by a dc link modulation. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND SIMULATION
System

characterize the relative size of the WTG. tion,


Pw =

By defini-

Rated power of WTG Rated power of WTG + Rated power of network

The single-line diagram of the system simulated is shown in Figure 1. The synchronous generator is mechanically coupled to the WT by gearboxes and it is electrically connected to the power grid through a dc link which effectively operates as a static frequency converter. The external system is simply a transmission line, a load and a hydro-generator. As required, AC filters are added at the commutating bus on the AC network.

The penetration level is related to the shortcircuit ratio of the dc link which is a well known design criteria for HVdc systems.
The hydro-generator rating is varied during the study so that the effects of different penetration levels Pw can be investigated (Pw'is in the range 13% to 33%). Typically for small reservoirs, the hydro turbine is the propeller type and the plant is in the run of the river mode.

DC link

Snchronous genetor

The dc system is rated at 1.45 kV, 154.5 A. With Pw = 13%, the smoothing inductance is 2.2 mH. For the larger penetration level, Pw = 33%, a smoothing inductance of 9.4 mH is used. An overload of 20% is possible on the dc link. System parameters are given in the Appendix. IREQ dc Simulator
The system was simulated on the IREQ real-time dc simulator.

Mechanical

transmission system

F: filters C: capacitors for power factor correction


Fig. 1
System Simulated

The dc link consists essentially in two converters connected back-to-back through a smoothing inductance. Each converter is a 6-pulse Graetz bridge. Although the harmonic content is much larger than with 12-pulse converters, the 6-pulse bridge has the advantage of requiring no transformer on the machine-side converter.
On the machine-side, a diode rectifier is used as The result is a less expensive dc link. converter. The diode rectifier in the context of WTG is expected to perform satisfactorily because the WTG inertia is

The dc simulator is a scaled electrical model'of an AC/dc transmission system with all essential components represented by devices with equivalent electrical characteristics. The main components of the simulator are the converter valve groups with associated controls, converter transformers, rotating machines and the AC and dc transmission line sections. The rating of the simulator is adjustable up to 100 W. The converter valve groups are built either in six-pulse or twelve-pule units. A valve is modelled by a single thyristor or diode. Associated with each valve group is a negative resistance unit designed to compensate for the excess voltage drop across the valves. The converter control systems are of the equidistant firing pulse type. The control systems have been supplied by three different HVdc equipment manufacturers for existing HVdc schemes. The rotating machines are'modelled by Park's equations which are solved for a given set of parameters by analog computational techniques [5]. Each machine can be used either as generator or motor and can represent a synchronous machine, a squirrel cage induction machine or a wound-rotor induction machine.

large and because recovery from commutation failures or from AC or dc faults does not have to be extremely fast.
The thyristor inverter
on

to control the windmill. As the diode rectifier does not allow the power flow to be from the network to the WTG and since the Darrieus WT is not self-starting, special measures are required at start-up (small auxiliary motor and higher wind speed conditions).

the network-side is used

The other problem with a diode rectifier concerns As no controls are available at the rectifier, such as forced retard, it is necessary to use bre,aker CB1 to protect the synchronous machine. The breaker is opened at fault detection and it is reclosed after an adjustable time delay. Simple actions on the voltage regulator of the WTG could also be sufficient to recover from commutation failures at the inverter [4].
system protection.

Wind Turbine Modelling


The WT associated with the system in Figure 1 is similar to the Magdalen 'Islands VWT operated by HydroQuebec [6]. The WT is shown in Figure 2. The turbine has a nominal height of 36.6 m and its diameter is 24.4 m. The turbine is installed on a tower of 9.3 m so that the total effective height is 45.9 m. On such a small turbine the wind shear phenomenon is negligible. The turbine is rated at 224 kW, its nominal speed is 36.6 rpm, the nominal wind is 14.4 m/s.

