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K thut phn tp

M u
Phn tp (diversity) l k thut gi cng 1 k
hiu trn cc ng truyn c lp, tng hp
cc phin bn nhn c ti ni thu s cho kt
qu tin cy hn. y l phng php hiu qu
chng fading. C th thc hin trong min
thi gian, khng gian hay tn s
Trong thi gian, n gin nht l ma lp li
Trong khng gian: dng nhiu anten phn tp c pht
ln thu
Trong tn s, s xem xet 3 trng hp: Mt sng
mang vi b cn bng, trai ph day trc tip, hp
knh cc tn s trc giao
Cc s phn tp tinh vi s dng tnh cht
phn tp ca knh v ng thi ca bc t do ca
n. So vi ma lp li ngoi h s phn tp chng
cn cung cp h s ma
B tc
Mt xc sut iu kin (cn gi l hm kh
nng-likelihood) v xc sut hu nghim

Xc sut hu nghim ca U biu din theo hm
kh nng (qui tc Bayes)

Vi mt tng hp ca V l:

p
0
v p
1
l xc sut trc ca ngun
Qui tc quyt nh sau (hu nghim)


Qui tc ML
Biu din theo t s hm kh nng:

Khi p
0
=p
1
, qui tc quyt nh theo hu
nghim cc i chuyn thnh qui tc quyt
nh theo kh nng ln nht
Khi a v hm loga ca t s th xc sut
ln nht ca hm kh nng chuyn thnh
khong cch nh nht
Tch nh phn trong knh n Gaus
V d: phn b n Gaus

Tn hiu U(a,-a) qua knh n quan st
c l V=a+Z. ta c hm kh nng

T s kh nng

Ly loga:

Ngng quyt v xc sut li
Ngng:


Vi U=-a, li khi gi tr n ln hn
Hay
coi a
2
nh nng lng bit E
b


Khi p
0
=p
1


Tch nh phn khng ng b trong
knh Rayleigh phng
Knh chun ha c phn b h s (gain) knh
pha phn b u [0,2]
Bnh phng h s knh c phn b l:

Tn hiu qua knh:
Do khng bit pha phi dng 2 tn hiu trc giao
u
A
=(a,0), u
B
(0,a)
Vi l tng ca 2 thnh phn
Gaus phc, thnh phn 1 phng sai l a
2
/2 thnh
phn 2 l N
0
W/2
Xc sut lin kt
Tc l V
0
l bin ngu nhin
Cn V
1
l
Mt xc sut lin kt trong 2 trng
hp


Hm t s:
Quyt nh l v l
nu ngc li
Li trong knh fading
Li s xy ra khi bt ng thc khng
mong mun. t




V X
1
>X
0
l iu kin li khi U=(a,0) v
cng sut tn hiu tb=a
2
/2 (do thi gian
khng c) nn:

Quyt nh ging nh
so snh hnh chiu
Trn hai trc
Kt qua nay rt km.
c P
e
=10
-3
cn
SNR~500 (27dB).
truyn tin cy hn
cn cng sut ln
hn nhiu.
Khi Tch ng b theo iu ch BPSK t l li
s l trung bnh ca hm Q theo h

Tnh trung binh hm Q theo phn b ca h
~1/(4SNR)
Nhn xet :
P
e
gim vi hm m ca SNR trong knh
AWGN trong khi gim nghch o vi SNR trong
knh fadinh
chi c 3dB khc nhau gia tch ng b v
khng ng b trong knh fadinh. Do nguyn
nhn tch ti khng phai do kem hiu bit knh
truyn m l knh c xc sut gim su ln

Kt lun
So vi tch ng b

C 2 biu thc u suy gim theo hm m vi E
b
/N
0

chi khc h s. Xc sut li khi tch khng ng b
vn cao hn khi tch ng b nhng khng t nh
khi khng bit knh.
Nu E
b
/N
0
l ln th chi b thit 3dB
Trong knh fading chi c th da vo hoc thay i
tc truyn hoc dng ma, phn tp. Tuy nhin
hiu bit knh s c ch cho vic trng s b thu
xc sut li nh hn.

T BPSK n QPSK ( s dng bc t do) mt
k hiu BPSK c th truyn ng thi trn knh
I,Q c lp. Do tch c lp nn xc sut li trn
AWGN vn l:

i vi BPSK SNR=a
2
/N
0
trong khi i vi
QPSK SNR=2a
2
/N
0
v dng 2 knh I,Q. Do
xc sut li bit c th nhn c l:


