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Introduction
In Chapter 7 we introduced the concepts of work and kinetic energy. We then derived a net work-kinetic energy theorem to describe what happens to the kinetic energy of a single rigid object when work is done on it. In this chapter we will consider a systems composed of several objects that interact with one another.
What is Physics?
(1) The system consists of an Earth barbell system that has its arrangement changed when a weight lifter (outside of the system) pulls the barbell and the Earth apart by pulling up on the barbell with his arms and pushing down on the Earth with his feet (2) The system consists of two crates and a floor. This system is rearranged by a person (again, outside the system) who pushes the crates apart by pushing on one crate with her back and the other with her feet
There is an obvious difference between these two situations. The work the weight lifter did has been stored in the new configuration of the Earth-barbell system, and the work done by the woman separating the crates seem to be lost rather than stored away.
How do we determine whether the work done by a particular type of force is stored or used up.?
The net work done on the skier as she travels down the ramp is given by It does not depend on the shape of the ramp but only on the vertical component of the gravitational force and the initial and final positions of her center of mass.
The work done by a conservative force along any closed path is zero.
Test of a System's Ability to Store Work Done by Internal Forces: the work done by a conservative internal force can be stored in the system as potential energy, and the work done by a non-conservative internal force will be used up
U Wc
the change in the potential energy associated with the system is the negative of the work done
or
we choose the reference configuration to be when the spring is at its relaxed length and the block is at .
Sample Problem 2
A 2.0 kg sloth hangs 5.0 m above the ground (Fig. 8-6). a) What is the gravitational potential energy U of the sloth Earth system if we take the reference point y=0 to be (1) at the ground, (2) at a balcony floor that is 3.0 m above the ground, (3) at the limb, and (4) 1.0 m above the limb? Take the gravitational potential energy to be zero at y=0. (b) The sloth drops to the ground. For each choice of reference point, what is the change in the potential energy of the slothEarth system due to the fall?
For example,
1 2 1 2 mv mgh kx 2 2
mec sys
Ksys Usys 0
An isolated system: is a system that there is no net work is done on the system by external forces.
Example 3
Example 4 A Daredevil Motorcyclist A motorcyclist is trying to leap across the canyon shown in Figure by driving horizontally off the cliff at a speed of 38.0 m/s. Ignoring air resistance, find the speed with which the cycle strikes the ground on the other side.
EXAMPLE 6
In Fig., a 2.0 kg package of tamales slides along a floor with speed v1=4.0 m/s. It then runs into and compresses a spring, until the package momentarily stops. Its path to the initially relaxed spring is frictionless, but as it compresses the spring, a kinetic frictional force from the floor, of magnitude 15 N, acts on it. The spring constant is 10 000 N/m. By what distance d is the spring compressed when the package stops?
int
Work-Energy Theorem
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ext
int NC
Ksys Usys E
mec sys
Example 7 Fireworks
A 0.20-kg rocket in a fireworks display is launched from rest and follows an erratic flight path to reach the point P, as Figure shows. Point P is 29 m above the starting point. In the process, 425 J of work is done on the rocket by the nonconservative force generated by the burning propellant. Ignoring air resistance and the mass lost due to the burning propellant, find the speed vf of the rocket at the point P.
Sample Problem
A 2.00 kg particle moves along an x axis in onedimensional motion while a conservative force along that axis acts on it. The potential energy U(x) associated with the force is plotted in Fig. 8-10a. That is, if the particle were placed at any position between x=0 and x=7m , it would have the plotted value of U. At x=6.5m , the particle has velocity v0=(-4.0m/s)i . (a) determine the particles speed at x1=4.5m. (b) Where is the particles turning point located? (c) Evaluate the force acting on the particle when it is in the region 1.9m<x<4.0m.
THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another.
Example
In Fig. 8-58, a block slides along a path that is without friction until the block reaches the section of length L=0.75m, which begins at height h=2.0m on a ramp of angle =30o . In that section, the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.40. The block passes through point A with a speed of 8.0 m/s. If the block can reach point B (where the friction ends), what is its speed there, and if it cannot, what is its greatest height above A?