Giao thc truyn thng v cc m hnh tham chiu

VPCP B/S ...

Router Router

PA1
MIn bc

PA2
MIn nam

B/S ...

UBND Tnh...

X25/Tel

UBND Tnh...

X25/Tel

Nhng ni dung chnh

Giao thc truyn thng l g M hnh tham chiu OSI B giao thc TCP/IP Cc vn lin quan

CSE

Giao thc truyn thng

cc my tnh trn mng c th trao i thng tin vi nhau, cn c mt b nhng phn mm cng lm vic theo mt chun no . Giao thc truyn thng (protocol) l tp quy tc quy nh phng thc truyn nhn thng tin gia cc my tnh trn mng.

CSE

Giao thc truyn thng

Cc mng my tnh hin i c thit k bng cch phn chia cu trc mc cao nhm lm gim s phc tp khi thit k. Cc giao thc mng thng c chia lm cc tng (layer), mi tng c xy dng da trn dch v ca tng di n v cung cp dch v cho tng cao hn.
5

CSE

M hnh tham chiu OSI

hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m (Open System Interconnection reference model - OSI) c t chc tiu chun ho quc t (International Standard Organization ISO) a ra vo nm 1984 nhm mc ch lm c s cho vic kt ni cc h thng m. Cc h thng c th kt CSE ni nu chng cng tun th mt s 6 quy tc.
M

Cc nguyn tc xy dng m hnh tham chiu

n gin cn hn ch s lng cc tng To ranh gii cc tng sao cho cc tng tc v dch v l ti thiu Cc chc nng khc nhau c tch bit Cc chc nng ging nhau c t cng mt tng Chn ranh gii cc tng theo kinh nghim thnh cng ca cc h thng trong thc CSEt 7

Cc nguyn tc xy dng m hnh tham chiu

Cc chc nng c nh v sao cho c th thit k li tng m khng nh hng ti cc tng khc To ranh gii gia cc tng sao cho c th chun ho giao din tng ng To mt tng khi d liu c x l mt cch tch bit Mi tng s dng dch v ca tng di n, cung cp dch v cho cc tng trn

CSE
8

Cc nguyn tc p dng cho cc tng con

C th chia mt tng thnh cc tng con khi cn thit To cc tng con cho php giao din vi cc tng k cn Cho php hu b cc tng con nu thy khng cn thit

CSE

Kin trc phn tng ca m hnh tham chiu OSI

7 6 5 4 3

Application
Presentatio n Session Transport

Tng ng dng
Tng trnh din

Tng phin
Tng giao vn

Network
Data link Physical

Tng mng
Tng lin kt d liu vt l Tng

2
1

Tng vt l
L tng thp nht ca m hnh tham chiu C chc nng truyn dng bit khng c cu trc qua ng truyn vt l Truy nhp ng truyn vt l nh cc phng tin c, in, hm, th tc Lin quan n vn c t tng ng cc bit 0, 1 trn mi mi trng CSE 11 truyn dn

Tng lin kt d liu

Cung cp phng tin truyn thng tin qua lin kt vt l m bo tin cy Gi cc khi d liu (frame) vi cc c ch ng b ho, kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu cn thit DLP d b s dng cc bit c bit tch cc k t truyn i DLP ng b s dng cc k t c bit bo hiu d liu ang i, n CSE

12

Tng mng
Thc hin vic chn ng v chuyn tip thng tin vi cng ngh chuyn mch thch hp Thc hin kim sot lung d liu, ct/hp d liu khi cn thit Lin quan ti cc vn o tr ng truyn, quyt nh chn ng, cp nht cc thng tin s dng cho vic CSE 13 chn ng

Chn ng trn tng mng

Vic chn con ng ti u truyn cc gi tin i trn mng phi thc hin mt s cng vic sau:
Quyt nh chn ng theo nhng tiu chun ti u no . Cp nht thng tin chn ng.

CSE

14

Cc k thut chn ng

Chn ng tp trung c trng bi s tn ti ca mt s trung tm iu khin mng thc hin vic chn ng sau gi cc bng chn ng ti cc nt mng. Cc nt mng u n gi thng tin ca chng ti cc trung tm theo mt khong thi gian hoc khi c mt s kin no .
15

CSE

Cc k thut chn ng

Chn ng phn tn c thc hin ti mi nt ca mng. Vic ny i hi s trao i thng tin thng xuyn gia cc nt.

