P A R T 4

Planning: Historical Overview and Influences

A history of urban and regional planning from its early development up to the present.

PL 511 | Urban & Regional Planning

Slideshow developed by: Arch. Edeliza V. Macalandag, UAP Bohol Island State University | College of Architecture & Engineering

OTHER URBAN PLANNING PERSONALITIES

LEWIS MUMFORD (1895-1990)
American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and influential literary critic Influenced by Sir Patrick Geddes Authored some twenty books and innumerable articles THE CITY IN HISTORY (1961)
The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects won the 1962 U.S. National Book Award for Nonfiction Harshly critical of URBAN SPRAWL, Mumford argues that the structure of modern cities is partially responsible for many social problems seen in western society urban planning should emphasize an organic relationship between people and their living spaces

**

The chief function of the city is to convert power into form, energy into culture, dead matter into the living symbols of art, biological reproduction into social creativity.
Lewis Mumford

OTHER INFLUENTIAL URBANISTS

CATHERINE BAUER WURSTER (1905-1964)
town planner, lobbyist, teacher, author, and a leading member of a small group of idealists, the "HOUSERS, committed to improving housing for low-income families (good housing = a healthy society) proliferated modern housing concepts through her bestselling book MODERN HOUSING (1934) played a critical part in the U.S. HOUSING ACT OF 1934 a leading actionist planner, critical of the postwar planning professions bureaucratic straitjacket and obeisance to zoning advocated for social science research as the foundation for modern community planning and design interest in town planning broadened to encompass Third World development, especially housing in India married to architect William Wurster

**

Good social housing could produce good social architecture.

Catherine Bauer Wurster

OTHER INFLUENTIAL URBANISTS

JANE JACOBS (1916-2006)
American-Canadian writer, activist , urban theorist with primary interest in COMMUNITIES AND URBAN PLANNING AND DECAY born Jane Butzner, married to architect Robert Hyde Jacobs in 1944 known for organizing GRASSROOTS efforts to block URBAN-RENEWAL projects that would have destroyed local neighborhoods "Cities need old buildings so badly it is probably impossible for vigorous streets and districts to grow without them.... for really new ideas of any kind--no matter how ultimately profitable or otherwise successful some of them might prove to be--there is no leeway for such chancy trial, error and experimentation in the high-overhead economy of new construction. Old ideas can sometimes use new buildings. New ideas must use old buildings."
**

OTHER INFLUENTIAL URBANISTS

JANE JACOBS (1916-2006)
The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)
o powerful critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s in the U.S.
policies such as URBAN RENEWAL and SEPARATION OF USES (i.e., residential, industrial, commercial), she claimed, destroy communities and innovative economies by creating isolated, unnatural urban spaces.

o promoted a grassroots, organic, neighbourhood-based process to rehabilitate buildings o advocated "four generators of diversity:
Mixed uses, activating streets at different times of the day Short blocks, allowing high pedestrian permeability. Buildings of various ages and states of repair. Density.

o upheld REDUNDANCY AND VIBRANCY against order and efficiency aesthetic opposite to that of the modernists
**

OTHER INFLUENTIAL URBANISTS

JANE JACOBS (1916-2006)
The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)
o Cities need to be WALKABLE. o Cities need to RESIST GENTRIFICATION by not automatically demolishing old buildings and building high rises, but by going into depressed areas and regenerating them.Avoid scraping away all existing context, in exchange for new, untested, and out of scale projects. o Density of people is a valuable characteristic of cities, but is not an end in itself. Cities must be wary of single-variable solutions, like "skyscraper cities." o Cities are CREATORS OF KNOWLEDGE that create economic prosperity that starts at the pedestrian scale. Lack of diversity creates socio-economic stratification. The capacity to solve our problems rests with the informal web of creative and regulatory relationships cities have their culture and not with specialized "experts." o The PROBLEMS OF CITIES CAN BE SOLVED if we understand it, and learn from the past.

