You are on page 1of 104

P A R T 1

Planning: Historical Overview and Influences


A history of urban and regional planning from its early development up to the present.

PL 511 | Urban & Regional Planning


Slideshow developed by: Arch. Edeliza V. Macalandag, UAP Bohol Island State University | College of Architecture & Engineering

THE BEGINNINGS
SETTLEMENT DESIGN Agricultural Societies Rectilinear Plotting LAYOUT 1. Grid (or Rectilinear) product of the farmer 2. Circular (Fencing)
product of the herdsman defensive role

3. Radiocentric when circular settlements enlarge fortress cities (i.e. Paris)


**

And when we saw all those cities and villages built in the water and other great towns on dry land, and that straight and level causeway leading to Tenochtitlan, we were amazedIndeed, some of our soldiers asked if it was not all a dream (Spanish chronicler, Bernal Diaz del Castillo) describing Aztec Chinampa agriculture

Circular Layout

Circular Layout

Radio-centric Layout

Radio-centric Layout

ANCIENT GREECE
LANDSCAPE HIGH PLACES powerfully assertive fortified hilltop sacred precinct TOWN DESIGN = SENSE OF THE FINITE Aristotles ideal size of city = 10,000 20,000 people Never attempted to overwhelm nature Buildings give a sense of human measure to landscape THE STREET not a principal element but as a leftover space for circulation PLACE OF ASSEMBLY market (agora)

Acropolis

Acropolis

The agora was a central spot in ancient Greek city-states. The literal meaning of the word is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city.

Athens Agora

Ancient Athens

Ancient Athens

Ancient Athens Houses

Priene City Block

Priene

ANCIENT ROME
URBAN DESIGN Greek : sense of the finite Romans : political power and organization USE OF SCALE Greek use of scale is based on human measurements Romans used proportions that would relate parts of building instead of human measure

**

ANCIENT ROME
MODULE Greek use of house as module for town planning Roman use of street pattern as module
to achieve a sense of overpowering grandeur made for military government

THE STREET Greeks : as a leftover space for circulation Romans: street are built first; buildings came later PLACE OF ASSEMBLY Greeks: market (agora) Romans: market, theater, and arena
**

Roman Forum

Imperial fora overlapping other sites

Trajan Forum

MEDIEVAL ERA
DECLINE OF ROME Dark Ages, but not for urban design URBAN SETTINGS Military strongholds, castles, monasteries, towns MILITARY STRONGHOLDS Acropolis and Capitoline Hill CASTLES Built atop hills, enclosed by circular walls Radiocentric growth
**

MEDIEVAL ERA
MONASTERIES Citadels of learning Laid out in rectilinear pattern MEDIEVAL TOWNS Like Greek towns, small and finite in size Lacks geometry Became parts of larger territorial states Growth and population created the need for marketplaces
**

MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN


VISIBLE EXTERIORS Suit the viewing conditions of small spaces VISTA considerations and HUMAN SCALE Fine accents in landscape STREET LAYOUT Functional But with no logical form

**

MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN


MEDIEVAL ERA sets the stage for RENAISSANCE Skill of builders Wealth of bourgeoisie and nobility Organization of the military and new force in gunpowder Development of political powers and expertise New organizations Scholarly knowledge of the church

**

MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN


3 MAJOR EVENTS MARKING TRANSITION FROM MEDIEVAL TIMES Dawn of science Fall of Constantinople Discovery of the New World

**

Lucca, Tuscany

Carcassonne, Languedoc-Roussillon, France

FROM MEDIEVAL ERA TO RENAISSANCE ERA


MEDIEVAL URBAN DESIGN were to be discarded Sense of scale Intimate relation between house and street MEDIEVAL SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN Truly livable Humanist basis RENAISSANCE SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN Role of the individual as builder of his town was lost
**

RENAISSANCE EARLY DEVELOPMENTS


IDEAL CITIES 1440 (beginning of Renaissance) Leon Battista Alberti
Foremost theoretician

Albertis De Architectura
Treats architecture and town design as single theme (just like Vitruvius)

ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF EARLY RENAISSANCE Public Works Civic improvement projects


**

RENAISSANCE EARLY DEVELOPMENTS


REBUILDING FERRARA Palazzo Diamanti
Most famous structure

Biaggio Rossetti
Architect and town planner Regarded as one of the worlds earliest modern urban designers

Rossettis plan Street widening, new buildings, wall improvement Enlarge the town Carry on with the plan o build upon
**

RENAISSANCE EARLY DEVELOPMENTS


LESSONS FROM ROSSETTIS EFFORT Repair an existing city Plan for enlargement Decide which to concentrate effort Lay down a plan that is logical and realizable Provide framework for others to build upon

**

Ferrara is the first MODERN city in Europe. (Jacob Burckhardt, 1860)

Palazzo Diamanti , Ferrara

Palazzo Diamanti , Ferrara

RENAISSANCE LEONARDO DA VINCI


SKETCHED A CITY STRADDLING A RIVER RIVER STREAMS supply water and carry away waste MULTILEVELS for multiple functions PROPOSED MOVABLE HOUSES anticipated the greenbelt concept SATELLITE TOWNS for workers LESSONS: Growth or functional improvement is not necessarily an advantage POPES IN ROME the real say in urban design at that time
**