Do b tr chm sao theo 2 bc t do: thc v
phc, nn vi cng xc sut li (k/c cc v tr sao
bng nhau), s BPSK i hi cng sut ln
hn (1/4SNR)
SNR SNR
SNR
p
e
2
1
2
1
2
1
~
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
( ) SNR Q
N
a
Q 2
2
0
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Mt khc c th nh ngha suy gim su l khi
/h/
2.
SNR<1 hay l /h/
2
<1/SNR
(suy t P
e
=Q(2/h
2
/SNR))
Ly tch phn phn u ca hm phn b
Rayleigh v xp xi gn ng bc 1 ta c xc sut
suy gim su l:
P(/h/
2
<1/SNR)~1/SNR (mt ng
tuyn tnh theo dB)
Nhn xet:
Xc sut suy gim su v xc sut li t l vi
nhau v vi nghch o SNR (hay ni cch khc
li trong knh fadinh l li do suy gim su)
c xc sut li ca QPSK trong knh Rayleigh
chi cn thay SNR bng SNR/2 vo trong biu
thc ca BPSK ta c: P
e
=1/(2SNR) .
Phn tp
Phn tp thi gian c th nhn c bng ma,
hay ghp xen: Thng tin c ma v phn tn
trn nhng khong thi gian ln hn thi gian
kt hp ca knh hoc nhng khong tn s ln
hn rng bng kt hp ca knh
Trong khi ma lp li c h s phn tp cc i
(song tc d liu b gim), th cc s phc
tp hn vn c th tng tc d liu ng thi
vn c c h s phn tp cng vi h s ma.
bi ton n gin ta xet trng hp thu ng
b: b thu bit knh v c th t hp ng cc
nhnh phn tp. iu ny c thc hin thng
qua pilot (trong khong thi gian kt hp knh)
v cng sut thu c ca tn hiu pht.
Phn tp thi gian
Kt qu phn tp thi gian t c bng cch
ly trung binh fading theo thi gian
Do thi gian kt
hp knh thng bng
Hng chc hay hng
trm di k hiu
Nn m bo cc
k hiu a ma c pht
qua fading c lp hay
gn c lp, vic ghep xen cc t ma c
yu cu. Trung bnh fading mi c ngha


Gi s t ma l: x=[x
1
,x
2
,x
L
]
t
c L k
hiu. Tn hiu nhn c l:

Gi s ghep xen lm cho cc k hiu x
l

xa nhau v c h
l
l c lp. Thng s L
c gi l s nhnh c lp.
Ma n gin nht l ma lp li theo
(ging h L
knh song song), dng vecto biu din l
y=[y
1
,y
2
,y
L
]
t
, h=[h
1
,h
2
,h
L
]
t
,
w=[w
1
,w
2
,w
L
]
t


Khi tch ng b vi b thu bit h s
knh. Cu trc thu l b lc ph hp, cn
gi l b t hp t s cc i: trng s tn
hiu nhn c theo mi nhnh t l vi
ln ca n v sp hng pha ca tn hiu
tng c SNR cc i. Cu trc thu cng
c gi l t hp ng b.

Vi x
1
=a, xc sut li vi iu kin h
l :(ch y l vec t h ch khng phi l
v hng h)

|
.
|

\
|
SNR h Q
2
2
||h||
2
l tng bnh phng ca 2L bin ngu
nhin thc Gauss c lp. mi s hng /h
l
/
2
l
tng bnh phng ca cc phn thc v phc
ca h
l
. l phn b Chi square vi 2L bc t
do c hm mt l :

Xc sut li c th tnh y :



Vi

x L
e x
L
x f

=
1
)! 1 (
1
) (
SNR
SNR
+
=
1


Ti SNR cao ta c :

Thm na


Nhn xet : Xc sut li gim theo nghch
o lu tha ca SNR tng ng vi
dc L (theo thang dB/dB).
tm nguyn nhn ta kim tra xc sut
suy giam su.

1
2
1
~
+
SNR 4
1
2
1
~

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
L
L
l
l L
L
l
1 2 1
1
0
Ti SNR cao li vn xy ra khi h l nh.
iu ny xy ra vi xc sut :

khi L ln ui ca phn b chi-square t
gn zero hn. vi x nh, hm mt xc
sut ca xp xi :


{ } SNR h P / 1
2
<
1
)! 1 (
1
) (

~
L
x
L
x f
{ }
L
SNR
L
SNR L
dx x
L
SNR h P
1
!
1
)! 1 (
1
/ 1
/ 1
0
1
2
=

~ <
}

Phn tch trn l rt th, khng c c hng s
chnh xc trc 1/SNR
L
song c c nghch
o ly tha L ca SNR. Hay ni khc i xc
sut li chnh l xc sut suy gim su
V c bn li xy ra khi c bc bng hoc
nh hn 1/SNR. iu ny xy ra khi tt c cc
bin /h
l
/
2
ng thi nh hn 1/SNR. V xc
sut /h
l
/
2
nh hn 1/SNR l 1/SNR ng thi
cc h s l c lp, nn xc sut h s ton
th nh hn 1/SNR l 1/SNR
L
(lc xy ra li) .
L c gi l h s phn tp ca h.