**

There is a quality even meaner than outright ugliness or disorder, and this meaner quality is the dishonest mask of pretended order, achieved by ignoring or suppressing the real order that is struggling to exist and to be served.
Jane Jacobs

OTHER INFLUENTIAL URBANISTS

KEVIN LYNCH (1918-1984)
American urban planner and writer What Time is This Place? (1972) THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (1960)
o result of a five-year study on how users perceive and organize spatial information as they navigate through cities o importance of clarity or "LEGIBILITY" of the cityscape: the ease with which people understand the layout of a place o methods of analysis:
a systematic field reconnaissance, mapping the presence of varies elements, their visibility, their image strength or weakness, their connections and disconnections lengthy interviews a small sample of city residents in which there were requests for descriptions, locations, sketches and for the performance of imaginary trips
**

The modification of settlement is a human act, however complex, accomplished for human motives, however obscure or ineffective. Uncovering those motives gives us some first clues to the connection between values and environmental form.
Kevin Lynch

Concept of IMAGEABILITY:
That quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability of EVOKING A STRONG IMAGE in any given observer. SHAPE, COLOR, OR ARRANGEMENT which facilitates the making of vividly identified, powerfully structured, highly useful MENTAL IMAGES OF THE ENVIRONMENT. It might also be called LEGIBILITY, or perhaps VISIBILITY in a heightened sense, where objects are not only able to be seen, but are presented sharply to their senses.

KEVIN LYNCH: THE IMAGE OF THE CITY

5 basic elements of "IMAGEABILITY

1. PATHS
the streets, sidewalks, trails, and other channels in which people travel
perceived boundaries such as walls, buildings, and shorelines relatively large sections of the city distinguished by some identity or character, i.e. a wealthy neighborhood such as Beverly Hills

2. EDGES

3. DISTRICTS
4. NODES

focal points, intersections or loci (i.e. a popular city center)

readily identifiable objects which serve as external reference points (store, mountain, school, or any other object that aids in orientation when wayfinding)

5. LANDMARKS

KEVIN LYNCH: THE IMAGE OF THE CITY

OTHER URBAN DESIGN MOVEMENTS

ARCOLOGY
combining "architecture" and "ecology coined and popularized by architect Paolo Soleri a set of architectural design principles aimed toward the design of enormous habitats (hyperstructures) of extremely high human population density these largely hypothetical structures would contain a variety of residential, commercial, and agricultural facilities and minimize individual human environmental impact structures are SELF-CONTAINED or ECONOMICALLY SELF-SUFFICIENT
**

Arcology Conceputal Design - Babel

Arcology Conceputal Design - Babel

Arcology Conceputal Design - Hexahedron

OTHER URBAN DESIGN MOVEMENTS

PAOLO SOLERI (1919 Italian architect spent a year and a half in fellowship with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Arizona, and at Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin made a lifelong commitment to research and experimentation in urban planning, establishing the Cosanti Foundation, a non-profit educational foundation established Arcosanti He has written six books, including THE OMEGA SEED, and numerous essays and monographs

**

OTHER URBAN DESIGN MOVEMENTS

ARCOLOGY
ACOSANTI
o experimental town that began construction in 1970 in central Arizona o started by architect PAOLO SOLERI, to explore the concept of ARCOLOGY, to demonstrate how urban conditions could be improved while minimizing the destructive impact on the earth o The town aims to combine the social interaction and accessibility of an urban environment with sound environmental principles such as minimal resource use and access to the natural environment. o Construction continues at a varying pace through the present; the most recently completed building was finished in 1989. o The population varies between 50-150 people, (students and volunteers) but intended to hold 5,000 people. o 13 major structures on the site, of at most several stories in height. o The latest master plan, designed in 2001, envisions a massive complex, called ARCOSANTI 5000, that would dwarf the current buildings
**

It is only logical that the pauperization of our soul and of the soul of society coincides with the pauperization of the environment. One is the cause and the reflection of the other.
Paolo Soleri

The ARCOLOGY concept proposes a highly integrated and compact three-dimensional urban form that is the opposite of suburban sprawl, with its inherently wasteful consumption of resources and tendency to isolate people from each other and the community. The miniaturization of the physical environment of the city enables effective conservation of land, energy and resources.

