A- Tng quan. I) Cu to. II) Tnh cht vt l. III) Tnh cht ho hc. IV) Phng php iu ch.

B- Cng ngh sn xut. I) Nguyn tc. II) Quy trnh sn xut.

A- TNG QUAN
- Axeton l ho cht quan trng, thng dng trong nhiu ngnh v c dng ch to cht cht do, cc loi si, dc phm v nhiu ho cht khc. N c trong cc sn phm k ngh nh sn, mc in, cht lm keo, nha, thuc nhum, thuc ra mng tay - Ho cht c tng hp trong phng th nghim nhng cng c mt phn trong mi trng thin nhin nh trong khng kh, nc, t. T khng gian aceton ho nhp vo t, nc sau nhng cn ma n khng tch t trong t, nc m s c cc vi sinh vt chuyn bin chng thnh cc cht khc.

A- TNG QUAN (tip)

- Trong c th aceton cng c t nhin trong cc b phn, c quan v do s chuyn ho thc phm to ra. Bnh thng aceton c nc tiu thi ra ngoi nhng nu trong trng hp c th khng th thi c ra ngoi th axit trong mu tng cao c th gy bt tnh. T n, aceton v hi nu ch l s lng nh, aceton s c gan bin ho thnh cc phn t v hi v c th c chuyn thnh nng lng cung cp cho cc chc nng ca c th. Tri li, nu ht th khng kh c mc aceton cao d ch trong thi gian ngn, cng nh hng khng tt cho sc kho, nu ngi aceton trong thi gian di s gy hi n gan, thn v lm mt tr nh. - Trong k ngh hoc cc tim lm mng 97% aceton thot ra ngoi khi c sn xut hoc s dng s ho ln trong khng kh

I) CU TO
- Aceton c CTPT l CH3COCH3, ng vi cng thc chung l CmH2mO (m3). Cc kt qu kho st cu trc phn t ca aceton bng phng php ho hc v vt l cho thy gc lin kt gia CCC = 116,00 , chiu di lin kt C- C bng152,0pm v C = O bng 121,3pm. Gc gia cc lin kt C=O bng 1200

II) TNH CHT VT L

- Aceton l cht lng khng mu, d bay hi v c mi c bit - Khc vi ancol gia cc phn t aceton khng c lin kt H nn t0 nng chy thp hn ancol nhng c t0 si cao hn hydrocacbon v nhm C=O phn cc. - Aceton tan tt trong nc nh c lin kt H vi nc. Cng thc
CH3COCH3 CH3CH2CH2OH

t0C si
56,5 97,2

t0C nc
-95 -126,1

tan

II) TNH CHT HO HC

- Trong phn t aceton lin kt C = O

lun phn cc v pha O v oxi c m in ln hn C nn nhm C = O s quyt nh nhng tnh cht ho hc c trng ca aceton m ni bt nht l phn ng cng nucleophin.

1) Phn ng cng vo nhm C=O - Cacbon trong lin kt C=O mang in tch (+) do lin kt C=O phn cc v pha O nn aceton c th cng vi nhiu tc nhn nucleophin khc nhau nh: H-OH, ROH, H-CN, R-MgBr... a) Cng H2O to ru bc 2: b) Cng ru to hmixetal (phn ng kh xy ra v hiu sut khng cao).

c) Cng natrihydrosunphit to thnh hp cht cng bisunphit.

d) Cng xianua to thnh xianhydrin.

e) Cng hp cht c Magi.

em thu phn

ta c ru bc 3.

2) Phn ng th nguyn t oxi ca nhm cacbonyl. Thc cht y l phn ng cng nucleophin vo nhm C=O v c ni tip ngay bng phn ng tch nc c sn phm thay th. a) phn ng th to lin kt C=C ( phn ng andol ho). - Khi c mt cht xc tc l baz, phn t aceton c th tc dng vi phn t khc c nhm CH2- linh ng ( CH2- bn cnh nhm ht e nh C=O, NO2...)

b) phn ng th to lin kt C=N. - Aceton c th tc dng vi dn xut ca NH3 to thnh mt sn phm th theo mt phn ng 2 giai on. CH3COCH3 + RNH2 > (CH3)2C=N-R + H2O. (R c th l H, ankyl...) 3) Phn ng OXH-K a) Phn ng kh thc hin phn ng kh aceton c th dng H trn cht xc tc Ni, Pt hoc dng LiAlH4.

b) Phn ng OXH - Khc vi anhit, aceton khng b oxh bi dung dch AgNO3, Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim. - Khi gp cht oxh mnh(KMnO4/H2SO4;K2Cr2O7/H2SO4,) th aceton b gy mch C cnh nhm cacbonyl to axit hu c.

