NGUYN L

TRUYN THNG
Thc s. V KHIM
TRUNG TM NG DNG KHOA HC, CNG NGH & TIN HC LM NG Email: vokhiemkh@yahoo.com Phone: 063. 501778 - 0913173367

Chng 2: IU CH TN HIU TNG T

Tn hiu tng t khi truyn i xa th nng lng ca chng b suy gim theo khong cch.

V vy, c th truyn tn hiu i xa v thch hp vi cc dng knh truyn khc nhau cn phi thc hin qu trnh iu ch tn hiu.

Trong chng trnh ny, ch nghin cu nguyn l ca cc tn hiu iu ch tng t v hm ph ca chng.

Cc s iu ch ch trnh by di dng nguyn l. Cc vn gii php k thut, s mch in c th, s c nghin cu k hn gio trnh Mch in t thng tin.

I. KHI NIM CHUNG V IU CH

iu ch l qu trnh bin i dng tn hiu sng mang (carrier) tun theo mt c trng no ca tn hiu u ch ( tin tc ) cn truyn i nhm to ra mt tn hiu cha ni dung tin tc nhng c dng thc ph hp, c th lan truyn trong mi trng. iu ch tn hiu, cn phi c hai thnh phn: - Tn hiu em iu ch, cha tin tc, thng c k hiu l s(t) (hay x(t), w(t), m(t),..., tu hon cnh). s(t) = Uscos2fst - Sng mang (carrier ), cn gi l dao ng ti tin, k hiu l Uc(t) hay Xc(t). l dao ng tn s cao, thng di dng in th hay dng in, nh sau: Uc(t) = Uocos(2fct + )

CC KIU IU CH
Uc(t) c c trng bi ba tham s l: bin , tn s, pha tc thi. Ni cc khc: iu ch l ghi tn hiu vo mt trong cc tham s ca dao ng mang, lm cho cc tham s ny b thay i theo quy lut ca tin tc. - Nu ghi tn hiu vo bin ca dao ng mang, lm cho bin thay i theo quy lut ca tin tc. Ta c tn hiu iu ch bin .

- Nu ghi tn hiu vo tn s ca dao ng mang, th tn s dao ng mang thay i theo quy lut ca tin tc. Ta c tn hiu iu ch tn s.
- Nu ghi tn hiu vo pha tc thi ca dao ng mang, th pha tc thi bn cnh s thay i u n theo thi gian, s thay i theo quy lut ca tin tc. Ta c tn hiu iu ch pha. - Nu ghi tn hiu ng thi vo hai tham s (bin v pha) ca dao ng mang, chng ta c tn hiu iu ch hn hp.

II. IU CH BIN AM
(Amplitude Modulation )

1. iu ch bin song bin

Tin tc s(t) v sng mang uc(t) biu din nh sau: s(t) = Uscos2Ft uc(t) = Uocos(2fct + ) Tn hiu iu ch AM (theo php cng) c dng: uAM(t) = [U0 + s(t)]cos(2fct + ) uAM(t) = [U0 + Us.cos2Ft].cos(2fct + ) = U0 [1+Us/U0.cos2Ft].cos(2fct + ) t m = Us/U0 l su iu ch

uAM(t) = U0[1 + m.cos2Ft].cos(2fct + )

uAM(t) = [U0 + m.U0cos2Ft].cos(2fct + )

Tn hiu AM theo su iu ch m

 U 0 cos(2f ct )

Ph bin - tn s tn hiu AM n m
uAM(t) = [U0 + m.U0cos2Ft].cos(2fct + ) Chng ta c th trin khai biu thc nh sau:

mU0 mU0 cos[2 ( f c F )t ] cos[2 ( f c F )t ] 2 2

uAM(t) = U0cos(2fct + ) + mU0cos(2fct + ). cos(2Ft)

U 0 cos(2f c t ) mU 0 cos[2 ( f c F )t ] 2 mU 0 cos[2 ( f c F )t ] 2

- Thnh phn (1) bin U0, cn tn s sng mang fc ; - Thnh phn (2) bin mU0/2, cn tn s bin trn l (fc+F); - Thnh phn (3) bin mU0/2, cn tn s bin di l (fc-F).

Ph tn hiu AM

Ph bin - tn s tn hiu AM

Cng sut cc thnh phn tn ph

- Cng sut ca thnh phn sng mang: Pc = U20 - Cng sut ca thnh phn bin: - Cng sut ton b tn hiu AM : Pb = (mU0/2)2 PAM = Pc + 2Pb = Pc [ 1 + m2/2]

iu ch AM, cng sut thnh phn sng mang chim phn ln. m = 1, th 66% cng sut dnh cho sng mang, ch 17% cng sut ti thng tin (mt di bin). m < 1, cng sut ti thng tin cn gim hn na, m = , th gn 90% cng sut cho sng mang, hn 5% cng sut ca tn hiu ti thng tin. m > 1, cng sut thnh phn sng mang gim i. Nhng rng ph tn hiu AM tng ln nhiu ln, Wm>1 = 6B = 3Wm<1, W rng ph tn s tn hiu AM, cn B l rng ph ca tin tc.