The harmonic generation at the rectifier is at minimum with a diode rectifier. It is well below the tolerable level of harmonics for a well designed generator. This is without harmonic filters as the frequenThe generator is a 10cy on the,machine-side varies. pole, 224 kw, synchronous generator with a 3-phase, 60Hz, 1.08 kV output. The rated speed of the generator is 720 rpm. The penetration level of the WTG, Pw, is used to

The blades angle of attack with respect to wind changes continuously during the rotation of the WT. This produces an oscillatory aerodynamic torque Ta which is not steady and contains several harmonics. These oscillations vary in frequency and in amplitude with the wind speed, the turbulence of the wind and the geometric properties of the blades.

1097
The aerodynamic torque Ta on the WT blades can be expressed by
Ta = Ta
=

PCP

Vw/X

(1)

with ratio NI for the gearbox between the low speed and the intermediate speed shafts, and N2 for the gearbox between the intermediate speed and the high speed shafts. The viscous damping of the gearboxes are taken into account in the various shafts by the parameters Cg, Ci and Ch. In practice', the gearboxes have non linear rigidity and damping characteristics due to teeth for example. The analog representation of the drive train however, assumes for simplicity perfect gearboxes.

Broke

Generotor

36
Turbine
Fig. 3

Low speed shaft

Transmission

speed shaft

High

WTG Mechanical System Model

As mentioned in the introduction, the first torsional mode at 2.495 Hz is of interest. Simulations have shown that this mode is excited by AC system faults. It will be shown how the dc link can be used to increase the damping on this mode. The'mode involves an oscillation where the low speed shaft and the blades swing as a coherent mass against the generator.

Fig. 2

VWT Simulated
Justification

OPERATING

STRATEGY

where p is the density of air, Vw is the wind speed, A is the area swept by the WT blades, Cp is the power coefficient which is a complex function of the blade the wind velocity and the angle of the velocity, Vb blades with respect to the wind, 0b. In equation (1) the tip-speed ratio is defined as
,

=Vb
Vw

(2)

The Magdalen Islands WT achieves its best extraction efficiency for 4 < X (8. In that range Cp varies approximately from 0.35 to 0.43. Several models of the interaction of the wind on the WT blades are available. Due to limitations of the different aerodynamic theories, only constant wind and slow wind gusts can be considered in this study.
was

In the operation of the WT, there are two regions of power production and two regions where the WT is When the wind is below' the cut-in speed, stalled. (0.26 pu) no attempt is made to extract power from the wind. Likewise, no attempt is made to obtain any output power'above the cut-out speed, (1.74 pu). The two regions or modes of power production are the areas between cut-in and rated output (low mode), and between rated power output and cut-out (high mode). Transition between the two modes occur at 0.78 pu.

A real-time simulation of the Magdalen Islands WT developed at IREQ [7] and it has been tested In this simulator, a table of against 'field data. values of Ta is stored in a microprocessor memory. The actual torque Ta is obtained by interpolation in function of Vw, Vb and 0b-

Mechanical System

Figure 4 shows the maximum WTG power as function of Vw. In the low mode the maximum power is a function of VW. To maximize the power capture, the ideal control system 'would maintain the maximum C in the low mode, whereas in the high mode C would be adjusted to maintain the rated power. But this is not a practicable approach since the generator torque requirements for accielerating the WT are severe in view of the large Furthermore the resulting variation in WT inertia. electrical power is unacceptable as the WTG is connected to' a small AC network. Such a design would not be robust as it would be based on a direct measurement of Vw. This measure is highly unreliable.
A different strategy is used which is a tradeoff between Cp-tracking as a function of wind velocity, the variation of the electrical power delivered by the WTG and the overall system relative stability. The control system distinguishes the low mode operation from the high mode. The reason for this is following. Consider the simplified swing equation of the WTG
2Ha dWt/dt
=

The blade power is transmitted to the generator via the drive train shown in Figure 3. The rotor is divided into two discs of equal inertia (Jr/2) linked by a shaft with rigidity Kr and damping factor Cr. The rigidity coefficient is selected so that the first torsional mode of the WT at 2.495 Hz, is represented adequately. The damping factor is determined empirically from field data. It is assumed that the discs are loaded equally by Ta. The low speed, intermediate speed and high speed shaft rigidities (Ki, Ki, Kh) are included in the simulation. The gearboxes are rigid

ATa

ATe

(3)

where Te is the electrical torque and Ha is the inertia time constant. For a constant wind velocity

1098

Control of the Network-Side Converter

1.01

a
.05 o- 0.5I
a-1
1.