Ideal City by Leonardo da Vinci

Ideal City by Leonardo da Vinci

Ideal City by Leonardo da Vinci

Ideal City by Leonardo da Vinci

Ideal City by Leonardo da Vinci

Ideal City by Leonardo da Vinci

RENAISSANCE REBUILDING ROME


PROBLEMS
Circulation Defense Water supply Sanitation

SOLUTION
Popes have to undertake civic improvement projects

PILGRIMAGE St. Peters Cathedral improved Campidoglio (Romes city hall) improved
**

RENAISSANCE REBUILDING ROME


DOMENICO FONTANA
Architect commissioned by Pope Sixtus V

FONTANAS PLAN
Streets were visually accented using OBELISKS

OBELISKS
As stakes, as GUIDEPOSTS for the whole city as SCALE REFERENCE POINTS for successive designers

DESIGN PRINCIPLE
Architecture of ancient Rome New design of early Renaissance
**

RENAISSANCE BUILDING GROUPS


ST. PETERS CATHEDRAL Bramante TEMPIETTO miniature version of St. Peters Cathedral CARLO FONTANA basilica inside the Colosseum BORROWED DESIGN Renaissance from Medieval, Romans from Greeks ANDREA PALLADIO developed precise theories of proportion and module
PALLADIOS PROTOTYPES Roman country villa (rural) Roman Forum (urban) PALLADIAN INFLUENCES George Washington and Thomas Jefferson FOUR BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE examples of plazas (the modern forum) COLOSSAL or GIGANTIC ORDER Palladios San Giorgio Maggiore
**

Renaissance Rome

In a classic example of Baroque planning, the encircling arms of the colonnade of Berninis St Peters basilica, crowned with sculptures by the same artist, reach out into the wider vista towards the Tiber river. (Thomas Mawson, Civic Art, 1911, p107)

Renaissance Rome

Renaissance Rome

Renaissance Rome

RENAISSANCE THE CAMPIDOGLIO


Piazza del Campidoglio
One of MICHELANGELOs finest works

Seen at a distance as a whole composition EQUESTRIAN STATUE of Marcus Aurelius


Serves as Centerpiece or Guidepost

ENTRANCE RAMPS
widen toward the top perspective effect and stairs appear shorter similarly, SIDE BUILDINGS are not parallel

Significance of a REMODELLING JOB


**

il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino

il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino

il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino

il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino

il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino

Campidoglio

il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino

il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino

il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino

RENAISSANCE URBAN PLAZAS: FRANCE & ENGLAND


JACQUES ANDROUET DU CERCEAU (520 -1586) French architect who visited Rome Brought plaza idea to Paris, France INIGO JONES First significant English architect, brought the Renaissance plaza to London Bedford Square started in 1631 Covent Garden modeled after Livorno

**

Les plus excellents bastiments de France (The Most Excellent Buildings in France15769). A major document of Renaissance Europe, Androuet du Cerceaus 2-volume survey of French buildings includes nearly 150 engraved plates of 36 palaces, castles, and other major buildings.

Les plus excellents bastiments de France

Plan of the enlargements for Catherine de Medici by Jean Bullant. Les plus excellents bastiments de France.

Plan of Bedford House and garden in Covent Garden drawn around 1690.

RENAISSANCE URBAN PLAZAS: FRANCE & ENGLAND


OTHER PLAZAS IN LONDON Leicester Square started in 1635 Bloomsbury Square 1665 Six more plazas were built before 1700 RENAISSANCE PLAZA one of the elements of urban design par excellence but did not tie whole city together Rossettis Ferrara (street system); Fontanas Rome (guidepost system)
**

RENAISSANCE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE


PARKS and GARDENS
tie the city together connecting the palace and the town

VILLA & GARDEN


rural counterpart of PALACE & PLAZA

ITALY
gardens are never too large built as TERRACES because of hilly land

**

RENAISSANCE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE


FRANCE
elaborate system of landscape design roots from large HUNTING FORESTS ROND POINTS: high ground intersections

RICHELIEU
application of rond points idea 1630, landscape design of palace started Jacques Lemercier: architect

ANDRE LENOTRE
landscape architect of Richelieu Western worlds master of landscape architecture
**

RENAISSANCE FRENCH, ENGLISH & ITALIAN LANDSCAPE


FRENCH
Regarded natural landscape as barbaric Man-made, preferably geometric creations PHILOSOPHY: absolute command of nature

ENGLISH
Characterized by an attitude of sympathy with nature PHILOSOPHY: practice of taming nature

ITALIAN
**

Terraced garden is best model of gardening in limited space

RENAISSANCE LENOTRE AND VERSAILLES


LENOTRES MAJOR CLIENT
Louis XIV, the Sun King of France

VERSAILLES
Lenotres greatest work, Started in 1670, completed by 1710 Goose Foot/ patte doie -- three roads in a single view

PIAZZA DEL POPOLO


patte doie entrance to Rome appeared accidentally as result of Fontanas plan not formally finished until early 19th century, by a French architect, incidentally
**

Louis XIVs Palace of Versailles (built 166874), with its famous gardens by Andr le Notre, had bisecting land and water axes that created impressive vistas. It inspired Pierre LEnfant when he designed Washington DC as the new capital of the United States of America in 1791.

