Professional Documents
Culture Documents
aka Chicago Worlds Fair in Jackson Park, Chicago largely designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted Inspired the CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT as works of civic art application of latest technologies faade architecture promise of America come to life as urban renewal operations
The World's Columbian Exposition (1893) widely displayed and inspired the City Beautiful Movement.
orderly and clean aesthetic rather than social sensibility grandiose and ambitious
The Statue of the Republic overlooks the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893
CIVIC CENTERS
city hall, county court house, library, museum, opera house, and a plaza
PUBLIC WORKS
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BRIDGES, designed as pieces of sculpture RIVERS, made into classical garden terraces COLLEGES and UNIVERSITIES, as visions of classical world RAILROADS, built Roman basilicas and baths
The National Mall was the centerpiece of the 1901 McMillan Plan. A central open vista traversed the length of the Mall.
The National Mall was the centerpiece of the 1901 McMillan Plan. A central open vista traversed the length of the Mall.
2004 view from the United States Capitol, facing west across the National Mall
The Capitol and National Mall facing east from the top of the Washington Monument in 2011.
The 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on the National Mall facing east from the Lincoln Memorial
Burnham's vision for San Francisco's Athenaeum, looking west toward Lake Merced from today's Marview Drive. A waterfall pours down from a lake just below the Athenaeum into the valley. The 300-foot-tall female statue, "San Francisco." Original image from "Report on a Plan For San Francisco," Daniel Burnham, 1905. Digital image from David Rumsey Map Collection.
MANY DEVELOPMENTS
American city planning profession England and garden city movement
o English architect-planners lectured in US o English books in city planning
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1st NY ZONING LAW (1916) protected Fifth Ave. luxury store owners from expansion of Jewish garment factories
o protected property values and expressed chauvinism o idea spread to 100s of cities in decade after the NY law was passed, promoting property values and special interests of the upper class, white majority
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SUPERBLOCK CONCEPT
Answer to problem of through traffic ISLAND OF GREEN, bordered by houses and skirted by peripheral automobile roads BEST EXAMPLES
o Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles o Chatham Village, Pittsburgh
Community-level development
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A diagram showing the street network structure of Radburn and its nested hierarchy. Separate pedestrian paths run through the green spaces between the culs-de-sac and through the central green spine (Note: the shaded area was not built)
Old Radburn
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A diagram of Clarence Perry's neighbourhood unit, illustrating the spatiality of the core principles of the concept, from the New York Regional Survey, Vol 7. 1929
REGIONAL PLANNING
HENRY WRIGHT AND PLAN OF NEW YORK
Worked under commission by Clarence Stein Report of the Commission on Housing & Regional Planning for the State of New York
Wrights plan
one of finest models of regional planning not officially adopted, but recommendations realized led to formation of RPAA
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REGIONAL PLANNING
REGIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK
22 counties, 500 municipal districts, 10 million people, NY state, NJ and Conn.
Thomas Adams
Scottish planner 2-volume plan produced in 1928 most complete plan study ever done
BENTON MACKAYE
Originally, a forester The New Exploration, A Philosophy of Regional Planning published in 1928 Envisioned the townless highway and highwayless towns Showed NY City as the entry and exit portal for the entire US industrial empire New Exploration the exploration of the wilderness and conservation had to be expanded to include cities
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ACHIEVEMENTS IN EUROPE
ENGLISH NEW TOWN MOVEMENT
Sir Anthony Barlow headed commission The Report of Royal Commission of Distribution of Industrial Population (1940) Sir Patrick Abercrombie and J.H. Forshaw
o The County of London Plan (1943)
OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
Londons Barbican area Garden cities in France
o Dourges 1st garden city in France (1919) o Longueau, Tergnier, Lille-le-Deliverance
West Kungsholmen, Stockholm Tapiola, Helsinki in Finland Amsterdam South, Amsterdam in Holland Other countries Italy, Switzerland, Israel
WALTER GROPIUS
Took same approach to architecture & urban planning (Bahaus) Wrote: Rebuilding our communities and Rebuilding our Communities (with Walter Wagner) The aim is to deconcentrate, not to dissolve the city.
RICHARD NEUTRA
RUSH CITY REFORMED Designed by the end of the 1920s by Neutra and his young employees and apprentices, the city had showed ideas ranging from sympathy for the most marginalized groups of the big city, a microscopic scale, to the harshness of a totalitarian state, in macro.
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Eliel Saarinen
Walter Gropius
Richard Neutra
Always design a thing by considering it in its next larger context - a chair in a room, a room in a house, a house in an environment, an environment in a city plan.
Eliel Saarinen
Helsinki
Eliel Saarinen
Walter Gropius
I am an eyewitness to the ways in which people relate to themselves and to each other, and my work is a way of scooping and ladling that experience.
Richard Neutra
Charles-douard Jeanneret Fused ideas of modern architecture and city form Driving force behind the CIAM Spokesman for the INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT UNE VILLE CONTEMPORAINE (Contemporary City) 1922, traceable to Henards & Garniers ideas PLAN VOISIN (Neighborhood Plan) 1925 LA VILLE RADIEUSE (Radiant City) 1935 LE PLAN DE PARIS 1937 WHEN CATHEDRALS WERE WHITE 1947 CONCERNING TOWN PLANNING 1948 CHANDIGARH, INDIA execution of his urban planning ideals
Modern life demands, and is waiting for, a new kind of plan, both for the house and the city.
Le Corbusier
The Ville Contemporaine (1922) was an unrealized project to house 3 million inhabitants designed by Le Corbusier.