4,

/I
,'

,,

/"

Low High mode 'mode


I -

.-

Two different control structures are used to regulate the WT variables through the network-side converter. The structure used depends on the value of the wind speed Vw (low mode of operation and high mode of operation). In practice, a measurement of Vw through the blades would require anemometers located at several points around the WT. Although it is envisageable to obtain a representative value of Vw for the smaller WT, this would be difficult for larger ones (in the MW range). Hence the control system was designed with minor reliance on the actual value of wind speed.
two modes of operation are briefly explained below.
are

0.26

0.78 i.74 Vw, pu a) Maximum Power of WT

The regulators used in controlling the WT in the

The dc controls

also

presented.

b) WT speed to obtoin Maximum Pilower


Fig.
4

Vw,pu

Wind Turbine Controls in Low Mode. The principle of the low mode WT control is shown in Figure 5. Firstly, the reference power is compared with the electrical power and the error signal goes to a lowThe pass filter to obtain the reference speed Wref. signal Wref is compared with the actual speed of wind turbine, Wt. A constant value Wrefo corresponding to to a bias of the power controller is added to this difference. The stabilization signal Wstab is substracted to obtain the speed regulator input Ew. The speed regulator is simply a proportional plus integral control. The output of the speed regulator, Isup, is added to the bias value of the reference dc current, Irefo, to obtain the reference current fed to the converter dc controls.

Operating Limits of WT
a

AT

AW tw t

(4)

where Dtw is called cient. Then


a

the

aerodynamic damping coeffiD twWwt

2Ha dW t /dt

AT

(5)

It follows from this equation that the system is stable in the zone of operation where Dtw is negative. From [8] one obtains
D
tw
=

tw

(X dC /dX
o

po

(6)

where Ktw is a positive constant and where the index o refers to variables at the operating point. Hence the more stable points of operation on the Cp curve are characterized by

f (VW)
Fig. 5
and
a

Controls of WT

F(X)

= X

dC

CPo

<

(7)

In the low mode of operation, the Magdalen Islands In the high WT is in a zone where F(X) is negative. mode of operation, F(X) is nearly zero or positive and more power that can be extracted is available from the wind. Hence in this mode, it is very important to have a good control over the WT speed as the operation appears less stable. This is not so important in the low mode of operation. Rather the power must be controlled that the power order does not exceed the rigorously maximum power available from the wind.
so

The reference power signal is limited between 0 maximum value which depends on an average measurement of the wind speed. Limits are also applied to the power regulator and the speed regulator outputs. Wind Turbine Controls in High Mode.
The regula-

Control of the Wind Turbine Generator

needed because the maximum theoretical power available from the wind is well above the machine ratings. The In converter controls suffice to limit the WT power. fact it was observed during the tests that a fast power regulator had a destabilizing effect. This is understandable because at high wind speeds the harmonic content in the aerodynamic torque Ta becomes very important.

in Figure 5, however the tunings are different. In this mode of operation, a fast power regulator is not

tors of the high mode WT control are similar to those

The control of the synchronous machine is limited to excitation control via a static exciter. The reference voltage at the input of the WTG voltage regulator is selected such that the machine flux does not exceed its rated value.

