Fundamentals of Pharmacology

Click to A. Meagher, MD style Emma edit Master subtitle Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Goal

To introduce students to the basic principles of pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics

To use our understanding of the basic principles to describe the drug development process
Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Objectives

Upon completion of this course you will be able to

Distinguish between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Describe the different routes of administration Define absorption and identify the relationship between administration, absorption and bioavailability
Ian A. Blair Drug Describe the determinants of distribution Metabolism 2004

Objectives

Upon completion of this course you will be able to

Identify the primary sites of drug metabolism Describe the purpose of metabolism and the processes involved Describe the determinants of drug metabolism

Define the process of drug excretion

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Objectives

Upon completion of this course you will be able to

Identify the relationship between drug metabolism and excretion Describe the concept of steady state concentration and what impacts it. Define half life and the kinetics of drug metabolism Describe the impact of age on all aspects of pharmacokinetics
Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Introduction

What is a drug?

A chemical entity that affects living protoplasm

What is a medicine?

A chemical entity used to treat, cure, prevent or diagnose disease

What is Pharmacology?

The study of drugs Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry, Physiology, Pathology, Pathophysiology, Molecular biology, Enzymology, Genetics

Disease

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of drug to manipulate

Pharmacology

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How are drugs developed?

Pre-Clinical Testing, R&D
Average 18 mos (1-3 yrs) Adverse Event Reporting Discovery Initial Synthesis & Purification Average 5 yrs (2-10 yrs) Average 24 mos (2 mos-7yrs)

Clinical R&D

NDA Review

Post-Marketing Surveillance

P h a s e 1

Surveys

Animal Testing S h or tte r IND L o n g30 Day te

P h a s e 2

Sampling Testing

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P h a s e 4

Inspections

NDA Approved

FDA Time

Pharmacology
In the US alone there were more than 4 billion prescriptions during 2011 ($320 billion) Drug therapy is used in the treatment of almost all diseases Aim of drug therapy is to prevent, treat, cure or diagnose disease To achieve this adequate amounts of the drug must get to tissues so that effect of the drug can be achieved while limiting toxicity of the drug
Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Basic Pharmacology Principles

Pharmacokinetics describes what happens to a drug when given to a patient

What the body does to the drug

Pharmacodynamics describes the bodys response to a given drug

What the drug does to the body

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Pharmacokinetics: Section I:

Introduction to PK and Administration of Drug Therapy

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

PK - What do I want to know?

How do I give the drug? Is it absorbed? How much is absorbed? Where does it go? How long does it stay there? How often do I have to give it? How does it leave the body?
Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

PD - What do I want to Know?

Does the drug work? How well does it work How does it work? How long do I need to give the drug for? Are there any down sides to giving the drug?
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Fundamentals of Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics

Dose response Administration Receptor activation Absorption

Efficacy Distribution

Metabolism
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Toxicity

Overview of the Process

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Lets see how we are doing

What is a drug?

A chemical entity that is used to treat a disease. A chemical entity that is used to treat or cure a disease. A chemical entity that is used to diagnose, treat or cure a disease. A chemical entity A. Blairis used to diagnose, prevent, Ian that Drug treat or cure a Metabolism 2004 disease.

The answer

What is a drug?

A chemical entity that is used to treat a disease. A chemical entity that is used to treat or cure a disease. A chemical entity that is used to diagnose, treat or cure a disease. A chemical entity A. Blairis used to diagnose, prevent, Ian that Drug treat or cure a Metabolism 2004 disease.

Lets see how we are doing

Pharmacokinetics describes which one of the following? A. What the body does to the drug B. What the drug does to the body

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Lets see how we are doing

Pharmacokinetics describes which one of the following? A. What the body does to the drug B. What the drug does to the body

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Lets see how we are doing

Pharmacodynamics describes which one of the following? A. What the body does to the drug B. What the drug does to the body

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Lets see how we are doing

Pharmacodynamics describes which one of the following? A. What the body does to the drug B. What the drug does to the body

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004