4) Phn ng gc metyl CH3COCH3 + Cl2 > CH3COCH2Cl + HCl

IV) IU CH
1) OXH ru propanol-2

2) Thy phn 2,2-diclo propan

3) i t hp cht c Magi. CH3MgCl + CH3COCl > CH3COCH3 + MgCl2 CH3MgCl + CH3COOCH3 > CH3COCH3 + CH3OMgCl 4) OXH 2-metyl propen-1

IV) Iu ch (tip)
5) Hidrat ho metyl axetilen HCC-CH3 + H2O > CH3COCH3 6) nhit phn mui Natriaxetat 2CH3COONa > CH3COCH3 + Na2CO3 7) T axit axetic khan ( MnO, 3000C)

8) T Cumen

9) i t axetilen v nc 2HCCH + 3H2O ZnO, 400> CH3COCH3 + CO2 + 2H2

B- CNG NGH SN XUT

- Oxi ho propylen sn xut aceton. Ptp: CH3-CH=CH2 + 1/2 O2> CH3COCH3 - Qu trnh vn hnh da trn thit k ca hng Wacker Chemie kt hp vi Hoechst v c thng mi ho bi Hoechst-Uhde. 1) Nguyn tc qu trnh K thut phn ng oxi ho p dng cho nguyn liu propylen c mt xc tc paladi clorua v ng clorua ban u c thit k da trn cng ngh sn xut axetaldehyt t etylen. V nguyn tc, qu trnh chuyn ho tri qua cc giai on sau: To phc gia xc tc vi propylen:

Phc ny s b thy phn to thnh aceton v kim loi paladi.

Phn ng tng ca qu trnh hnh thnh aceton l: CH3-CH=CH2 + PdCl2 + H2O > CH3COCH3 + Pd + 2HCl Mc oxi ho gim dn khi hm lng paladi clorua mt i. Do , paladi kim loi phi c hon nguyn li nh phn ng vi ng clorua

S kt hp ca 2 qu trnh chuyn ho ny to nn mt giai on u tin trong cng ngh oxi ho propylen sn xut aceton:

Giai on th 2 trong qu trnh l ti sinh CuCl nh khng kh hoc oxi:

Phn ng tng ca ton b qu trnh:

V nguyn tc, propylen c oxi ho 90 1200C, p sut thp 0,9 1,2 MPa v c ti sinh trong cng iu kin. Vi cc iu kin nh vy, chuyn ho 1 ln t 98 99% v hiu sut t 92 94% mol. 2) Sn xut cng nghip Nguyn liu propylen sau khi qua b phn ho hi v gia nhit n 1150C c dn vo thit b phn ng. Ti y, dung dch xc tc c trn ln cng dng nguyn liu, gia nhit ti nhit tng ng v qu trnh sn xut din ra di p sut 1,2MPa. Dng sn phm ra khi thit b phn ng nhit 1200C c x di p sut 0,5MPa cho php phn tch cc nhn phn ng v sn phm dng kh ra khi dung dch xc tc.

Xc tc c ti sinh trong pha lng nhit khong 1100C, p sut 1,2 MPa vi s c mt ca khng kh nn. Nh x p n 0,5 MPa, cc kh thi c tch ra khi h xc tc. Xc tc sau ti sinh c b sung axit clohydric v cc hp cht clo mt mt trong qu trnh trc, ri a tr li thit b phn ng. Cc hp cht hu c, k c aceton tch ra trong pha kh, c thu hi nh qu trnh ra nc trong thp ht th lm vic 500C v c tun hon cng dung dch xc tc. Aceton th c to ra t giai on th nht ca phn ng trc ht c loi b cc cu t kh (propylen cha chuyn ho, propan...). Nhng lng nh b cun theo s c hp th qu trnh ra nc 500C v p sut kh quyn. Aceton sau c chng ct tch cc sn phm nh v cc sn phm nng(nc, axit axetic, cc hp cht cha clo nh mono, dicloaceton,...) Qu trnh s l bng NaOH c tin hnh trong thp cui cng d dng phn hu cc hp cht clo v nng cao hiu sut qu trnh.

C) Kt lun
- Aceton c vai tr rt quan trng trong cuc sng, n c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc nh ch to cht do( plastic), cc loi si, dc phm v cc ho cht khc v vy vic tng hp aceton l vic lm cn thit.

Ti liu tham kho : 1. C s ho hc hu c : Thy Trn quc sn - ng vn liu. 2. Cng ngh tng hp hu c : Phm thanh huyn nguyn hng lin.

Knh chc thy gio Cng Cc bn mnh khe!