Arcosanti

Arcosanti

Arcosanti

Arcosanti

Arcosanti

Arcosanti

Arcosanti

Craft III exterior, Arcosanti, Mayer, Arizona

Arcosanti

ceiling, Arcosanti foundry apse, Mayer, Arizona

Arcosanti rooftops

Arcosanti rooftops

OTHER URBAN DESIGN MOVEMENTS

NEW URBANISM (early 1980s)
promotes the creation and restoration of diverse, walkable, compact, vibrant, mixed-use communities composed of the same components as conventional development, but assembled in a more integrated fashion, in the form of complete communities Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU)
o founded in 1993, primary organizing body for new urbanism in the U.S. o Sustainable Urbanism and Beyond LEED-ND (Neighborhood Development)

Criticisms:
o Asserts universal principles of design instead of attending to local conditions o A form of centrally planned, large-scale development versus allowing the initiative for construction to be taken by the final users themselves

New Urbanists:
o Peter Calthorpe Laguna West, Sacramento County, California (1990) o Andrs Duany & Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk designed 1st truly New Urbanist town Seaside, Florida (1982)
**

OTHER URBAN DESIGN MOVEMENTS

PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM
1. Walkability 2. Connectivity 3. Mixed-Use & Diversity 4. Mixed Housing 5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design 6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure 7. Increased Density 8. Green Transportation 9. Sustainability 10. Quality of Life

**

OTHER URBAN DESIGN MOVEMENTS

PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM
1. Walkability
Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches, windows & doors; tree-lined streets; on street parking; hidden parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets) Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys High quality pedestrian network and public realm makes walking pleasurable A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site. Mixed-use within neighborhoods, within blocks, and within buildings Diversity of people - of ages, income levels, cultures, and races

2. Connectivity

3. Mixed-Use & Diversity

**

OTHER URBAN DESIGN MOVEMENTS

PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM
4. Mixed Housing
A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity

5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design

Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense of place; Special placement of civic uses and sites within community. Human scale architecture & beautiful surroundings nourish the human spirit

6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure

Discernable center and edge Public space at center Importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic art Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk Transect planning: Highest densities at town center; progressively less dense towards the edge. The transect is an analytical system that conceptualizes mutually reinforcing elements, creating a series of specific natural habitats and/or urban lifestyle settings

**

OTHER URBAN DESIGN MOVEMENTS

PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM
7. Increased Density
More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to live. New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small towns, to large cities

8. Green Transportation
A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns, and neighborhoods together Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily transportation

**

OTHER URBAN DESIGN MOVEMENTS

PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM
9. Sustainability
Minimal environmental impact of development and its operations Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems Energy efficiency Less use of finite fuels More local production More walking, less driving

10. Quality of Life

Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.

**

SEASIDE, FLORIDA

SEASIDE, FLORIDA IS ONE OF THE FIRST TOWNS IN AMERICA DESIGNED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM.

 Streets are narrow and paved with brick pavers. Crushed shells line the streets to help prevent run-off and allow the water to infiltrate. Boardwalks are used to connect the pavilions and beach to preserve the beach front and dune area. Traffic is reduced by designing public walkways throughout the community and keeping all one's daily needs within a 5 minute walk.

SEASIDE, FLORIDA is an unincorporated master-planned community on the Florida panhandle in Walton County.

SEASIDE, FLORIDA

ORGAN,IZING DESIGN PRINCIPLES:

1. STREETS AND SQUARES are the primary public places and lines of movement, forming blocks no larger than 230 ft 600 ft to ensure that building lots front streets and the traveling distances are reasonable (top) 2. DWELLINGS, shops and workplaces are located centrally and in close proximity to each other (middle) 3. PEDESTRIAN ROUTES supplements streets and sidewalks, leading to the major public spacesa park in the north and the beach along the entire town seafront (bottom)
** Lennertz, William, Town-Making Fundamentals, 1991.

This 80 acre village contains 350 houses with approx. 300 other dwelling units (apartments, hotels, etc.) based on house designs and site plans heavily influenced by communities of the early 1900's. The community includes a post office, school, general store and other retail services planned on narrow streets within walking distance from all homes.

