Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

I. Cc l thuyt c in v thng mi quc t II. Cc l thuyt mi v thng mi quc t III. Vn dng ca l thuyt v mu dch quc t IV. Ti sao cc doanh nghip kinh doanh

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

I. Cc l thuyt c in v thng mi quc t Quan nim ca cc hc gi trng thng Quan im ca Adam Smith (L thuyt li th tuyt i) Quan im ca David Ricardo (Li th so snh) Quan im ca J.Stuart Mill (L thuyt v gi tr quc t, mi tng quan ca cu) Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu t) Quan im ca C.Mac v ngoi thng Nhn xt v cc gi thuyt

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

1.Quan nim ca cc hc gi trng thng

Hon cnh ra i: Thi k tch lu nguyn thu ca CNTB Quan im: Thc o s giu c ca mi quc gia l lng vng, bc ca quc gia COI TRNG NGOI THNG - Xut khu cng nhiu cng tt, u tin xut khu thnh phm - Hn ch nhp khu, c bit l nhp khu thnh phm - Khuyn khch ch hng bng tu ca nc mnh - S can thip ca nh nc vo hot ng ngoi thng CH NGHA TRNG THNG MI ? (NEW MERCHANTILISM)
3

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. L thuyt v li th tuyt i
Li th tuyt i cp n s lng ca mt loi sn phm c th c sn xut ra, s dng cng mt n v ngun lc hai nc khc nhau.

Go Vit nam Hn quc 2 1

Vi 2 4

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. L thuyt v li th tuyt i
Chuyn mt n v ngun lc ca Vit nam sang sn xut go v mt n v ngun lc ca Hn quc sang sn xut vi.

Vit nam

Hn quc

Cng

Go
Vi vc

+2
-1

-2
+4

0
+3

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. L thuyt v li th so snh ca D.Ricardo Nu nh khi nim li th tuyt i c xy dng trn c s s khc bit v lng ngun lc cn c SX 1 n v sn phm cc quc gia khc nhau (hay hiu qu sn xut tuyt i), th li th so snh li xut pht t CHI PH C HI (hay hiu qu SX tng i).

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. L thuyt v li th so snh ca D.Ricardo Go Vit nam Hn quc 1 3 Vi 2 4

Chi ph c hi ca mt hng X l s lng mt hng Y cn c ct gim sn xut thm mt n v hng ha X

Go Vit Nam Hn quc

7

Vi 4/2 vi 2/4 go

3/1 vi 1/3 go

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. L thuyt v li th tuyt i
Vit Nam: chuyn 2h lao ng t sn xut go sang sn xut vi Hn quc: chuyn 1h lao ng t sn xut vi sang sn xut gao

Vit nam Hn quc

Go -2 +3 +1

Vi +4 -4 0

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. L thuyt v li th so snh ca D.Ricardo Nc A c coi l c li th so snh v mt hng

X nu chi ph c hi sn xut mt hng X nc A thp hn chi phi c hi ca mt hng X nc B. Mi nc u c li khi tham gia phn cng lao ng quc t nh vic chuyn mn ha vo sn xut mt hng m mnh c li th so snh, sau trao i ly mt hng m mnh bt li th so snh. C S CA THNG MI QUC T L LI TH SO SNH HAY LI TH TUYT I? C li th tuyt i nhng khng c li th so snh th c th c li ch t thng mi quc t khng?
9

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

1. Mt nc c li th so snh v mt mt hng th nc cng c li th tuyt i v mt hng 2. Khi mt nc c li th tuyt i v mt mt hng th nc cng c li th so snh v mt hng 3. Mt nc c li th tuyt i mi c c li ch trong bun bn quc t 4. Li th tuyt i nu thiu li th so snh th khng th c li ch thng mi
10

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

4. Quan im ca J.Stuart Mill (L thuyt v gi tr quc t, mi tng quan ca cu): Gii hn t l trao i mu dch chnh l nhng t l trao i trong nc, tu nng sut tng i ca mi quc gia. Trong gii hn ny, t l mu dch thc s tu thuc vo s cu ca mi nc i vi sn phm ca nc khc T l trao i ny s n nh khi xut khu ca mt quc gia va trang tri s nhp khu ca quc gia .
11