2
h
M rng m lp li
Du t c h s phn tp cao, ma lp li li
khng s dng ht bc t do c sn trong knh
v n lp li cng mt k hiu trn L khoang k
hiu. S dng ma tinh vi hn, ngoi h s phn
tp h s ma cng c th nhn c.
C nhiu kiu ma c dng. Ta trnh by y
m quay gii thch vn thit k ma cho
knh fading.
Xet trng hp L=2. Tc l lp li k hiu BPSK
2 ln nhng chi truyn 1 bit thng tin. Vic pht 2
k hiu BPSK c lp u
1
,u
2
qua 2 thi gian k
hiu s s dng bc t do c sn hiu qu hn,
nhng khng c h s phn tp : li s c khi
mt trong 2 h s h
1
,h
2
b fading su.
c c h s li trn c 2 phng din
phn tp v bc t do xet s pht vecto qua
2 thi gian k hiu vi ma trn quay


Dng 4 t ma c th l:


Tn hiu lp li l
Do kh nhn c biu thc chnh xc v xc
sut li chnh xc nn ta tm gii hn trn
(

=
2
1
u
u
R x
(


=
u u
u u
cos sin
sin cos
R
} { } { } {
D A C A B A e
x x P x x P x x P p + + s
Vi h s knh h
1
,h
2







SNR=a
2
/N
0

v l hiu chun ho ca 2 t
ma, chun l nng lng=1/thigian k hiu

(

=
2 2
1 1
A
A
A
x h
x h
u
(

=
2 2
1 1
B
B
B
x h
x h
u
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
) (
2 / 2
} , / {
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
2 1
d h d h SNR
Q
N
u u
Q h h x x P
B A
B A
S dng BT

Ly trung bnh h
1
,h
2



Do
Nu d
1
hoc d
2
=0 th h s phn tp ca ma chi
bng 1. Nu c 2 chng u khc zero th ti
SNR cao bin trn ca xc sut li cp tr thnh


2 /
2
) (
x
e x Q

s
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
s
4
) (
exp } , / {
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1
d h d h SNR
h h x x P
B A
Vi
l khong cch tch bnh phng gia x
A

v x
B
(tch gia hiu 2 thnh phn tng
ng), khi nng lng tb ca t ma c
chun ho trong 1 thigian k hiu.
Tng t c th nh ngha
ij
l khong
cch tch bnh phng gia x
i
v x
j
vi
i,j=A,B,C,D. tng hp kt qu li

ij
>0 i vi tt c i,j ta lun c h s phn tp
l 2. Khoang cch tch bnh phng ti thiu
(mu s) xc nh h s ma ca s ngoi h
s phn tp. thng s ny ph thuc v ta c
th tm cc i h s ma.
y
AB
=
AD
=4sin
2
2 v

AC
=16cos
2
2
Gc * lm cc i khoang cch tch binh
phng nh nht s lm
AB
=
AC
Ta tm c *=(1/2)tan
-1
2 v min
ij
=16/5
Bin trn by gi thnh
hiu v sao khoang cch tch l quan
trng, ta thy vic nhm ln gia x
A
v x
B

xy ra khi khoang cch Euclid bnh
phng (xem li cng thc hmQ(.))

gia hiu cc t ma nhn c c bc
1/SNR. iu ny cho c lng th khi c

u c bc 1/SNR v iu ny xy ra vi
xc sut 2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1 1 1

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
SNR
d d SNR d SNR d
Nh vy rt quan trng l c

l ln m bo phn tp chng li
fading trong c 2 thnh phn. so snh
ma ny vi ma lp li ta cho tc bit
ging nhau (vn chuyn 2 bit/2 k hiu
thc). S ma lp li dng iu ch 4-
PAM (-3b,-b,b,3b)
T xc sut li gia 2 t ma cnh nhau :
(
(

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
) (
} {
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
d h d h SNR
Q E x x P
B A
SNR=5b
2
/N
0
l trung bnh SNR/thi gian k hiu
i vi 4-PAM v
l hiu cc thnh phn chun ho gia cc t ma
cnh nhau. Khong cch tch bnh phng nh
nht i vi ma lp li l 16/25, cn khong cch
tch bnh phng nh nht 16/5 i vi ma quay.
V xc sut li t l vi SNR
-2
trong c 2 trng
hp nn ta kt lun m quay c h s m tt hn
m lp li theo ngha tit kim cng sut pht
bng mt nhn t ,(3,5dB) i vi cng khong
cch tch

S ci tin ny c c t s tng khong cch
tch ton th, iu ny li c c khi tri t ma
trn khng gian 2 chiu ch khng phi ng gi
trong khng gian 1 chiu nh ma lp li. y
cng chnh l nguyn nhn lm ma QPSK hiu
sut hn BPSK.
n tp gia k
K thut tri ph
Knh Gaus v knh Rayleigh
Dung nng knh Gaus v dung nng knh
fading
K thut phn tp theo thi gian

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