Seaside, Florida

Seaside, Florida in the film Truman Show

LAGUNA WEST

Laguna West, Sacramento County, CA by Calthorpe Associates

Laguna West, Sacramento County, CA by Calthorpe Associates

Laguna West, Sacramento County, CA by Calthorpe Associates

Targeted at a number of different market niches, these 1,100-1,800 sq ft houses have attracted the interest of both starter home buyers and empty-nesters. Two houses share a single driveway and parking court which reduces the total paved area required for each car.

Laguna West, Sacramento County, CA by Calthorpe Associates.

Laguna West, Sacramento County, CA by Calthorpe Associates

Laguna West, Sacramento County, CA by Calthorpe Associates

Laguna West, Sacramento County, CA by Calthorpe Associates

1870 Era of Urban Industrialization Roaring 20s & Progressive Era The Depression Era & Urban Stagnation

- Need for more systematic and forward-thinking action - Concepts linking planning, research, action - Imbedded in architecture, engineering, social work 1915 - Planning as a profession and public institution - Physical determinism: City Beautiful & City Efficient - Focus on land use & comprehensive analysis 1928 - Regionalizing/nationalizing of planning - Social science as a tool of planning - Focus on econ development & social policy 1945 1960

- Trust in governmental authority - Modernism, comprehensiveness & rationality - Social science strengthened & challenged - Planning optimism - Rise of community voice & social protest - Political action for reform and transformation

Post-WWII Modernism Suburbanization & Central City Decline Social Activism, Federal Policy & Regional Cities 1980 Retreat from Policy Privatization

- Post-modern critique of rationality - Segmentation of voices of communities into communities with voice - Focus on interaction, communication, process 2003

IDEALISM
Pure

POSITIVISM (empiricism, materialism)

Empirical

A priori
Deduction

A posteriori
Induction

MODERNISM
Models, Neutrality City as machine, model

POSTMODERNISM
Pluralism, Identity, Legibility City as text, collage

Environmental Determinism

Environmental Psychology

PLANNING TODAY
main tool: ZONING 19,000 different systems tends to actually do little in the way of planning imposes a RIGIDITY to existing land uses encourages SEPARATION by class encourages retail STRIP DEVELOPMENT discourages mixed use, pedestrian areas promotes SATELLITE BEDROOM COMMUNITIES and SUBURBS superficially like Garden cities or Broadacre City

**

PLANNING TODAY
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANNING AND THE CRISES THAT CREATED IT?
Water quality and sanitation is controlled Most people have adequate light and air Fire danger is controlled Disease is controlled Current planning practice has even more to do with protecting PROPERTY VALUES URBAN GROWTH continues to create UNHEALTHY and DEHUMANIZING environments (air pollution, stress, isolation, lack of community, etc.) GENUINE planning is desperately needed
**

PLANNING ISSUES TODAY

URBANIZATION, DECENTRALIZATION, URBAN DECAY THE NEW ECONOMY SOCIAL EQUITY POVERTY, INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS & SOCIALIZED HOUSING PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY PUBLIC TRANSPORT ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
o destruction of ecosystems, heat island effects, etc. o energy, water & waste o light & sound, urban canyon effect

CLIMATE CHANGE POLITICS OF SPACE

**

URBANISM TODAY
TACTICAL URBANISM
The use of MODEST or TEMPORARY revisions to urban space to seed structural environmental change (Rebar) Emerging field of URBAN INTERVENTION deemed TACTICAL, TEMPORARY, GUERRILLA, POP-UP, AD-HOC, DIY, or OPEN-SOURCE Tactical urbanist projects rising out of funding challenges brought on by:
o the recession o frustrations with the drawn-out approvals process o the organizational opportunities provided by the internet and social media, o emerging technologies, and courageous designers

Are often defined by:

o low-cost temporary nature o require little or no approvals or environmental studies (or go without them anyway)

Driven by:
o bottom-up or the top-down o amateurs or professionals o legal means or questionable means
**

PEDESTRIAN PLAZA

Times Square pedestrian mall.