Damping of Torque Oscillations. The troller used has for input the low-speed the firing angle a, the output serves to WT speed reference. The schematic diagram ing controller is given in Figure 5. The

damping
torque

modulate the of the dampdamping con-

TX

conor

1099
troller has a band-pass function, dc and low harmonic components are filtered out by this controller so that the steady-state operating point is not disturbed. At frequencies higher than 2.5 Hz, the gain is sufficiently small so that in steady-state there is no possibility of adverse interactions with the WT drive train. This gain is sufficiently high however to provide damping following a network fault.
dc Controls. Figure 6 shows the dc link steadystate operating characteristics. Normally the inverter controls the dc current. The operating point corresponds to the intersection between the Current Control (CC) characteristic of the inverter and the diode rectifier characteristic (alpha = 0). This is point A in the figure.

P.LL

2Wt average 1.0


-

0.8
I

0.6V

.-11

VAI*

1.5

To
HE5..._._

-I .- ,
I"
I

I I

I I I

I I I

I.

rmwii

, I ,

I ,

I.1

(absolute)
Fig. 6

Id ,pu

t (s)
Fig. 7

Electrical Braking with

Steady-State Characteristics of the dc Link

P.

= 13%

Voltage Dependent Current Order Limits, VDCOL, are incorporated in the inverter dc controls. The VDCOL reduce the maximum allowable dc current when the dc voltage falls below a predetermined level. In the present application the VDCOL operates mainly if the WTG AC voltage is low. For a voltage collapse on the network-side, the inverter VDCOL would not be useful because there would be no intersection between the two converter characteristics. Such faults could result in
commutation failure is This signal The breaker
A commutation failures at the inverter. indicated by a logic signal being high. is used to trip breaker CB1 in Figure 1. is reclosed after a small time delay. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

ping. This is done to maintain the product Vd Id sufThe ficiently high for obtaining rapid shut-down. recording of the torsional low-speed shaft torque TX, shows that TX increases during braking. The speed of the hydro-generator is initially increased because of the sudden increase of WT power. The maximum deviation in speed is about 1.9 per cent, curve AWth. This is with a constant impedance load. With a larger penetration level, 33% in Figure 8, the hydro-generator speed is more disturbed by the'WT braking. The speed of this generator, Wth, varies by about 3.1 per cent when braking is initiated. After the initial transients, the speed error is reduced to A large disturbance on the less than 1 per cent. hydro-generator is expected near the end of the test

low.

A few of the results obtained are presented beThe tests selected for this paper represent severe conditions for the system.

Wt average

Electrical Braking of the Wind Turbine


Figure 7 shows an electrical braking of the WTG. This is for a penetration level of 13%. The wind speed is 0.845 pu (high mode).
At the beginning, the WTG is in steady-state. The WT speed is 1.1 pu and the dc current is nominal. When electrical braking is ordered, the reference dc current is forced to the maximum value. This is about 1.2 pu. In response the inverter alpha is reduced which forces an increase in the dc current. This increases the electrical load torque and in this way slows down the WTG. The WT speed decays first slowly and then more rapidly as the average aerodynamic torque drops rapidly as Wt is reduced.

1.0 0.8 0.6 .

II

lI

I I

1i

I 1. I

I
I

1. I I I

I
I

I -.L-L-I-

.024
p.u.

AWt
f

E7II1

hydro

I I

I I I I

I I I

1,

.Oi2-f
tdw

5 ~

1. 1.

40

1.

I I I I

t(s) ~~~~

15

LI j I

20

I --I

25

During this test the exciter reference voltage is maintained at 1 pu even though the WTG speed is drop-

Fig. 8

Electrical Braking with Pw = 33%

1100
when the WT becomes stalled. because of model deficiencies. This was not recorded

I ref average

Three-Phase Faults at the Inverter


Bolted three-phase faults on the network commutation bus are shown in Figures 9 and 10. The fault is applied at 50 ms and released at 100 ms into the test. Wind speed is 0.845 pu. The penetration level is 13%.
In Figure 9 the test is without the damping controller of Figure 5. When the fault is applied Id goes initially to 3.8 pu, a commutation failure results and breaker CBI is automatically opened. After a short delay, CBI is reclosed and power transmission resumes. The recovery is sufficiently smooth so that commutation failures are limited to the fault duration. The curve of TR is most interesting. Clearly after a three-phase fault oscillations are introduced in TJ. The oscillations have only a small damping factor. The time constant on these oscillations is about 6.6 seconds. The recording of the electrical power delivered by the WTG, Pe shows that it is of acceptable quality.

