STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS WITH REFERENCE TO EQ

S. K. Bhattacharyya Central Building Research Institute Roorkee

Earthquake Forces

Earthquake forces are caused by the inertia of the structure, which tries to resist ground motions. The movement between the two parts of the building creates a force equal to the ground acceleration times the mass of the structure. The ground acceleration depends on the magnitude of the seismic event.

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In addition to the earthquake magnitude, the value of the seismic force also depends on the type of soil under the building. Some soils tend to amplify seismic waves and can even turn to a liquid like consistency during an earthquake.
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Seismic Response of Soil-Structure systems

To evaluate the seismic response of a structure at a given site, the dynamic properties of the combined soilstructure system must be considered. The nature of the sub-soil may influence the response of the structure in the following ways:
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 The seismic excitation at bedrock is modified during transmission through the overlying soils to the foundation. This may cause attenuation or amplification effects. The fixed base dynamic properties of the structure may be significantly modified by the presence of soils overlying bedrock. This will include changes in the mode shape and periods of vibration.
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 A significant part of the vibrational energy of the flexibly supported structure may be dissipated by material damping and radiation damping in the supporting medium. The increase in the fundamental period of moderately flexible structures due to soilstructure interaction may have detrimental effects on the imposed seismic demand.
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 Structures sited on soft alluvium may be damaged by differential vertical displacements occurring before and/or during earthquakes. It appears logical that structures with relatively low horizontal strength will suffer worst from this phenomenon i.e low rise structures will be most vulnerable.
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Analysis Steps
Subsoil Substructure
Superstructure

Non-structure
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Earthquake Excitation

Time variation of ground acceleration is the most useful way of defining the shaking of the ground during an earthquake.

mu cu ku mu g
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Equation of Motion

u 2n u u u g (t)
2 n

It is clear that for given ground acceleration the deformation response depends only on the natural frequency or natural period. Two systems with same natural period & damping ratio same displacement
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Response Quantities

Deformation of the system displacement of the mass Internal forces Shears & bending are linearly dependent on u. Total displacement helpful in providing separation between buildings.
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Response History

Refer Figure Longer the vibration period, the greater the peak deformation. Pseudo-acceleration response

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Response History

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NPCBEERM / IITKGP / SKB / L2

Pseudo-Acceleration Response

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Response Spectrum

Provides a convenient means to summarise the peak response of all possible SDOF systems to a particular component of ground motion. A plot of the peak value of a response quantity as a function of the natural vibration period or frequency is called Response Spectrum.
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Deformation Response Spectrum

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Deformation response; Pseudo-velocity & Pseudo-acceleration Spectrum Damping ratio 2%

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Combined D-V-A Spectrum

Deformation spectrum provides the peak deformation of a system The Pseudo-velocity spectrum is related directly to the peak strain energy stored in the system during the earthquake. Pseudo-acceleration spectrum is related directly to the peak value of the equivalent static force and base shear.
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Secondly the shape of the spectrum can be approximated more readily for design purposes with the aid of all three spectral quantities.

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D-V-A Response Spectrum

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Combined D-V-A Spectrum for El-Centro ground motion

Damping ratio 0, 2, 5, 10 & 20%

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Construction of Response Spectrum

Define the ground acceleration Select natural vibration period Tn & damping ratio. Compute Deformation Determine peak value of u(t) = u0 Spectral ordinates are: D=u0; V=(2/ Tn)D And A = (2/ Tn)2 D Repeat the above steps and plot.
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Response Spectrum

Damping ratio 2%

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Damping ratio 7/21/2012 5%

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Construction of Design Spectrum

Plot corresponding to the peak values of ground acceleration, velocity and deformation for design ground motion. For damping ratio selected obtain amplification factors Plot after multiplying the factors to the response quantities.
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El-Centro Ground Motion

Damping ratio 5%

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Codal Provisions

Equivalent Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis Modal technique

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