PEDESTRIAN PLAZA

Times Square pedestrian mall.

PEDESTRIAN PLAZA

A rendering of the Times Square of the future. (Department of Transportation)

PARKLET

A Parklet is a new type of Pavement to Parks Project, where instead of reclaiming a piece of underutilized roadway at an intersection, Parklets repurpose two to three parking stalls along a block as a space for people to relax, drink a cup of coffee, and enjoy the city around them.

22nd Street Parklet, San Francisco

PARKLET

22nd Street Parklet, San Francisco

PARKLET

Parklet, Mojo Bycicle Cafe

PARKLET

A parklet is a small urban park, often created by replacing several underutilized parallel parking spots with a patio, planters, trees, benches, caf tables with chairs, fountain(s), artwork, sculptures and/or bicycle parking.

San Francisco Pavements to Parks Initiative

PARKLET

The original PARK(ing) installation by Rebar. San Francisco, 2005.

PARKLET

The original PARK(ing) installation by Rebar. San Francisco, 2005.

PARKLET

The original PARK(ing) installation by Rebar. San Francisco, 2005.

PARKLET

This simple two hour intervention has blossomed into an international event called Park(ing) Day where people around the globe reclaim the streets for people, for fun, and for play.

PARK CITY

COUNTRY
CONTINENT

975 800 700 200 47 1 162 183 140 50 13 1 35 30 21 9 3 1 6 4 2 1

2010 01 9 8 7 6 5

PARKLET

PARK(ing) Day is an annual global event aimed at raising awareness of the allocation and potential of urban public space.

PARKLET

PARK(ing) Day 2010, Coconut Grove, Florida.

PARKLET

PARK(ing) Day 2011, Dallas.

PARKLET

PARK(ing) Day 2011, Louisville.

PARKLET

A 2009 PARK(ing) Day, Philadelphia.

PARKLET

2009 PARK(ing) Day, Paris.

PARKLET

2009 PARK(ing) Day, Diane, NY. NYU Green is one of the university's initiatives on getting the word on sustainability out. Chips, dips and free CFL bulbs were the order of the day.

POP-UP CAFE

Curbside public seating platforms offer well-designed seasonal, outdoor public open spaces and seating at places where sidewalk seating is not available. (NYC-DOT)

Pop-up Cafs or Curbside Seating Platforms, Fika & Bombays Pearl Street, Manhattan

POP-UP CAFE

Pop-up Cafs or Curbside Seating Platforms, Fika & Bombays Pearl Street, Manhattan

POP-UP CAFE

VERTICAL ELEMENTS (e.g. planters, umbrellas)

PLANTING, REQUIRED.

FLUSH TO SIDEWALK
Pop-up Cafs or Curbside Seating Platforms guidelines by the NYC DOT

POP-UP CAFE

Pop-up Cafs or Pop-up Park by Local, Sullivan Street, Manhattan

URBANISM TODAY
OTHER URBAN INTERVENTIONS
a number of different kinds of activist art practices that respond to the social community, locational identity, the built environment, and public places an interplay of fine art, architecture, performance, installation, activism and urbanism goals are often to create new awareness of social issues, and to stimulate community involvement forms:
o o o o public participatory art street art guerilla gardens/ pop-up gardens/ urban farms guerilla bike lanes

**

URBAN INTERVENTION

Green Square, Bratislava, Slovakia (Urban Interventions + Vallo Sadovsk Architects).

URBAN INTERVENTION

Green Invasion by architects Genaro Alva, Denise Ampuero, Gloria Andrea Rojas and industrial designer Claudia Ampuero (Lima, Peru).

URBAN INTERVENTION

Metropol Parasol, Plaza de la Encarnacin, Seville, Spain

URBAN INTERVENTION

Metropol Parasol, Plaza de la Encarnacin, Seville, Spain

GUERILLA GARDENDING

GUERILLA GARDENDING

GUERILLA GARDENDING

Guerilla Gardening is taken to a new level by quirky British artist and graphic design student Pete Dungey.

