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ATM Adaptation Layer

ATM Adaptation Layer

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ATM Adaptation Layer Functions

0 The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) is designed to support different types of

applications and different types of traffic, such as voice, video, imagery, and data
0 Its basic function is the enhanced adaptation of services provided by the

ATM layer to the requirements of the higher layer

0 It maps higher layer PDUs into the information field of the ATM cell 0 AAL is divided into the Convergence Sublayer (CS) and the Segmentation

and Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer

0 The Convergence Sublayer is service dependent and provides the AAL

services at the AAL-SAP

0 The functions of the SAR sublayer are segmentation of higher layer PDUs

into a suitable size for the information field of the ATM cell (48 octets) at the transmitting end and reassembly of the information fields into higher layer PDUs at the receiving end

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ATM Adaptation Sublayers

0 Convergence Sublayer (CS):

- Handling lost/misdelivered cells - Timing recovery - Interleaving

0 Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR):

- Split frames/bit stream into cells for transmission - Reassemble frames/bit stream for receiving - Support multiple protocols
Higher Layers ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Convergence Sublayer (CS) Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR) Virtual Channel (VC) Virtual Path (VP) Transmission Convergence Sublayer (TC) Physical Medium Sublayer (PM)

ATM Layer (ATM) Physical Layer (PL)

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AAL Protocols and Service Classes

0 To minimize the number of AAL protocols, ITU-T proposed a service

classification specific to the AAL

0 The classification was made with respect to the following parameters:

- Timing relationship between sender and receiver = Related = Not related - Bit rate = Constant bit rate = Variable bit rate - Connection mode = Connection-oriented

= Connectionless

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AAL Protocols and Service Classes (Concluded)

0 Four AAL protocols have been defined to support four AAL service classes 0 AAL service classes

- Class A
- Class B - Class C - Class D
0 AAL protocols

- AAL 1 - AAL 2 - AAL 3/4 - AAL 5

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AAL Services
Service Timing between Source and Destination Bit Rate Connection Mode Class A Class B Class C

Class D

Related

Not Related

Constant Connection Oriented Circuit Emulation Constant Bit Rate Video and Audio AAL 1

Variable
Connectionle ss Connectionoriented Data Transfer AAL 3/4 AAL 2

Examples of Services

Variable Bit Rate Video and Audio

Connectionless Date Transfer

AAL TYPE

AAL 5

AAL3/4 AAL 5

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AAL Type 1 Protocol

0 Supports Class A traffic, i.e., constant bit rate data with specific

requirements for delay, delay jitter, and timing, e.g., PCM voice, CBR video, and emulation of T-carrier circuits (DS1, DS3)
0 Receives constant bit rate stream with a well defined clock from source

and delivers the same to the destination

0 Provides for timing recovery (using SRTS), synchronization, and

indication of lost information not recovered by AAL1

0 Summary of AAL 1 functions

- Segmentation and reassembly of user information - Handling of cell delay variation - Handling of cell payload assembly delay - Handling lost and misinserted cells - Recovery of sending clock frequency at receiver - Checking and handling AAL PCI (header) error

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AAL Type 1 SAR-PDU

0 Consists of 1 octet header (PCI) and 47 octets of payload 0 Sequence Number (SN): A 1-bit Convergence Sublayer Indication

and 3-bit sequence count to detect deletion or misinsertion of cells 0 Sequence Number Protection (SNP): 3-bit CRC with even parity for detecting and correcting SN error

4 bits SN

4 bits

47 Octets

SNP

SAR-PDU Payload

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AAL Type 1 Sequence Number and Sequence Number Protection

0 The 4 bit RTS is transferred by the CSI bit in successive SAR-PDU

headers with an odd SN (SN = 1, 3, 5, 7) 0 For P format operations, the CSI value in SAR-PDU headers with an even SN (SN = 0, 2, 4, 6) is set to 1
1 bit Convergence Sublayer Indication (CSI) 3 bits Sequence Number (SN)