1.04
p.u

0.9.

0.8C 25. T1
p.UL i.5II

0.5

I Ii

i |IL |@1 11 1|

1.07 p.u. 1.01

ji I I~~~~~~~~~
I ref average
1 uU -9 *1 '' IIIIt,,aI *' .. ,,I,. I,,, I, ,I,..,t,..,.III I1.,I, tiII III .. . ''1. Pe electrical power

6 12 a) damping with TX Iref averaqe __li


i
i

18

24 t(s) 3 3
IIIIjIjIIIIII

II11f

1.04
1 -

p.u.

X~~~~V~
:W4

A af ^v .AA

Av

0.92

7,11111111
i

ii

111

tIII

0.80L
3 pAU

[Ij
TtIlIlli.111111111111111
I

p.m

1.5

2
0

0.5

-0.5 II
25

-1 L
0

6 12 b) damping with a

18

24 t(s)30
on

Fig. 10

Three-Phase Bolted Fault

Inverter

0
Fig. 9

111

1 11

tI

IfI t tI

12

t|I

I I1 11 l| llI

t (s)

18

24

[II

Ill

III

eliminating the vibrations. The damping in this test is not as good as in Figure 10a, however. This is due to the parameters of the controller not being fully optimized.

Three-Phase Bolted Fault No damping controller

on

Inverter

It has previously been reported that random wind fluctuation may result in torsional oscillations in HAWT [9]. Based on the results of our paper, it appears that in a WTG-system using a dc link, the dc link could also be used to eliminate such a problem.
CONCLUSIONS

The test was repeated with a damping controller The result is based on a measure of the torque Ti. shown in Figure lOa. The action of the damping controller on the dc current order is very clear in the The action is mainly limited to curve of Iref average. the first three-seconds. The efficacy of this controller can be appreciated by comparing the new curve of Tt, with Ti in Figure 9. The problem with the damping controller is that it is based on a measure of TX. Such a measure may be difficult and expensive. An alternate way of obtaining damping is proposed in Figure lOb. The controller now uses a measurement of the firing angle a. This is based on the fact that the oscillations in Ti are observable on a. That measure of a is standard in HVdc technology. The curve of Ti in Figure lOb shows that the new damping controller is also very effective in

(1)

A WT control system which can achieve good power capture has been designed. The control system is a tradeoff between energy capture and smoothness of delivered power.
a

(2)

The method of controlling the power coefficient of Darrieus WT with a dc link is also applicable to HAWT. In this case the blade-pitch controller is
not required.

(3) (4)

Methods of damping torsional oscillations with dc current modulation have been proposed. It has been shown that the penetration level or such WTG can be relatively high, i.e. the AC network does not suffer from the presence of an un-

steady power source. For this reason the WTG is well suited for remote locations.

(5)

Further work is indicated in the following areas: different type of rotating machine, e.g. wound-rotor induction machine with slip energy recovery

1101 The WTG drive train of Figure 3 is represented by a set of four differential equations. The variables WI to W4 represent the angular speed of the various drive
The input torque on the rotor is train components. divided between the two discs (Tal and Ta2). The electrical torque Te is produced by the synchronous generator and is calculated by the synchronous machine model itself. The parameters of the WT and drive train are listed in Table A-2. The equations describing the mechanical system are given in [8].

harmonic contents

analysis of the quality of the electric power delivered by the WTG with respect to
different start-up strategies
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Table A-2:

Parameters of Mechanical System

Parameter 2 Hr 2 Ht 2 Hg Kr KI Ki Kh Cr Cl Ni N2 N Wt base Wg base Pb

Description
inertia of VWT rotor inertia of transmission inertia of generator rigidity of VWT rotor rigidity of LS shaft rigidity of IS shaft rigidity of HS shaft damping factor, VWT rotor damping factor, LS shaft gear box ratio, LS-IS gear box ratio, IS-HS