Ph bin - tn s tn hiu AM a m

2. iu ch bin trit sng mang

DSB SC (Double SideBand Supperssed Carrier ).
iu ch AM c nhc im l lng ph cng sut pht cho sng mang m khng cha ng thng tin.

Trong ng dng, ta loi b sng mang trong tn hiu iu ch, phng php ny gi l iu ch trit sng mang DSB SC

Tn hiu AM c hai di bin tn vi sng mang b trit, c to ra bng cch nhn tn hiu em iu ch s(t) vi sng mang Uc(t), c dng nh sau:

uDSB-SC(t) = s(t).U0 cos(2fct + ) Tn hiu DSB SC, do khng c thnh phn sng mang nn ton b cng sut ca tn hiu dng ti thng tin (mi di bin 50%).

Tuy nhin, khi nhn li tn hiu iu ch my thu phi s dng mch gii iu ch tch, nn gi thnh s cao hn nhiu so vi mch tch sng ng bao bin AM.

Ph bin - tn s tn hiu DSB-SC

uDSB-SC(t) = s(t).U0 cos(2fct + ) Biu thc ny c th vit li n gin nh sau: uDSB-SC(t) = U0Uscos(2Ft) x cos(2fct + ) Chng ta trin khai tip nh sau:

uDSB-SC(t) = Acos[2(fc + F)t + ].cos[2(fc F)t + ]

Biu thc ny ch c hai thnh phn tn s l fc F.

Ph bin - tn s tn hiu BSB-SC

3. iu ch bin - n bin SSB-AM (Single Side Band Amplitude Modulation )

Ph bin - tn s ca tn hiu AM, c hai di bin (bin trn v bin di) cng cha mt lng tin nh nhau.

Nh vy, ch cn mt di bin cng c th khi phc li tin tc ban u, tc l c th b i mt di bin.

ton b cng sut ca tn hiu s dng cho truyn ti thng tin, cn loi b thnh phn sng mang nh iu ch DSB-SC, v loi b bt mt di bin ca tn hiu, l iu ch bin n bin SSB-AM .

Tn hiu SSB-AM vi sng mang b trit thng c s dng trong thc tin nht.

Ph bin tn s tn hiu SSB AM ting ni

iu ch tn hiu SSB-AM c th thc hin bng mt trong ba gii php k thut sau:

- Phng php lc (filtering method);

- Phng php quay pha (phasing method);

- Phng php lai ghp ca hai phng php trn. So vi tn hiu AM thun ty, th tn hiu SSB-AM ch chim dng ph bng mt na, tc WSSB-AM = B.

Tuy nhin, gii php k thut c thit b pht, cng nh pha thu, u phc tp hn.

V th, tn hiu SSB-AM, ch c s dng cho mc ch qun s.

4. iu ch bin - di bin rt
(Vestigial SideBand VSB)
Trong k thut truyn hnh, truyn ti hnh nh bng iu bin AM hoc DSB-SC, ph tn s ca n qu rng W = 2 x 4,2 = 8,4 MHz.

Nu s dng SSB-AM, th gii php k thut li qu phc tp, gi thnh t.

V vy, ngi ta s dng gii php iu bin rt

Tn hiu VSB c th thc hin t tn hiu AM hoc DSB-SC, nh mt mch lc gii thng c bit, gi l mch lc bin rt. Mch lc bin rt c tc dng lm gim (ct ct) phn ln ph bin tn di.

Ph tn hiu VSB
Tn hiu VSB c biu din bng biu thc: sVSB(t) = uAM(t)*h(t)

- uAM(t) l tn hiu iu bin AM, - h(t) l p ng xung ca mch lc bin rt, - du * y ch php tch chp. Ph tn hiu VSB xc nh bng biu thc: SVSB(f) = SAM(f) . H(f)

- SAM(f) - ph bin - tn s ca tn hiu AM,

- H(f) l hm truyn ca mch lc bin rt.

5. Mch iu ch bin
iu ch bin l mt qu trnh phi tuyn, cc mch iu ch c phn chia thnh cc dng sau: - Mch iu ch nhn

- Mch iu ch bc hai
- Mch iu ch cn bng

- Mch iu ch SSB

a. Mch iu ch nhn
iu

ch AM, c tn hiu xc(t)=Accoswct+x(t)Accoswct, mch iu ch gm cc khi nhn v cng. Vi iu ch DSB, s mch tng t nhng ch c khi nhn thun tu xc(t) = x(t).Accoswct.
Mt

dng khc ca mch iu ch nhn l phng php iu khin h dn ca cc phn t tch cc, nh mch nhn dng BJT

b. Mch iu ch bc hai

c. Mch iu ch cn bng

Trong thc t, khng c phn t phi tuyn no l bc 2 thun tu, to tn hiu DSB v trit tiu cc thnh phn bc 1 v bc 3, ta dng hai mch AM ghp i xng, gi l mch iu ch cn bng (balanced modulator)

Hai mch iu ch AM ging nhau, cng c thnh phn sng mang Accoswct. Tn hiu tin tc x(t) c o pha v t vo hai ng vo vi pha ngc nhau.
Mch cng vi sai cho php trit tiu thnh phn sng mang, ng ra nhn c x(t)Accoswct l tn hiu DSB.

d. Mch iu ch SSB

6. Gii iu ch tn hiu bin

a. i tn b. Tch sng ng b (Synchronous Detection) c. Tch sng ng bao (envelope detection)

a. i tn

Phn t cn bn ca mch i tn l khi nhn tn hiu.