CSE

16

Tng giao vn
Thc hin truyn d liu gia hai u mt (end - to - end) Kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu gia hai u mt Thc hin ghp knh (multiplexing), ct/hp d liu nu cn

CSE

17

Tng phin
Cung cp phng tin qun l truyn thng gia cc ng dng Thit lp, duy tr, ng b ho v hu b cc phin truyn thng gia cc ng dng

CSE

18

Tng trnh din

Chuyn i c php d liu p ng yu cu truyn d liu ca cc ng dng qua mi trng OSI Cung cp mt biu din dng chung cho trong truyn thng v cho php chuyn i t biu din cc b sang biu din

CSE
19

Tng ng dng
Cung cp cc phng tin ngi dng c th truy cp vo mi trng OSI Cung cp cc dch v thng tin phn tn

CSE

20

M hnh tham chiu OSI

Bn thn OSI khng phi l mt kin trc mng bi v n khng ch ra chnh xc cc dch v v cc nghi thc c s dng trong mi tng. M hnh ny ch ra mi tng cn thc hin nhim v g. ISO a ra cc tiu chun cho tng tng, nhng cc tiu chun ny khng phi l mt b phn CSE ca m hnh tham chiu. 21

M hnh tham chiu OSI

Cc iu khon m t trong m hnh c s dng rng ri trong l thuyt truyn thng, do , trong thc t kh c th ni v truyn thng m khng s dng thut ng ca OSI. Tuy nhin, m hnh OSI ra i sau khi cc giao thc TCP/IP c s dng rng ri. Nhiu cng ty a ra cc sn phm TCP/IP, v vy, m hnh OSI ch c s CSE 22 dng trong thc t nh mt chun v l

Gii thiu b giao thc TCP/IP

Vo cui nhng nm 1960 v u 1970, Trung tm nghin cu cp cao (Advanced Research Projects Agency - ARPA) thuc b quc phng M (Department of Defense DoD) c giao trch nhim pht trin mng ARPANET bao gm mng ca nhng t chc qun i, cc trng i hc v cc t chc nghin cu v c dng h tr cho nhng d n nghin cu khoa hc v qun CSE 23 i

Gii thiu b giao thc TCP/IP

. u nhng nm 1980, mt b giao thc mi c a ra lm giao thc chun cho mng ARPANET v cc mng ca DoD mang tn DARPA Internet protocol suit, thng c gi l b giao thc TCP/IP hay cn gi tt l TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
24

CSE

Kin trc b giao thc TCP/IP

B giao thc TCP/IP c phn lm 4 tng

Tng ng dng (Application Layer) Tng giao vn (Transport Layer) Tng Internet (Internet Layer) Tng truy cp mng (Network access Layer)
25

CSE

Cc lp tng ng gia OSI v TCP/IP

Application

Presentatio n Session
Transport Network Data link Physical
CSE

Application Transport Internetnet Network access

26

Cc giao thc tng ng vi cc lp trong kin trc ca TCP/IP

FTP TELNET SMTP DNS SNMP

Application Layer
RIP

Transport Layer

Transsmission Control Protocol

User Datagram Protocol

Internet Layer

ICMP

Internet Protocol ARP

Network access Layer

Ethernet

Token Ring

Token Bus

Fiber

FTP (File transfer Protocol): Giao thc truyn tp cho php ngi dng ly hoc gi tp ti mt my khc. Telnet: Chng trnh m phng thit b u cui cho php ngi dng login vo mt my ch t mt my tnh no trn mng. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Mt giao thc th tn in t. DNS (Domain Name server): Dch v tn min cho php nhn ra my tnh t mt tn min thay cho chui a ch Internet kh nh. CSE
28

CSE

SNMP (Simple Network Monitoring Protocol): Giao thc qun tr mng cung cp nhng cng c qun tr mng t xa. RIP (Routing Internet Protocol): Giao thc dn ng ng. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Nghi thc thng bo li. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Giao thc truyn khng kt ni cung cp dch v truyn khng tin cy nhng tit kim chi ph truyn.
29

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Giao thc hng kt ni cung cp dch v truyn thng tin tng. IP (Internet Protocol): Giao thc Internet chuyn giao cc gi tin qua cc my tnh n ch. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): C ch chuyn a ch TCP/IP thnh a ch vt l ca cc thit b mng.