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

Go

Vi

Vit nam
Hn quc T l trao i trong nc:

1
3

2
4

Vit Nam: 1 go = 2 vi 2 go = 4 vi Hn quc: 3 go = 4 vi T l trao i quc t: 4 vi = 2 go n 3 go

12

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

5. Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu t) Khi nim hm lng cc yu t: Mt hng X c coi l s dng nhiu (mt cch tng i) lao ng nu t l gia lng lao ng v cc yu t khc (vn) s dng sn xut ra mt n v mt hng ln hn t l tng ng cc yu t sn xut ra mt n v mt hng Y khc. LX/KX > LY/ KY Khi nim v s di do tng i ca cc yu t: Quc gia A c coi l di do tng i v lao ng nu t l gia lng lao ng v cc yu t sn xut khc ca quc gia ln hn t l tng ng ca quc gia khc. LA/KA > LB/KB
13

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

5. Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu t)

Mt quc gia s xut khu nhng mt hng m vic sn xut i hi s dng nhiu mt cch tng i yu t sn xut di do ca quc gia .

14

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

5. Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu t)

nh l cn bng gi c yu t sn xut: Thng mi t do s lm cho gi c cc yu t sn xut c xu hng tr nn cn bng v nu hai quc gia tip tc sn xut c hai mt hng (chuyn mn ha khng hon ton) th gi c cc yu t s thc s tr nn cn bng

15

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

5. Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu t)

nh l Rybzynski: Ti mc gi hng ha tng quan khng i th s gia tng mc cung ca mt yu t sn xut s lm tng sn lng mt hng s dng nhiu yu t v lm gim sn lng ca mt hng kia

16

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

5. Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu t)

nh l Stolper-Samuelson: Nu gi tng quan ca mt mt hng no tng ln th gi tng quan ca yu t c s dng nhiu mt cch tng i sn xut ra mt hng s tng ln cn gi tng quan ca yu t kia s gim xung

17

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

6. Quan im ca C.Mc v ngoi thng

Nguyn tc chi phi ngoi thng l bnh ng, cng c li

S hnh thnh v pht trin ca ngoi thng l tt yu khch quan ca phng thc sn xut t bn ch ngha

18

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

7. Nhn xt v cc gi thuyt ca cc l thuyt c in - Ton dng lao ng - Mc tiu duy nht l hiu qu - Khng xt n chi ph vn chuyn - Tnh linh ng ca ti nguyn trong nc v phi linh ng gia cc nc. - Khng xem xt n thng mi dch v

19

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

II. Cc l thuyt mi v thng mi quc t 1. L thuyt v vng i quc t ca sn phm (international product cycle) 2. L thuyt v li th cnh tranh quc gia (national competitive advantage)

20

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

L thuyt v vng i quc t ca sn phm (international product cycle) Nc pht

Xut khu
I II

minh

III
Nhp Nc pht khu trin Nc ang pht trin

IV

21

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

L thuyt v li th cnh tranh quc gia (national competitive advantage)

Chnh ph Chin lc, c cu v mi trng cnh tranh

iu kin cc nhn t sn xut

iu kin v cu

Cc ngnh h tr v c lin quan

22

C hi

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

III. Vn dng ca l thuyt v mu dch quc t 1. Li ch v ngun gc li ch ca ngoi thng a. Li ch ca Ngoi thng b. Ngun gc li ch ca ngoi thng 2. Ngoi thn g ca mt nn kinh t m quy m nh

23

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

ng gii hn kh nng sn xut PPF- Production Possibility Frontier ng gii hn kh nng sn xut l tp hp nhng kt hp hng ha m nn kinh t c th sn xut khi s dng hiu qu ton b cc ngun lc sn c

24

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

ng bng quan (Indifferent curve)