3 bit Cyclic Redundancy Check

1 bit Even Parity

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AAL Type 1 CS PDU

0 Two CS PDU formats

- Non-P format: No CS header (CS PCI), 47 octet user information for transfer of unstructured data such as circuit emulation of full DS1 or DS3 - P format: 1 octet header (Structure Pointer SP), and 46 octet user information for transfer of octet-aligned data such as N x 64 kbps (e.g., fractional DS1) services

47 Oc te ts AAL Us e r Infor mat ion CS-PDU Non- P For mat

1-Octet SP

46 Octets AAL User Inform ation

CS-PDU P Format

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AAL Type 2 Protocol

0 Designed to support Class B (VBR) traffic 0 Supports variable bit rate data where a strong timing relationship

0 0 0 0 0

between source and destination is required, e.g., VBR audio and video Data passed to AAL2 from higher layers at the source at fixed intervals and must be passed to the destination at the same rate The amount of data passed to AAL2 may vary with each transfer Supports voice compression and silence suppression Supports idle voice channel deletion Supports multiple user channels with varying bandwidth on a single ATM connection

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AAL Type 2 Voice Application Examples

0 PBX-to-PBX trunking for compressed voice 0 ATM trunking on public-switched telephone network 0 ATM backbone for cellular systems and personal communications

services (PCS) 0 ATM backbone connectivity to packet telephone

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PBX-to-PBX Connectivity

PBX PCM Voice Compression Silence Suppression Packetization AAL ATM PHY

PBX PCM Voice Compression Silence Suppression Packetization

ATM Network

AAL ATM PHY

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AAL Type 2 Packets

0 AAL2 provides bandwidth-efficient transmission of low-rate, short, 0 0

0 0

and variable-size packets for delay sensitive applications AAL2 uses one ATM connection between two points to carry packets from multiple native connections The ATM payloads from successive cells of the ATM connection are used as a byte stream on which packets from different native channels, called logical link channels (LLCs), are packed without regard to the cell boundaries A channel identification (CID) field is used in the packet header to identify the LLC to which a packet belongs A length indicator (LI) field is used to identify the boundaries of variable-length LLC packets

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AAL Type 2 Protocol Sublayers

Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS) Common Part Sublayer (CPS)

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AAL 2 Common Part Sublayer

0 Defines an end-to-end AAL connection as a concatenation of AAL2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

channels Each AAL2 channel is a bi-directional virtual channel, with the same channel identifier value for both directions AAL2 channels are established over an ATM layer PVC, SPVC, or SVC Provides basic structure for identifying the users of the AAL Assembling/disassembling the variable payload associated with each individual user Error detection and correction Multiplexing multiple AAL channels (merging multiple streams of CPS packets) onto a single ATM connection Provides QoS through the choice of AAL-SAP for data transfer

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AAL 2 Structure
AAL-SAP

Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS)

SSCS-PDU Header (if present)

SSCS-PDU Payload SSCS-PDU

SSCS-PDU Trailer (if present)

Packet Header (PH)

Packet Payload (PP) Packet

Common Part Sublayer (CPS)

Start Field (STF)

CPS-PDU Payload CPS-PDU

ATM-SAP

ATM Layer

Cell Header

Cell Payload

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Format of AAL2 Packet

CID 8 bits LI 6 bits UUI 5 bits HEC 5 bits Information 1 to 45/64 octets Packet Payload (PP)

Packet Header (PH)

Packet

0 Channel Identification (CID): Uniquely identifies the individual user channel (LLC)

within the AAL2, and allows up to 248 (8 - 255) individual users within each AAL2 structure.
0 Length Indicator (LI): Identifies the length of the LLC packet associated with each

individual user, and assures conveyance of variable payload.

0 User-to User Indication (UUI): Provides a link between CPS and an appropriate

SSCS that satisfies the higher layer application. Different SSCS protocols may be defined to support specific AAL2 user services, or groups of services. The SSCS may also be null.

