TYPES OF LIFTS & LIFT TECHNOLOGY

SAI ESHWAR 09011BB027 FSP, V SEM JNAFAU

LIFTS
An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transport

equipment that efficiently moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel or other structures. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack

What Customers Want

Repeatable Elevator Performance

Smooth Operation
Reliable Operating Life Effortless Installation Custom Control Interface High Efficiency

Conformance to All Codes

Low Installed Cost

LIFT TECHNOLOGY
The two main types of elevator technologies are

hydraulic and traction

Hydraulic elevators
Conventional hydraulic elevators. They use an underground cylinder, are quite common for low level buildings with 25 floors (sometimes but seldom up to 68 floors), and have speeds of up to 200 feet/minute (1 meter/second). Roped hydraulic elevators use both above ground cylinders and a rope system, allowing the elevator to travel further than the piston has to move. The low mechanical complexity of hydraulic elevators in comparison to traction elevators makes them ideal for low rise, low traffic installations. They are less energy efficient as the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight. The high current draw of the pump when starting up also places higher

HYDRAULIC TYPES
Hydraulic elevators are two main types as follows:
A- Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic Elevators
They have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which

accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet. B- Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators
They have a piston on either side of the cab. It can be divided to 3

different types as follows:

a- Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators:
In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and

do not require a sheave or hole below the pit and has 2 or 3 pieces of telescoping pistons. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel distance. b- Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic Elevators:
It has one piston and only allows about 20 feet of travel distance.

c- Roped Hydraulic Elevators:

They use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the elevator. Maximum

travel distance is about 60 feet.

TRACTION ELEVATORS
Traction elevators are the most popular form of

elevator designs used widely across the world. These consist of the elevator car and a counterweight held together by steel ropes looped around the sheave. The sheave is a pulley with grooves around its circumference. The sheave is driven by the AC or DC motor. The sheave grips the hoist ropes so that when it rotates, the ropes move, too. This gripping is due to traction.

ROPING SYSTEM
A roping system is used to attach the motor/gear

reducer, the elevator car and the counterweight. There are many different kinds of arrangements that can be used; the two most common are: 1. One to One roping (1:1) also called traction drum arrangement 2. Two to One Roping (2:1) also called lifting drum arrangement

ROPING SYSTEM
One to One roping (1:1) or Traction Drum Arrangement

In a One to One roping (1:1) arrangement, the hoist ropes runs from the elevator car hitch over the machine sheaves to the counterweight hitch. The elevator car and the counterweight each run in their own sets of guide rails. A second governor cable runs from the car up to a governor pulley, then down to a tension pulley at the bottom of the elevator shaft, and up to the car again. This cable rotates the governor pulley at a speed directly proportional to the speed of the car. In the event of excessive car speed, the governor uses another cable to activate the emergency brake jaws which grip the guide rails and slow the car to a stop. Two to One Roping (2:1) or Lifting Drum Arrangement Arrangement of hoist ropes in which one end of each hoist rope passes from a dead-end hitch in the overhead, under a car sheave, up over the drive sheave, down around a counterweight shave and up to another dead-end hitch in the overhead. The

CHOICE BETWEEN HYDRAULIC AND TRACTION ELEVATORS

Hydraulic elevator

Hydraulic elevators operate at slower speeds and serve up to 14 meter of travel. These are recommended for light usage low height installations. Benefits Lower ownership costs; Quick installation; Doesnt need a penthouse or overhead support to house the machinery; Flexibility in the location of the motor room; Upon power failure the lift lowers to the ground floor and releases the door.
Drawbacks

Noisy, slow and poor ride quality; High on energy consumption; May cause potential environmental damage from leaking hydraulic fluid.

CHOICE BETWEEN HYDRAULIC AND TRACTION ELEVATORS

Traction Elevator

Roped traction elevators are much more efficient and safer. Geared traction elevators typically serve mid-rise buildings with speeds ranging 0.5 to 2.0 m/s and gearless traction elevators can serve buildings of any height with speeds of 2.5 m/s and higher. Benefits Faster and smoother ride; More energy efficient; Cost little more to buy. Speed Comparison The speed of the elevator shall be within the following ranges and chosen to suit the specific building requirements as part of the elevator traffic analysis: Hydraulic passenger elevators - 0.25 to 0.75 m/s; Geared traction passenger elevators - 0.5 to 2.0 m/s;

TYPES OF ELEVATORS

PASSENGER SERVICE
A passenger elevator is designed to move people

between a building's floors. Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 1,000 to 6,000 pounds (4502,700 kg) in 500 lb (230 kg) increments. Generally passenger elevators in buildings eight floors or less are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 200 ft/min (1.0 m/s) hydraulic and up to 500 ft/min electric. In buildings up to ten floors, electric and gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s), and above ten floors speeds begin at 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s) up to 2000 ft/min (10 m/s).

FREIGHT ELEVATORS
A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator

designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg.

VEHICLE ELEVATORS
Vehicular elevators are used within buildings or

areas with limited space, typically to move cars into the parking garage or manufacturer's storage. Geared hydraulic chains (not unlike bicycle chains) generate lift for the platform and there are no counterweights. To accommodate building designs and improve accessibility, the platform may rotate so that the driver only has to drive forward. Most vehicle elevators have a weight capacity of 2 tons. Rare examples of extra-heavy elevators for 20-ton lorries and even for railcars also occur

MATERIAL HANDLING BELTS AND BELT ELEVATORS

A different kind of elevator is used to transport material.

It generally consists of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to prevent the material from sliding backwards. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. Belt elevators are often used in docks for loading loose materials such as coal, iron ore and grain into the holds of bulk carriers There have occasionally been lift belts for humans; these typically have steps about every seven feet along the length of the belt, which moves vertically, so that the passenger can stand on one step and hold on to the one above. These belts are sometimes used, for example, to carry the employees of parking garages, but are considered too dangerous for public use.

Scissor Lifts
Overview
The scissor lift is unique in that it doesn't use a straight support to raise workers or objects into the air. Rather, the scissor lift platform raises when the linked, folding supports underneath it draw together, stretching it upward. It can be powered by hydraulics or an electric motor, but it's a bumpy ride to the top. The scissor lift's design keeps it from traveling with a constant velocity, instead traveling faster in the middle of its journey and slower with more extension. Pros The max height of the platform is flexible The height is determined by the number and length of the linkages Great for straight lifts Can be used in a robotic arm to reach out straight

Cons Requires great force to get the lift started Synchronizing two scissors is difficult Complex design
20

Rotary Jointed Arms

Rotary Jointed Arms work on the basic principle of the human arm. They have a wrist, a shoulder, and an elbow. Depending on what the robotic arm is used for, a gripper, like that of a hand can be added to the end of the arm, and ultimately give the user 3 axes of motion, generally referred to as pitch, yaw, and roll. Pros Allows for 3 axes of motion Can emulate the human arm Great idea when gripping objects is required Cons Large moments can develop at the shoulder and base plate, which can ultimately lead to failure of the joint. A motor is required at each joint, and each has to be operated independently Programming a system to work on

21

4 Bar Lifting Mechanism

The 4 bar mechanism is simple and effective. The opposite bars always remain parallel retaining the orientation of the object. Many industrial robots use this mechanism. Pros Simple Object retains orientation 1 joint to power Easily programmed Provides reach
Cons Large moments can develop at the joint location Required to lift outside of the box Can be vulnerable to side hits
22

THANK YOU.