CSE

30

Cng ging nh trong m hnh tham chiu OSI, d liu gi t tng Application i xung ngn xp, mi tng c nhng nh ngha ring v d liu m n s dng. Ti ni gi, mi tng coi gi tin ca tng trn gi xung l d liu ca n v thm vo gi tin cc thng tin iu khin ca mnh sau chuyn tip xung tng di. Ti ni nhn, qu trnh din ra ngc li, mi tng li tch thng tin iu khin ca CSE mnh ra v chuyn d liu ln tng 31 trn.

Application

DATA

Transport

TCP Header

DATA

Internet

IP Header TCP Header

DATA

Network
CSE

Ethernet Header

IP Header TCP Header

DATA

Ethernet Trailer
32

Application Layer

Application Layer

Identical Message
Transport Layer Transport Layer

Identical Packet
Internet Layer Internet Layer

Identical Datagram
Network access Layer Network access Layer

Identical Frame

Physical Net

C ch a ch Internet
Mng Internet dng h thng a ch IP (32 bit) "nh v" cc my tnh lin kt vi n. H thng a ch ny c thit k mm do qua mt s phn lp. C 5 lp a ch IP l : A, B, C, D, E. S khc nhau c bn gia cc lp a ch ny l kh nng t chc cc cu trc con CSE ca n. 34

C ch a ch Internet
Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E
0 10 Netid Netid Hostid Hostid

110
1110 11110

Netid
Multicast address Netid

Hostid

CSE

35

a ch lp A, B

Lp A Cho php nh danh 126 mng vi ti a 16 triu host trn mi mng. Lp ny dng cho mng c s trm cc ln: 16.777.214
0 1 0 7 8 Netid 15 16 23 24 Hostid 31

Lp B Cho php nh danh ti 16128 mng vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng.

0 1 10 7 8 Netid 15 16 23 24 Hostid 31

CSE

36

a ch lp C, D, E

Lp C Cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng.

0 1 110 7 8 Netid 15 16 23 24 Hostid 31

Lp D Dng gi cc IP datagram ti mt nhm cc host trn mt mng.

0 1 1110 7 8 15 16 23 24 Multicast address 31

CSE

Lp E D phng v dng trong tng lai.

37

C ch a ch Internet

d dng cho vic s dng a ch IP, ngi ta dng 4 s thp phn tng ng vi 4 nhm 8 bit v d 190.002.002.001
a ch lp A c s thp phn u tin <128 a ch lp B c s thp phn u tin trong khong 128..191 a ch lp B c s thp phn u tin > 38 191

CSE

Mng con v mt n mng con

Mng Internet s dng a ch IP 32 bit v phn chia ra cc lp rt mm do. Tuy nhin, vi mt h thng a ch nh vy vic qun l vn rt kh khn. Nu nh mt mng c cp mt a ch lp A th c ngha n cha ti 16*1.048.576 my tnh Do vy ngi ta dng mt n bit phn CSE chia mng ra thnh nhng mng con gi39l

Mng con v mt n mng con

Mt n mng con (Subnet mask) l mt con s 32 bit bao gm n bit 1 (thng l cc bit cao nht) dng nh a ch mng con v m bit 0 dng nh a ch my trong mng con vi n+m=32
Network Number
Network Number

Host Number
Subnet Number 1111 1111 Host Number 0000 0000
40

CSE

1111 1111

1111 1111

t a ch IP v Subnet mask

CSE

41

Mt s giao thc lp di

Giao thc lp mng

Internet Protocol - IP

Giao thc tng giao vn

Transmission Control Protocol - TCP User Datagram Protocol - UDP

CSE

42

Internet Protocol - IP
Tng Internet cung cp mt h thng chuyn giao khng kt ni Khng kt ni bi mi gi tin c truyn i trn mng mt cch c lp S kt hp d liu ca cc gi tin c cung cp bi cc dch v lp trn Chnh vic d liu c th i ti ch trn nhiu ng khc nhau to nn s mm do cho Internet CSE 43

Cu trc gi tin IP
VERS HLEN SERVICE TYPE FLAG PROTOCOL TOTAL LENGTH FRAGMENT OFFSET HEADER CHECK SUM IDENTIFICATION TIME TO LIVE

SOURCE IP ADDRESS DESTINATION IP ADDRESS IP OPTION (IF ANY) DATA *** DATA
CSE
44

PADDING

Transmission Control Protocol

TCP cung cp dch v chuyn giao thng tin c kt ni (connection - oriented) N bao gm c vic kim tra v sa li. TCP cung cp dch v tin cy vi mt c ch gi l "Positive Ackowledgment with Retransmission" (PAR). n gin l trm ngun tip tc gi thng tin i cho ti khi n nhn c thng bo d liu c nhn chnh xc ti trm ch.