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Format of AAL2 CPS-PDU

Cell Header 5 octets OSF 6 bits SN P 1 bit 1 bit CPS Information CPS-PDU Payload PAD 0 to 47 octets

Start Field

CPS -PDU

0 Packets are combined into CPS-PDU payload 0 The Offset Field (OSF) identifies the location of the start of the

remaining length of the packet that possibly started in the preceding cell and is continuing in the current cell 0 Data integrity is protected by the Sequence Number (SN) 0 The Start Field is protected from error by a Parity bit (P) 0 When it is necessary to transmit a partially filled cell to limit packet emission delay, the remainder of the cell is padded with all zero octets
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AAL 2 Service Specific Convergence Sublayer

0 SSCS is the link between the AAL2 CPS and the higher layer

applications of the individual AAL2 users 0 Standards for SSCS are being developed in ITU-T and ATM Forum 0 A null SSCS satisfies most mobile voice applications

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AAL Type 3/4 Protocol

0 Supports variable bit rate data where there is no timing

0 0

relationship between source and destination, e.g., X.25, frame relay, and TCP/IP data Supports Class C (connection-oriented) and Class D (connectionless) traffic Convergence sublayer divided into two parts: - Common Part Convergence Sublayer (CPCS) - Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS) SSCS layer may provide assured or non-assured services, or may be null - Assured service provides retransmission of missing or corrupted SSCS-PDUs and flow control is mandatory - AAL-SDUs may be lost or corrupted for non-assured service and flow control is optional CPCS provides message mode or streaming mode services
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AAL Type 3/4 Protocol Sublayers

Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS) Common Part Convergence Sublayer (CPCS)

Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR)

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AAL Type 3/4 CPCS-PDU

1 1 2 0-3 1 1 2

CPI

Btag BASize

CPCS-PDU Payload

PAD

AL

Etag Length

4-octet header and 4-octet trailer

CPI Btag BASize PAD AL Etag Length Common Part Indicator Beginning Tag Buffer Allocation Size Padding Alignment End Tag Length of CPCS-PDU Payload

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AAL Type 3/4 SAR-PDU

2 bits 4 bits SN 10 bits MID 352 bits SAR-PDU Payload 6 bits LI 10 bits

ST

CRC-10

2-octet header, 44-octet payload, and 2-octet trailer ST SN MID LI CRC-10 Segment Type Sequence Number Multiplexing Identifier Length Indication CRC Code

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AAL Type 5 Protocol

0 AAL5 is a simple and efficient AAL (SEAL) to perform a subset of the

functions of AAL3/4
0 The CPCS-PDU payload length can be up to 65,535 octets and must use PAD

(0 to 47 octets) to align CPCS-PDU length to a multiple of 48 octets

PAD CPCS-UU Padding CPCS User-to-User Indicator

CPI
Length CRC-32

Common Part Indicator

CPCS-PDU Payload Length Cyclic Redundancy Chuck
0 - 47 CPCS-PDU Payload PAD 1 CPCS UU 1 CPI 2 Length 4 CRC-32

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AAL Type 5 SAR-PDU

CPCS-SDU

CPCS-PDU CPCS-PDU Payload PAD CPCS-PDU Trailer

SAR-PDU Payload SARPDU

SAR-PDU Payload SARPDU

SAR-PDU Payload SARPDU

SAR-PDU Payload SARPDU

SAR-PDU Payload SARPDU

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AAL Type 5 Protocol (Concluded)

0 The CPCS-PDU is divided into 48 octets SAR-PDUs 0 Since CPCS-PDU is 48-octet aligned, there is no need for a length

field in the SAR-PDU 0 The AAL5 SAR-PDU is 48 octets of data with no overhead of SARPDU header or trailer 0 The PTI field of the cell header identifies the beginning or end of the CPCS-PDU - PTI = 0X1: End-of-Message (EOM) - PTI = 0X0: Beginning-of-Message (B0M), or Continuation-ofMessage (COM)

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