The centerpiece of this plan was a group of 60-story cruciform skyscrapers built on steel frames and encased in curtain walls of glass. The skyscrapers housed both offices and the flats of the most wealthy inhabitants. These skyscrapers were set within large, rectangular park-like green spaces.
At the center of the planned city was a transportation center which housed depots for buses and trains as well as highway intersections and at the top, an airport.
The Plan Voisin is a solution for the center of Paris, drawn between 1922 and 1925 by Le Corbusier.
Plan Voisin
The plan for 1925 seems to be a direct transposition of the diagram of Contemporary City for three million drawn in 1922.
Plan Voisin
Plan Voisin
Plan Voisin
Plan Voisin
Influenced by the linear city ideas of Milyutin and the theories of the syndicalist movement (that he had recently joined), Le Corbusier proposed the Ville Radieuse as a blueprint of social reform.
Ville Radieuse represented an utopian dream to REUNITE MAN WITHIN A WELL-ORDERED ENVIRONMENT. It was a linear city based upon the abstract shape of the human body with head, spine, arms and legs. The design maintained the idea of high-rise housing blocks, free circulation and abundant green spaces proposed in his earlier work. The blocks of housing were laid out in long lines stepping in and out. They were glazed on their south side and were raised up on pilotis. They had roof terraces and running tracks on their roofs.
access to greenspace
o between 48% and 95% of the surface area is reserved for greenspace
gardens, squares, sports fields, restaurants, theaters
o with no sprawl, access to the protected zone (greenbelt/open space) is quick and easy
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The moral, therefore, is that we must increase the density of the centres of our cities, where business affairs are carried on.
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The Unit d'Habitation (Housing Unit) is the modernist residential housing design principle developed by Le Corbusier, with the collaboration of painterarchitect Nadir Afonso. The concept formed the basis of several housing developments designed by him throughout Europe with this name. The most famous of these developments is located in south Marseille.
La Maison du Fada proved enormously influential and is often cited as the initial inspiration of the Brutalist architectural style and philosophy.
The roof level with the children's paddling pool, atelier and ventilation stack visible.
In the 1950s, a unique opportunity to translate the Radiant City on a grand scale presented itself in the construction of the Union Territory Chandigarh, the new capital for the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana and the first planned city in India.
Chandigarh, India
MARS Group
Modern Architectural Research Group The English wing of CIAM (1933-1957) Proposed a plan for rebuilding London Sixteen finger corridors all connected by a major circulation spine and encircling circulation loop
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The Athens Charter was essentially a condensed version of the core ideas and principles of modern architecture and urban planning, which called for a total remaking of cities in the industrial world, to make them more efficient, rational, and hygienic.
KENZO TANGE
Plan for Tokyo, 1960
o Circulation as determinant of urban form o New Tokyo over Tokyo Bay, hung on bridges o The scheme, featuring a linear series of interlocking loops expanding Tokyo across the bay, has often been regarded as initiating the decade-long megastructural movement.
Reconstruction Plan for Skopje - won 1st prize in competition but collaborated with runners-up for the final plan Pritzker 1987 laureate
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A city is the place of availabilities. It is the place where a small boy, as he walks through it, may see something that will tell him what he wants to do his whole life.
Louis Khan
Louis I. Kahn. Civic Center, project, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Aerial perspective. 1957
Louis I. Kahn. Traffic Study, project, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Plan of proposed traffic-movement pattern. 1952
I feel however, that we architects have a special duty and mission... (to contribute) to the socio-cultural development of architecture and urban planning.
Kenzo Tange
Aerial view of the Osaka Expo 70. Master plan designed by Kenzo Tange.
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No house should ever be on a hill or on anything. It should be of the hill. Belonging to it. Hill and house should live together each the happier for the other.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Broadacre City
Broadacre City
Broadacre City
Charles Abrams, drawing heavily on his rich store of intimate practical experience, dramatically describes housing situations in Ghana, Turkey, Pakistan, the Philippines, Nigeria, Japan, Singapore, India, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Jamaica, Ireland, Barbados, and Bolivia. His expert knowledge of the legal and financial aspects of land and housing problems is tempered by common sense observation of technical and social aspects, enriched by imaginative human concern, and made effective by a high degree of political realism.
RURAL
URBAN
SQUATTERS
INVENTORY OF WORLD RESOURCES, HUMAN TRENDS AND NEEDS,, headquarters, contained the findings of his extensive global research
o sought to discover what it would take to make the world workthat is, to provide adequate food, energy, and shelter for 100% of humanity to enjoy a high standard of living o one of the earliest proponents of renewable energy sources
Fullers extensive energy research documented that we can produce enough energy for everybody in the world while phasing out all use of fossil fuels and atomic energy.
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"Dymaxion" is a portmanteau of "dynamic maximum tension, invented by an adman about 1929 at Marshall Field's department store in Chicago to describe Fuller's concept house, which was shown as part of a house of the future store display.
Dymaxion House
Dymaxion House
Dymaxion House
Dymaxion House
The U.S. Pavilion for the 1967 Worlds Fair, in Montreal, by Buckminster Fuller.
The Montreal Biosphre, formerly the American Pavilion of Expo 67, by Buckminster Fuller.
Fuller with models of the Standard of Living Package and Skybreak Dome. *Fuller+ believed that his task was to innovate in such a way as to benefit the greatest number of people using the least amount of resources.
Project for Floating Cloud Structures (Cloud Nine or Tensegrity sphere), by Fuller and Shoji Sadao. Fuller envisioned a future where floating communities would hover among the clouds.
References
LeGates, Richard and Stout, Frederic. Modernism and Early Urban Planning, 1870-1940. Knox, Paul. Urbanization. Cullingworth, Barry. Planning in the USA . Various online sources.
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