Versailles, France

RENAISSANCE REBUILDING LONDON

The GREAT PLAGUE (16641666) was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in the Kingdom of England (modern day United Kingdom). It happened within the centuries-long time period of the Second Pandemic, an extended period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics which began in Europe in 1347, the first year of the "Black Death" and lasted until 1750.

** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London

Th Great Plague of London 1664-1666

Th Great Plague of London 1664-1666

THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London, from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman City Wall. It threatened, but did not reach, the aristocratic district of Westminster, Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums.[2] It consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City's 80,000 inhabitants.

**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London

Th Great Plague of London 1966

Th Great Fire of London 1666

RENAISSANCE REBUILDING LONDON


SEVERAL DESIGNERS PROPOSED PLANS
Christopher Wren > Robert Hooke > John Evelyn > Valentine Knight

1707-1709
laws banning use of combustible materials, led to extensive use of bricks

JOHN GWYNN
produced plan for London 1766 London & Westminster Improved heralded the Golden Age of building key figure in the introduction of the Building Act 1774 which improved standards of materials and workmanship

**

John Gwynn believed that the Great Fire of the previous century had created a great opportunity to plan and improve London. This volume includes four engraved and hand-colored maps showing the proposed improvements to Westminster and London.

As an early architectural critic, John Gwynn sought to improve London after the Great Fire and vehemently fought for coherent town planning. In a stand against the 'Wrenaissance', he described London as 'inconvenient, inelegant and without the least pretension to magnificence or grandeur.

Gwynn wanted a scenic London, with boulevards pointing to noble buildings. Looking at congested bottlenecks like Charing Cross and Temple Bar, the refuse piling up at street corners, and open sewers like the Fleet, Gwynn asked: 'Where is the taste and elegance?'

One of his achievements came in with the Building Act of 1774, which graded houses both in measurements and materials. The first triumph was Bedford Square, with 'first-rate' materials being used. It thus became desirable quarters for lawyers and other professionals.

Bedford Square is a square in the Bloomsbury district of the Borough of Camden in London, England. Built between 1775 and 1783 as an upper middle class residential area, the square has had many distinguished residents, including Lord Eldon, one of Britain's longest serving and most celebrated Lord Chancellors, who lived in the largest house in the square for many years. The square takes its name from the main title of the Russell family, the Dukes of Bedford, who were the main landlords in Bloomsbury.

RENAISSANCE REBUILDING LONDON


GOLDEN AGE : encompassed a 30-year period
ADELPHI TERRACE
work of the Adam brothers; built along the River Thames

BATH
created by architects John Wood, Sr. and Jr. 1702, discovered by the aristocrats 1727, rectangular plaza (Queens Square) 1754, great circle (Kings Circus) 1767, Royal Crescent EDINBURGH 1767, Scottish architect James Craig

END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA : coming of industrial era


**

Adelphi is a district of London, England in the City of Westminster. The small district includes the streets of Adelphi Terrace, Robert Street and John Adam Street. Picture shows the main terrace of Aldelphi Terrace raised high above the noise and smell of the river on an arcade of warehouses.

The Adelphi Terrace built alongside the Thames. Mostly demolished in the 1930's, though some parts survive, such as the Royal Academy of Arts.

RENAISSANCE REBUILDING LONDON


GOLDEN AGE : encompassed a 30-year period
ADELPHI TERRACE
work of the Adam brothers; built along the River Thames

BATH
created by architects John Wood, Sr. and Jr. 1702, discovered by the aristocrats 1727, rectangular plaza (Queens Square) 1754, great circle (Kings Circus) 1767, Royal Crescent EDINBURGH 1767, Scottish architect James Craig

END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA : coming of industrial era


**

Bath is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset in the south west of England.The City of Bath was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1987.

The city was first established as a spa with the Latin name, Aquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis") by the Romans sometime in the AD 60s about 20 years after they had arrived in Britain (AD43), although verbal tradition suggests that Bath was known before then.

Much later, it became popular as a spa town during the Georgian era, which led to a major expansion that left a heritage of exemplary Georgian architecture crafted from Bath Stone. The Circus is a perfect circle of Georgian houses constructed out of the startlingly white Somerset stone that cloaks the entire city.

The Royal Crescent is a residential road of 30 houses laid out in a crescent in the city of Bath, England. Designed by the architect John Wood the Younger and built between 1767 and 1774, it is among the greatest examples of Georgian architecture to be found in the United Kingdom.

The Royal Crescent, Bath, Somerset, England.

The Circus and the Royal Crescent, Bath, Somerset, England.

References
LeGates, Richard and Stout, Frederic. Modernism and Early Urban Planning, 1870-1940. Knox, Paul. Urbanization. Cullingworth, Barry. Planning in the USA . Various online sources.

**

You might also like