U1 C

U2 ng bng quan l tp hp nhng kt hp hng ha m li cng s tho mn cho ngi tiu dng

B A

25

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

a. Li ch ca Ngoi thng Khi cha c ngoi thng ng gii hn kh nng sn xut ng thi l ng gii hn kh nng tiu dng

im sn xut = im tiu dng = A

ng bng quan

26

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

a. Li ch ca Ngoi thng Ngoi thng xut hin nhng trong ngn hn, im sn xut cha thay i ng gii hn kh nng tiu dng c dc bng t l trao i

im sn xut A
im tiu dng B

27

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

a. Li ch ca Ngoi thng Ngoi thng xut hin nhng trong di hn, im sn xut thay i ng gii hn kh nng tiu dng

im sn xut C

im tiu dng D

28

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

a. Li ch ca Ngoi thng M rng v thay i c cu tiu dng nhm em li s tha mn cao hn a dng ha sn phm (nhm phn tn ri ro) t c hiu qu kinh t nh quy m (li ch hiu qu t vic tng quy m) Thc y cnh tranh (gim ngun li th trng ca cc cng ty trong nc) Hp l ha sn xut, phn phi (loi b cc cng ty km hiu qu).

29

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

b. Ngun gc li ch ca ngoi thng S khc bit v ngun lc Ngun lc t nhin Nhn lc C s h tng Khoa hc k thut Quy m sn xut Chuyn mn ha
30

Chi ph sn xut

LI CH CA NGOI THNG

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. Ngoi thn g ca mt nn kinh t m quy m nh Gi thuyt: Nn kinh t m: khng c cc ro cn thng mi, b qua chi ph vn chuyn, Nn kinh t quy m nh: lng xut, nhp khu khng nh hng n cung cu trn th trng th gii iu kin chp nhn gi ng Pw l ng thng nm ngang, song song vi trc Q

Pw

31

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. Ngoi thn g ca mt nn kinh t m quy m nh Nhn xt: Trong nn kinh t m quy m nh, nu mi yu t khc cn bng th s thay i v cung cu trong nc s dn n s thay i v s hng xut nhp khu hn l s thay i v gi trong nc. S

Pd=Pw

q1
32

q3

q2

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. Ngoi thn g ca mt nn kinh t m quy m nh Thc t: C tn ti nn kinh t m khng? - EU - M Cc nn kinh t quy m nh c th lin kt tc ng n gi th gii? - OPEC? - Cc nc xut khu c ph?

33

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

IV. Ti sao cc doanh nghip kinh doanh ng lc xut khu: S dng kh nng d tha Thu c nhiu li ch hn Phn tn ri ro C hi nhp khu ng lc nhp khu: C c ngun cung cp r C thm nhiu mt hng, nhiu sn phm Gim ri ro do ph thuc vo nh cung cp

34

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

a. Hy ch ra trong mi trng hp sau, c th c thng mi gia Anh v M khng. Nu c th quc gia no s chuyn mn ha vo mt hng no? TH A US UK TH B TH C US UK US UK

La m (t/gi lao ng) Vi (m/gi lao ng)

8 2

3 5

8 4

4 2

8 7

4 2

b. Gi s trong trng hp C, t l trao i l 3 mt vi ly 4 t la m. Vi t l trao i ny, c thng mi quc t khng. Ch ra li ch m mi nc thu c t thng mi quc t.
35

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

Cho bit s ngy cng lao ng cn thit sn xut mt n v sn phm mi nc nh sau:

Vit Nam
Vi 3 ngy

Nht Bn
2 ngy

Thp

6 ngy

5 ngy

a. Tnh s n v sn phm m mi nc sn xut c vi mt ngy cng lao ng. b. Gi s rng Nht bn c 1000 ngy cng lao ng. Hy v ng gii hn kh nng sn xut ca nc ny. c. Gi s t l trao i l 1 thp = 2 vi, v ng gii hn kh nng tiu dng ca Nht Bn. d. Hy xc nh im tiu dng ca Nht Bn trc v sau khi c thng mi. Ch ra rng thng mi cho php nc ny t ti im tiu dng mi vi mc tiu dng c hai mt hng u 36 tng ln.