CH 15 Filters

Chapter 15 Active Filters
Objectives
Describe the frequency response of basic filters
Describe the three basic filter response characteristics Analyze low, high, band-pass, and band-stop filters
Analyze the operation of log and antilog amplifiers

Discuss two methods for measuring frequency response
Introduction
Active filters combine solid state amplification and passive filter circuits. The amplification is used to augment a passive filters characteristics. The action of the passive filter is no different than when used by itself.
Basic Filter Responses

The basic low-pass filter response is from 0Hz to the upper critical frequency (fcu). Note the passband of the ideal (shaded area) versus the realistic. The fcu can be by the formula the formula below.
fcu = 1/2RC
Figure 151
Low-pass filter responses.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

A high-pass filter effectively blocks below fc and allowing only the frequencies above fc to pass. The same formula is used for the critical frequency for both low and high pass filters.
Figure 152
High-pass filter responses.
The band-pass filter allows frequencies between a lower critical frequency (fc1) and an upper critical frequency (fc2) to pass while effectively blocking all others. The narrower the bandwidth, the higher the quality (Q) of the filter. The formula for the Q of a band-pass filter is shown below. f0 = center frequency.
Q = f0/BW

The band-stop filter is just the opposite of a band-pass. Frequencies above and below fc1 and fc2 are passed while effectively blocking the frequencies between.
Filter Response Characteristics

The Butterworth, Bessel, and Chebyshev are three response curves that can be produced from filter circuits. These responses are easily identifiable and are produced with selection of certain component values.
The Butterworth characteristic response is very flat. The roll-off rate 20 dB per decade. This is the most widely used. The Chebyshev characteristic response provides a roll-off rate greater than 20 dB but has ripples in the passband and a nonlinear phase response. The Bessel characteristic response exhibits the most linear phase response making it ideal for filtering pulse waveforms with distortion.
The damping factor of an active filter determines the type of response characteristic. The output signal is fed back into the filter circuit with negative feedback determined by the combination of R1 and R2. The negative feedback ultimately determines the type of filter response is produced. The equation below defines the damping factor. DF = 2 - R1/R2
Figure 157
First-order (one-pole) low-pass filter.

Greater roll-off rates can be achieved with more poles. Each RC set of filter components represents a pole. Cascading of filter circuits also increases the poles which results in a steeper rolloff. Each pole represents a 20 dB/decade increase in roll-off.
Figure 159
Single-pole active low-pass filter and response curve.
Active Low-Pass Filters

The Sallen-Key low-pass filter is one of the most common configurations for a second-order (two-pole) filter. The cutoff frequency for this type of filter can be determined by the formula below. Greater roll-off can be achieved by cascading.
fc = 1/2 RARBCACB
Figure 1511
Figure 1512
Cascaded low-pass filters.
Figure 1513
Single-pole active high-pass filter and response curve.
Figure 1514
High-pass filter response.
Active High-Pass Filters

The Sallen-Key high pass configuration is a second order filter for high pass filters. Note that the positions of the resistors and capacitors are opposite of the low-pass type.
Figure 1516
Sixth-order high-pass filter.
A cascaded arrangement of a low-pass and high-pass filter forms a band-pass filter.
Active Band-pass Filters
Active Band pass Filters

The upper and lower cutoff frequencies and center frequencies can be determined with the previously discussed formulas for RC filter circuits.

Another type of filter configuration is the multiplefeedback band-pass filter. The low-pass circuit consists of R1 and C1. The high-pass circuit consists of the of the R2 and C2. The feedback paths are through C1 and R2.

The center frequency for a the multiple-feedback band-pass filter can be determined by the formula below.
f0 = 1/2(R1R3)R2C1C2
Figure 1519

The state-variable band-pass filter is widely used for bandpass applications. It consists of a summing amplifier and two integrators. It has outputs for low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass. The center frequency is set by the integrator RC circuits. R5 and R6 set the Q (bandwidth).
Active Band-Pass Filters

The band-pass output peaks sharply the center frequency giving it a high Q.
Figure 1522
Figure 1523
A biquad filter.
Active Band-Stop Filters

The band-stop filter is opposite of band-pass in that it blocks a specific band of frequencies. The multiplefeedback design is similar to a band-pass with exception of the placement of R3 and the addition of R4.
Figure 1525
State-variable band-stop filter.
Figure 1526
Filter Response Measurements

Measuring frequency response can be performed with typical bench-type equipment. It is a process of setting and measuring frequencies both outside and inside the known cutoff points in predetermined steps. Use the output measurements to plot a graph.
More accurate measurements can be performed with sweep generators along with an oscilloscope, a spectrum analyzer, or a scalar analyzer.
Figure 1527
Test setup for discrete point measurement of the filter response. (Readings are arbitrary and for display only.)
Figure 1528
Test setup for swept frequency measurement of the filter response.
Summary
The bandwidth of a low-pass filter is the same as the upper critical frequency. The bandwidth of a high-pass filter extends from the lower critical frequency up to the inherent limits of the circuit. The band-pass passes frequencies between the lower critical frequency and the upper critical frequency. A band-stop filter rejects frequencies within the upper critical frequency and upper critical frequency. The Butterworth filter response is very flat and has a roll-off rate of 20 B.
The Chebyshev filter response has ripples and overshoot in the passband but can have roll-off rates greater than 20 dB.
Summary
The Bessel response exhibits a linear phase characteristic, and filters with the Bessel response are better for filtering pulse waveforms.
A filter pole consists of one RC circuit. Each pole doubles the roll-off rate. The Q of a filter indicates a band-pass filters selectivity. The higher the Q the narrower the bandwidth.
The damping factor determines the filter response characteristic.
Figure 1529
Basic block diagram of an FM receiver system.
Figure 1530
Channel filter board.
Figure 1531
Channel separation circuits. The circuits on the filter board are shown in the green blocks.
Figure 1532
Figure 1533 Multisim file circuits are identified with a CD logo and are in the Problems folder on your CD-ROM. Filenames correspond to figure numbers (e.g., F15-33).
Figure 1534
Figure 1535
Figure 1536
Figure 1537
Figure 1538

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Chapter 15 Active Filters

Analyze the operation of log and antilog amplifiers

Basic Filter Responses

Low-pass filter responses.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic Filter Responses

High-pass filter responses.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic Filter Responses

Basic Filter Responses

Filter Response Characteristics

Filter Response Characteristics

Filter Response Characteristics

First-order (one-pole) low-pass filter.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Filter Response Characteristics

Single-pole active low-pass filter and response curve.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Active Low-Pass Filters

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Cascaded low-pass filters.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Single-pole active high-pass filter and response curve.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

High-pass filter response.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Active High-Pass Filters

Sixth-order high-pass filter.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

A cascaded arrangement of a low-pass and high-pass filter forms a band-pass filter.

Active Band-pass Filters

Active Band pass Filters

Active Band-pass Filters

Active Band-pass Filters

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Active Band-pass Filters

Active Band-Pass Filters

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Active Band-Stop Filters

State-variable band-stop filter.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Filter Response Measurements

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Test setup for swept frequency measurement of the filter response.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The damping factor determines the filter response characteristic.

Basic block diagram of an FM receiver system.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Channel filter board.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

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