Nu f1 f2, mch nhn to ra thnh phn tn s tng (f1+ f2 ) v hiu (f1 f2).
Mch lc tn s cho php chn la thnh phn tn s mong mun, ta c mch i tn ln (up-converter) hoc mch i tn xung (down-converter). Phng php i tn nh trn c gi l phng php ngoi sai (heretodyne).

b. Tch sng ng b (Synchronous Detection)

Mch tch sng ny cng gm mt mch nhn.

Tn hiu thu ( iu ch) c nhn vi tn hiu dao ng ni, sau c lc thng thp vi bng thng bng di tn s W ca tn hiu tin tc. Khi tn hiu dao ng ni c ng b hon ton v tn s v v pha vi sng mang, ta c mch tch sng ng b.

c. Tch sng ng bao (envelope detection)

Mch tch sng ng bao c s dng thng xuyn cho gii iu ch AM, v cu trc mch rt n gin. iu kin ca mch tch sng l: W << 1/ R1C1 <<fc

Vi cc kiu iu ch trit sng mang (DSB hoc SSB), ta phi dng mch to sng mang ti to bin tn hiu, sau mi dng mch tch sng ng bao, Phng php ny cn s ng b gia tn hiu dao ng ni vi sng mang

III. IU CH TN S - IU CH PHA
Tn hiu iu ch tn s (Frequency Modulation FM) cng nh tn hiu iu pha (Phase Modulation - PM), gi chung l tn hiu iu ch gc, hay iu ch hm m, c nhng c trng: - Ph tn hiu iu ch khng cng dng vi ph ca tin tc. - Bng thng ph tn hiu iu ch ln hn nhiu ln bng thng tin tc.

- Cht lng tn hiu (t s S/N) c ci thin m khng cn tng cng sut pht.

1. iu ch tn s - FM

Thng dng mch VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator), l mch to dao ng, m tn s c iu khin bi in p ngoi. Khi c tn hiu iu ch s(t) tc ng vo, tn s tc thi do VCO to ra, c xc nh bng biu thc: f(t) = fc + as(t); a l h s t l.

Quy lut bin thin ca tn s tc thi f(t) hon ton ph hp theo quy lut bin thin ca tn hiu em iu ch s(t).

2. Ph bin - tn s ca tn hiu FM

Khong chim dng ca ph tn s theo gi tr m cng ln, th W cng rng. WFM =2(m + 2)B B l b rng ph ca tn hiu tin tc em iu ch.

Khi tn hiu s(t) c nhiu thnh phn tn s, th mi thnh phn tn s s cho mt ch s iu ch m tng ng, cng vi mt hnh nh ph tng ng.
Ph chung ca tn hiu nhiu thnh phn l s xp chng ca cc ph thnh phn.

3. iu ch pha - PM

Khi pha tc thi (t) bin thin t l vi tn hiu tin tc s(t) ta c tn hiu iu ch pha (Phase Modulation - PM). Ta thy, tn hiu PM v FM u c pha v tn s bin thin theo thi gian v c cng bn cht ging nhau. Do trong thc t rt kh phn bit tn hiu no l PM v FM. So snh mi quan h gia iu ch tn s v iu ch pha

4. Mch iu ch FM - PM
Mch iu ch FM trc tip
Mch iu ch PM v iu ch FM gin tip

a. Mch iu ch FM trc tip

Dng mt b dao ng VCO c tn s dao ng ph thuc in p iu khin bn ngoi. Mch dng mt phn t diode bin dung (varactor) cng vi mch cng hng LC Trong C0 l in dung tnh ban u ca mch (gm C1 mc song song vi in dung tnh ca varactor)

b. Mch iu ch PM v FM gin tip

Phng php iu ch PM t c s dng trong thc t, nhng kiu mch iu ch PM li c dng nh mt khi b tr nh cc c im sau: - Vic thi cng, o c mch tng i n gin. - Sng mang thng c to ra nh mch dao ng thch anh, c s n nh tn s,

- S dng kt hp gia mch iu ch PM vi mch tch phn tn hiu tin tc s cho tn hiu tng ng iu ch FM.

5. Gii iu ch tn s

Mch gii iu ch tn s cung cp mt tn hiu ng ra bin thin t l tuyn tnh vi tn s tc thi ca tn hiu ng vo. Mt s mch gii iu ch tn s thng dng sau y: Chuyn i FM thnh AM (FM to AM conversion) Tch sng FM phn bit (phase shift discrimination) Tch sng im khng (zero-crossing detector)

Tch sng dng vng kho pha (PLL: Phase Locked Loop)