KHOA IN T LP HT4ATLT BI TIU LUN MN HC: MCH IN T 2 Ti: KHO ST P TUYN TN S CA MCH LC TNG T Gio vin hng dn:

: LU TH VINH Sinh vin thc hin: L NG NGC 10318961 V MNH H 10322371 L NG TR CU 10305361 NGUYN HONG MINH 10305301 PHM QUYT THNG 10305811

 I. GII THIU Mch lc l mt b phn rt quan trng trong k thut mch in t. Mch lc c tc dng cho tn hiu nm trong mt di tn s i qua v chn cc tn hiu trong di tn s cn li. Do vy, mch lc c dng chn lc tn s hay loi b tn s ca cc tn hiu in. Phn loi: Theo chc nng: Thng thp Thng cao Thng di Thng chn di Theo cu to: Mch lc th ng Mch lc tch cc

 p ng tn s: Mch lc l mt loi mch t cc c hai cc ng vo v hai cc ng ra. in p ng vo l Vi, in p ng ra l V0. kho st c tnh ca mch lc theo tn s, ngi ta dng tn hiu hnh sin t ng vo, ri o in p ng ra Mch lc p ng tn s ca mch lc c nh ngha l t s gia in p ra Vo trn in p tn hiu vo Vi, theo biu thc: K(f) cn c gi l hm truyn ca mch lc.

 II. NI DUNG 1. Mch lc th ng Mch lc ch gm cc linh kin th ng nh in tr R, t in C v cun dy L. C cc loi mch lc th ng nh : Mch lc RC RL RLC Mch lc hnh , hnh T 1.1. Mch lc thng thp Mch lc thng thp ch cho cc tn hiu c tn s thp i qua mch lc. Cc tn hiu c tn s cao th khng qua c mch lc. K hiu mch lc thng thp:

 S mch lc thng thp RC:

p ng tn s ca mch lc thng thp RC:

p ng bin ca mch lc thng thp RC:

p tuyn tn s ca mch lc thng thp Tn s ct ca mch lc thng thp RC:

p ng pha ca mch lc thng thp RC: Pha ca

1 1 jCR

chnh l pha ca 1 tr i pha ca 1+j CR .

Ta c = 0 - arctg CR = - arctg CR tn s thp f 0 nn 0 = - arctg 0 = 0o tn s cao f nn = - arctg

= - 90o

tn s ct f = fc , = C th = - arctg 1 = - 45o

 Nh vy tn hiu ra b chm pha so vi tn hiu vo. tn s thp mc chm pha nh, tn s cao mc chm pha ln hn v tn s ct th mc chm pha l 45o. Trong nhiu trng hp, s chm pha ny s lm cho tn hiu ra b mo dng so vi tn hiu vo. S mch lc thng thp RL:

p ng bin ca mch lc thng thp RL:

 S mch lc thng thp LC:

p ng bin ca mch lc thng thp LC:

1.2. Mch lc thng cao Mch lc thng cao ch cho cc tn hiu c tn s cao i qua mch lc. Cc tn hiu c tn s thp th khng qua c mch lc. K hiu mch lc thng cao

(HPF : High pass filter)

 S mch lc thng cao RC:

p ng tn s ca mch lc thng cao RC:

p ng bin ca mch lc thng cao:

 p tuyn tn s ca mch lc thng cao

Tn s ct ca mch lc thng cao RC :

p ng pha ca mch lc thng cao RC: Pha ca chnh l pha ca 1 tr i pha ca 1- j/CR.

 Ta c = 0 arctg(-1/CR )= arctg 1/CR tn s thp f 0 nn 0 = arctg 1/0 = arctg = 90o tn s cao f nn = arctg = arctg 0 = 0o tn s ct f = fc , = C th = arctg 1 = 45o
Nh vy tn hiu ra b sm pha so vi tn hiu vo. tn s cao mc sm pha nh, tn s thp mc sm pha ln hn v tn s ct th mc sm pha l 45o. Trong nhiu trng hp, s sm pha ny s lm cho tn hiu ra b mo dng so vi tn hiu vo

 S mch lc thng cao RL:

p ng bin ca mch lc thng cao RL:

S mch lc thng cao LC:

 p ng bin ca mch lc thng cao LC:

1.3 Mch lc thng di Mch lc thng di cho cc tn hiu nm trong mt khong tn s no qua c mch lc, cc tn hiu c tn s nm ngoi khong tn s th khng qua c mch lc. K hiu ca mch lc thng di:
Hoc (BPF: Band pass filter)

 p tuyn tn s ca mch lc thng di:

fc1 tn s ct di ; fc2 tn s ct trn S mch lc thng di RC:

 1.4 Mch lc chn di Mch lc chn di ngn cc tn hiu nm trong mt khong tn s no i qua mch lc, cc tn hiu c tn s nm ngoi khong tn s th qua c mch lc. K hiu ca mch lc chn di:

p tuyn tn s ca mch lc chn di:

fc1 tn s ct di ; fc2 tn s ct trn

 S mch lc chn di RC:

2. MCH LC TCH CC L nhng mch lc kt hp cc linh kin th ng R-L-C vi cc linh kin tch cc nh transistor, OPAMP Mch lc th ng c nhc im lm suy gim nng lng qua n, khng c tnh khuch i v kh phi hp tng tr vi cc mch khc. Do vy, mch lc tch cc c s dng lm tng h s truyn t v h s phm cht, ci thin nhc im ca mch lc th ng.

C 4 loi mch chnh: - Mch lc thng thp. - Mch lc thng cao. - Mch lc thng di. - Mch lc ct di.
1. Mch lc thng thp (Low pass Filter-LPF) - Mch lc thng thp cn bn: Dng mch

 Nu ta chn R2=R1 th |Av0|=1

p tuyn tn s dc -20dB/dec v khi tn s tng ln 10 ln th h s khuch i gim i 10 ln tc -20dB. Ngi ta hay dng mch voltage follower lm mch lc nh hnh 1. y l mch khuch i khng o, nhng do khng c in tr ni mass ng vo (-) nn li bng +1.

 Ngi ta thng chn Rf=R gim dng offset

- Mch lc thng thp -40dB/dec: Trong nhiu ng dng, ta cn phi gim nhanh li ca mch khi tn s vt qu tn s ct, c ngha l dc ca bng tn phi ln hn na. l mc ch ca cc mch lc bc cao.

 Dng mch

Nu chn C2=2C1, ta c:

 mch ny khuch i s gim i 40dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln ( li gim i 100 ln khi tn s tng ln 10 ln).

- Mch lc thng thp -60dB/dec: t c dc hn na-gn vi l tng-ngi ta dng mch lc 20dB/dec mc ni tip vi mch lc -40dB/dec c dc -60dB/dec ( li gim i 60dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln-gc pha ti tn s ct l -1350).

 Dng mch cn bn nh hnh sau

 2. Mch lc thng cao (High-Pass Filter HPF) y l mt mch m li ca mch rt nh tn s thp hn tn s ct nhng tn s cao hn th tn hiu qua ht. Nh vy tc dng ca mch lc thng cao ngc vi mch lc thng thp. - Mch lc thng cao 20dB/dec: Dng mch nh hnh di y l mch voltage follower nn AV=1. Do in th ng ra v0 bng vi in th 2 u in tr R nn:

 Khi tn s cao, tng tr ca t in khng ng k nn AV0=v0/vi=1. Khi tn s gim dn, n lc no li bt u gim. Tn s m ti li gim cn 0.707 AV0 gi l tn s ct. Lc ta c:

Ta cng c th dng mch nh hnh 2

 - Mch lc thng cao 40dB/dec:

Dng mch

Do l mch voltage follower nn in th 2 u R1 chnh l v0. Ta c:

 - Mch lc thng cao 60dB/dec:

Ngi ta dng 2 mch 40dB/dec v 20dB/dec ni tip nhau t c dc 60dB/dec.

Chn C1=C2=C3=C;

 3.Mch lc thng di: (band pass filter) y l mt mch m ng ra ch c mt di tn gii hn no trong ton b di tn ca tn hiu a vo ng vo.

 Vi mch ny in th ng ra v0max t n tr s ti a mt tn s no gi l tn s cng hng r. Khi tn s khc vi tn s cng hng, khuch i gim dn. Tn s thp hn r lm li gim i cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt thp L v tn s cao hn r lm li gim cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt cao h. Bng thng c nh ngha: B=H - L Khi B<0.1r mch c gi l lc di thng bng tn hp hay mch lc cng hng. Khi B>0.1r c gi l mch lc di thng bng tn rng.

 - Mch lc di thng bng tn hp Dng mch

 Ti tn s cng hng r:

 T phng trnh (1) ta tm c:

 - Mch lc di thng bng tn rng

Thng thng c mt mch di thng bng tn rng, ngi ta dng hai mch lc h thng v thng thng mc ni tip nhau nhng phi tha mn iu kin tn s ct 2 ca mch lc h thng phi ln hn tn s ct 1 ca mch lc thng thng.

Phi chn R1, R2, C1, C2 sao cho 1< 2.