URBAN INTERVENTION

Germany

STREET ART

Banksy

STREET ART

Coffs Harbour's breakwall, Sidney

STREET ART

Coffs Harbour's breakwall, Sidney

STREET ART

MMDA Art by Boysen KNOxOUT

STREET ART

MMDA Art, MetroGwapo Project

STREET ART

MMDA Art, MetroGwapo Project

STREET ART

Favela Painting Project, a community-driven art intervention developed by Dutch artists Jeroen Koolhas and Dre Urhahn

STREET ART

The Favela Painting Project creates striking artworks, collaborating with local people to use art as a tool to inspire, create beauty, combat prejudice and attract attention.

Favela Painting Project, Rid de Janeiro, Brazil

COLOR INTERVENTI ON

Next step, an entire hillside. Favela Painting Project, Rid de Janeiro, Brazil

Guerilla Bike Lanes

Guerilla DIY Bike Lane Created by Guadalajara Citizens in Mexico.

Guerilla Bike Lanes

Wikilanes in Mexico.

Guerilla Bike Lanes

Urban Repair Squad, Toronto.

Guerilla Bike Lanes

Cebu City.

Pedestrian Lane Art

Pedestrian Lane Art, Pasig City

URBANISM TODAY
INTELLIGENT CITIES
equivalent of DIGITAL CITY, INFORMATION CITY, WIRED CITY, TELECITY, KNOWLEDGE-BASED CITY, ELECTRONIC COMMUNITIES, ELECTRONIC COMMUNITY SPACES, FLEXICITY, TELETOPIA, CYBERVILLE, covering a wide range of electronic and digital applications related to digital spaces of communities and cities concept's more accepted meaning is that it integrates all the three dimensions of the PHYSICAL, INSTITUTIONAL and DIGITAL SPACES of an agglomeration DIGITAL CITY vs. INTELLIGENT CITY WI-FI CITY
**

WIFI CITY

Wifi is reinventing city parks

WIFI CITY

The highest-density free Wi-Fi zone ever created hummed around the Olympic Park in the London 2012 Olympics.

WIFI CITY

Makati eyes at becoming the countrys first Wifi City.

URBANISM TODAY
ECO-CITIES* OR SUSTAINABLE CITIES
cities built off the principles of living within the means of the environment designed with CONSIDERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, inhabited by people dedicated to minimization of required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane, and water pollution ultimate goal of many eco-cities is to:
eliminate all carbon waste, to produce energy entirely through renewable sources, and to incorporate the environment into the city;

however, eco-cities also have the intentions of:

stimulating economic growth reducing poverty organizing cities to have higher population densities, and therefore higher efficiency, and improving health

**Richard Register first coined the term "ecocity" in his 1987 book, "Ecocity Berkeley: Building Cities for a Healthy Future"

URBANISM TODAY
ECO-CITIES OR SUSTAINABLE CITIES
criteria:
o Operates on a SELF-CONTAINED ECONOMY, resources needed are found locally o Has completely CARBON-NEUTRAL and RENEWABLE ENERGY production o Has a well-planned city layout and public transportation system that makes the priority methods of transportation as follows possible:
waking first, then cycling, and then public transportation

RESOURCE CONSERVATION maximizing efficiency of water and energy resources, constructing a waste management system that can recycle waste and reuse it, creating a zero-waste system Restores environmentally damaged urban areas Ensures decent and affordable HOUSING FOR ALL socio-economic and ethnic groups and improve jobs opportunities for disadvantaged groups, such as women, minorities, and the disabled Supports LOCAL AGRICULTURE AND PRODUCE Promotes voluntary SIMPLICITY IN LIFESTYLE CHOICES, decreasing material consumption, and increasing awareness of environmental and sustainability issues

ECO-CITY

The city of Curitiba, Brazil proactively began to address the challenges of sustainable urban development in 1966 with a master plan that outlined future integration between urban development, transportation and public health.

Curitiba City, Paran, Brazil

ECO-CITY

Vancouver, Canada

References
LeGates, Richard and Stout, Frederic. Modernism and Early Urban Planning, 1870-1940. Knox, Paul. Urbanization. Cullingworth, Barry. Planning in the USA . Various online sources.

**