Value
30.1 s 57.9 ms 0.58 s

The research work reported in this paper was supported by the Canadian Electrical Association (CEA) under the contract 223G342 "Comparative Technical Evaluation of Large Power Trains on the Basis of their Dynamic Performance". REFERENCES

[1]

Clauss D.B., Carne T.G., "Vertical axis wind turbine drive train transient dynamics," Second DOE/ NASA Wind Turbine Dynamics Workshop Cleveland, Ohio, Feb. 1981
Beaulieu G., Masse B., "Dynamique du train de transmission de puissance des goliennes a axe vertical," Technical Report IREQ-2380, July 1981

Ni*N2 nominal speed of WT nominal speed of generator nominal power

1980.8/s 330/s infinite 5000/s 0.84 pu 0.091 pu 15.73 1.2506 19.67 36.6 rpm 720 rpm 224 kW

[21

[31

Beaulieu G., Masse B., Dubg B., "Darrieus wind turbine power train dynamics," Wind and Solar Energy Technology Conference, Kansas City, April 1982 Bowles J.P., Turner A.B., Vaughan R.L., " Studies for HVDC Circuit Breakers," Electric Power Research Institute, Report EL-1260, Dec. 1979
Jasmin G.,

For a penetration level of 33%, the AC transmission line has an impedance of 100.5 Q and the load is 670 kVA with a power factor of 0.85 at nominal voltage. For a penetration level of 13%, the AC transmission line has an impedance of 202.4 Q and the load is 1.64 MVA at unitary power factor. A commutation reactance of 0.7 Q is located between the WTG and the diode rectifier (1.8 mH). This reactance is beneficial in obtaining proper commutation in the WT generator. It also protects the generator in case of system faults. The transformer associated with the converter on the network side is a Yg-Y transformer with a leakage of 15 per cent on its own base value, namely 264 kVA. The transformation ratio is 20 kV/1.1 kV. The leakage impedance is assumed entirely on the secondary side of the transformer. The transformer is linear. The converter associated with the hydraulic generator has a leakage of 9 per cent, the knee is at 1.3 pu.

[4]

[5]

Bowles J., Mukhedkar D., Leroux A., "Electronic simulation of a hydro-generator with static excitation," IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 9, pp. 4207-4215, Sept. 1981

[6] P6rocheau A., "Description des modales mEcanique

et agrodynamique utilisgs dans les simulations de train de puissance d'adrogEngrateurs," Technical Report IREQ-2902, Nov. 1983

Table A-1:

Parameters of Synchronous Machines

[7]

Dessaint L., Nakra H.L., Mukhedkar D., "Simulation of a vertical-axis wind-turbine generator connected to a utility network by a static frequency changer," Conference Record, IPEC-Tokyo, Vol. 2, March 1983
M., Jeanson G., "Simulator Study of a Synchronous Machine Variable Speed Generator for Small Wind Energy Systems," Technical Report IREQ-2926, Dec. 1983

MA
Rkq Rkd Rfd Xls Xaq Xad Xlkq Xlkd Xlfd 2 Hg
Rs pu pu pu pu pu pu pu pu pu pu
s

MB

[81 Lefebvre S., Deslauriers

[9]

Wasynczuk O., Man D.T., Sullivan J.P., "Dynamic behavior of a class of wind turbine generators during random wind fluctuations," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS100, No. 6, pp. 2837-2845, June 1981
APPENDIX

0.0008 0.022 0.010 0.001 0.0833 0.750 0.750 0.044 0.055 0.214
224

(kW) Voltage (kV)


(Hz)

Power

(1)

0.0008 0.032 0.010 0.0005 0.0833 0.416 0.750 0.046 0.083 0.214
448

8.00(2)
13.8

1.08
60

Frequency

60

Table A-1 gives the parameters of machine MA and MB for the system in Figure 1. Machine saturation was represented in the study [8].

(1) see Table A-2 (2) this includes the inertia of the hydraulic turbine

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