Professional Documents
Culture Documents
+ fertilizer
fertilizer
(Indonesia, 2009)
Outline of presentation:
Sigrid Heuer Pup1 workshop Aug 27-31 2012
Introduction GRISP and Rice production Phosphorus Reserves and Consumption: Reason to Panic? Breeding for Phosphorus Efficiency external and internal P-use efficiency Pup1: Overview Key Messages Summary
IRRI 2012; Breeders Garden
IR74-Pup1
IR74
Rice is life
50% of the world population depends on rice 1% more rice needed every year to keep production at a pace with population growth
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Asia
Africa
Americas
Rest of World
Sigrid Heuer Pup1 workshop Aug 27-31 2012
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Theme 5: Technology evaluations, targeting and policy options for enhanced impact
Theme 6: Supporting the growth of the global rice sector
IRRI
Reform of the CG
CRPs: CGIAR Research Programs
CRP 1.11.3: Dryland Systems, Humid Tropics Systems, Aquatic Agricultural Systems CRP 2: Policies, Institutions and Markets CRP 3.13.7: Wheat, Maize, Rice, Roots/Tubers/Bananas, Grain Legumes, Dryland Cereals, Livestock + Fish CRP 4: Nutrition and Health CRP 5: Water, Land and Ecosystems CRP 6: Forests, Trees and Agro-Forestry CRP 7: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
Sigrid Heuer Pup1 workshop Aug 27-31 2012
Rainfed
~40% of total rice area Asia (60 M ha*) *Dawe et al 2010 ~ 25% of rice production no or little water control low to very low fertilizer inputs weed control difficult and labor intensive Often unfavorable conditions
NE India Bangladesh
India
climate change
Temperature
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
Water level
Adapted from Haefele and Hijmans, 2007
Phosphorus in agriculture
Phosphorus is a macro element indispensible for agriculture P (and other nutrients) removed with the harvest must be replaced to prevent soil degradation. No gene in the world can change that!
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P-fixing soils
N fertilizer P fertilizer
10
Africa
3.4 % N 2.5 % P
W. & C. Europe
East Asia
others
57.9 % N 56.6 % P
S+E Asia consume more than 55% of the global fertilizer; Africa less than 3.5% Higher P application is required on P fixing soils (e.g., Latin America)
Sigrid Heuer Pup1 workshop Aug 27-31 2012
Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa apply only 7 kg nutrients per ha (US >100 kg ha-1; Asia >170 kg ha-1)
Sigrid Heuer Pup1 workshop Aug 27-31 2012
http://www.icis.com/fertilizers/
http://ebookbrowse.com/top-20-production-paddy-rice-2007-mai-2010-pdf-d326696821
http://www.mongabay.com/images/commodities/charts/phosphate_rock.html
Prices spiked in 2008 and are currently still 3 times higher than before
Likewise: Fertilizer costs (di-ammonium P; ammonia; urea) have almost tripled since 2006
http://www.icis.com/fertilizers/
According to the IFDC study, phosphate rock will be available for the next 300-400 years The bigger problem might be: Morocco: 170,000 mmt (probably 340,000 mmt)
USA: 49,000 mmt
China: 16,800 mmt = 81.3% of global phosphate rock reserves
Sigrid Heuer Pup1 workshop Aug 27-31 2012
http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/
Any increase in food prices will most severely affect poor countries
Bangladesh: 40% Philippines: 33% Nepal: 25% India: 25% Germany: 16% South Korea: 15% Indonesia: 13% Vietnam: 11% Thailand: 10% USA: 12%
http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?v=69
Plant available P is too low on about 50% of the worlds agricultural land
Sigrid Heuer Pup1 workshop Aug 27-31 2012
P-fixing soils
Batjes 2011
Florida, 12% Alabama, Georgia 42-70% Guinea/Bisao, Sierra L, Ivory C 32.7% Burma
16% Japan
China, 3% Vietnam 11% P New Guinea 37%
Brazil 26%
35%
Chile 12%
Madagascar 50%
Batjes 2011
Pup1
External nutrient use efficiency
Nutrient uptake
Weed management
Top dress fertilizer (N) High-affinity nutrient uptake Mobilization and foraging of P Mycorrhizae Nutrient transfer from senescing roots
Early root vigour with large shallow root system for P uptake Deep roots for access to water
intermediate QTL
Nipponbare
M. Wissuwa, JIRCAS
LOD 10.7 (28%) LOD 10.5 (27%) LOD 7.9 (21%) +P -P Nipponbare 13.7 1.8 NIL-C443 Heuer Pup1 workshop 13.9 3.2 Sigrid Kasalath 10.9 3.2
Pup1
P uptake
(mg root weight-1)
intermediate QTL
OsPTF1
Yi et al (2005) Plant Physiology
Chr. 7
Chr. 8
Chr. 9
Chr. 10
Chr. 11
Chr. 12
Pup1
major QTL
Heuer et al 2009, J Plant Biotech Sigrid Heuer Pup1 workshop Aug 27-31 2012
ZmPTF1
Overexpression of transcription factor ZmPTF1 improves low phosphate tolerance of maize by regulating carbon metabolism and root growth. Li et al (2011)
Planta 233:11291143 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1368-1
ZmPTF1 enhanced the expression of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and sucrose phosphate synthase1, participated in sucrose synthesis in the leaves, but decreased them in the root, and reduced the expression of genes involved in sucrose catabolism in the roots.
co-dominant
dominant
Haplotype I
+Pup1
mainly rainfed-adapted
Your best rainfed varieties might already have Pup1!
Haplotype II
0.1
Pup1
Haplotype III
Nepal
NE India Bangladesh
India
Sri Lanka
P efficiency + tolerance of
Indonesia
japonica
Nepal
NE India Bangladesh
aus
indica
India
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
tolerant
intolerant
1 2
123 bp 94 bp
Pup1
Nipponbare INDEL (~90 kb)
OsPupK4+5 OsPupK20 OsPupK29
Kasalath
Sub1
Sub1B Sub1B Sub1C
Sub1C
Samba-Mahsuri
IR42 IR64 IR64-Sub1
IR64 IR42
Samba Mahsuri
IR49830 (Sub1) IR49830 (Sub1) Samba-Mahsuri IR64 IR64-Sub1 IR42 IR64-Sub1 IR49830 (Sub1) Samba Mahsuri
Samba M-Sub1
IR42
IR49830 (Sub1)
Samba M -Sub1
IR64
Pooja
Pooja
Farmers field in Turianbando (Orissa,India): Submerged for 10 days (2.5 m water) Approximately 1000 ha area were totally destroyed
IR74
IR74-Pup1 IR74 w/o Pup1
IR74-Pup1
IR74-Pup1
Pup1 breeding- how to start: (i) P-deficiency phenotyping system - do NOT use hydroponics unless you know it also works in the field! - identify field site/soil with low plant-available P but not too many other stresses - in pots: treat with Furadan to disinfect (do NOT autoclave) (ii) Screen local varieties under +/- P conditions to quantify the effect of P deficiency and to identify tolerant/intolerant accessions (iii) Genotype your local varieties for presence/absence of PSTOL1 and other Pup1 genes. For PSTOL1, marker K46-1 is best, double check with K46-2)
Trait discover y
Forward genetics
Genes in QTLs
Reverse genetics
Genes and markers
Novel alleles
Germplasm screening
Transgenics
tolerant varieties
JIRCAS JH Chin
Sheryl Catausan
ICABIOGRAD
Matthias Wissuwa
Lorie
Rani
Anthony