CSE
45

Cu trc gi tin TCP

SOURCE PORT DESTINATION PORT SEQUENCE NUMBER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER HLEN RESERVED CODE BITS WINDOW URGENT POINTER PADDING DATA *** DATA
CSE
46

CHECK SUM IP OPTION (IF ANY)

Phn knh, Port v im kt ni

V c nhiu giao thc ng dng lp trn cng s dng dch v ca TCP do cn c mt c ch nhn bit gi tin no thuc ng dng no TCP cung cp mt c ch gi l c ch cng (Port Mechanism) gn mi ng dng vi mt s hiu cng (Port number) v d FTP gn vi cng 21, HTTP gn vi cng 80 Vic la chn tin trnh tng ng vi s hiu CSE 47 cng gi l Phn knh (Demultiplex)

Phn knh, Port v im kt ni

i vi ngi lp trnh, mt a ch IP hay mt cng khng nh danh mt thc th duy nht trn mng TCP a ra nh ngha im kt ni (endpoint) l mt cp s nguyn (host, port) trong , host l a ch IP ca mt my tnh cn port l port number m my tnh s dng. V d: (190.2.2.1,23)

48

CSE

User Datagram Protocol

UDP cho php chng trnh ng dng truy cp trc tip n gi tin ca dch v chuyn giao ging nh dch v m giao thc IP cung cp. N cho php ng dng trao i thng tin qua mng vi t thng tin iu khin nht. UDP l giao thc khng kt ni, km tin cy v n khng c c ch kim tra tnh CSE 49 ng n ca d liu truyn.

Cu trc gi tin UDP

SOURCE PORT UDP MESSAGE LENGTH IP OPTION (IF ANY) DATA *** DATA DESTINATION PORT UDP CHECKSUM PADDING

CSE

50

V sao la chn UDP

Nu mt s lng ln cc gi tin nh c truyn, thng tin cho vic kt ni v sa li c th ln hn nhiu so vi thng tin cn truyn. Trong trng hp ny, UDP l gii php hiu qu nht. Nhng ng dng kiu "Query-Response" cng rt ph hp vi UDP, cu tr li c th dng lm s xc nhn ca mt cu hi. Mt s ng dng t n cung cp cng ngh ring chuyn giao thng tin tin cy
CSE
51

Cc giao thc ng dng

File Transfer Protocol - FTP Domain Name System - DNS Simple Net Management Protocol SNMP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - SMTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - HTTP

CSE
52

File Transfer Protocol - FTP

y l mt giao thc ng dng cung cp cho ngi dng phng php sao chp tp t mt my tnh xa Chng trnh s dng giao thc ny dng cng 21 v thit lp hai knh truyn logic

CSE

Knh truyn lnh tn ti sut phin lm vic Knh truyn d liu c thit lp mi khi c d liu truyn v gii phng sau khi 53 s

S dng FTP
$ ftp sco5 Connected to sco5. 220220 sco5.cse.com.vn FTP server (Version 2.1WU(1)) ready. User (sco5.cse.com.vn:(none)):binhnn 331 Password required for binhnn. Password: 230 User binhnn logged in. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> get nettcp.c local: nettcp.c remote: nettcp.c 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for nettcp.c (46 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. 46 bytes received in 0 seconds (0.04 Kbytes/s) ftp> bye 221 Goodbye. $

Domain Name System - DNS

a ch IP khng mang thng tin v a l, t chc hay ngi dng. Ngi ta xy dng h thng t tn gi l Domain Name System cung cp cho ngi dng cch t tn cho cc my tnh vi cch t tn thng thng quen thuc Tn_ngi_dng@Tn_min

CSE
55

Telnet
Telnet cho php ngi s dng t trm lm vic ca mnh c th ng nhp (login) vo mt trm xa nh l mt u cui (teminal) ni trc tip vi trm xa . c t v Telnet c th tm thy trong RFC 854..861, 884, 885, 1091, 1097 v 1116

CSE
56

Telnet
Client c t trm cui Telnet Client Server nhn thng bo Client t client gi thng bo n server TCP/IP Internet
CSE

Users Terminal
H iu hnh

Server gi thng bo ti H iu hnh my tnh thc hin pseudo termina l

57

Telnet Server

Phn cp domain name

vn
gov edu com mil org nic

vnuh

hau

CSE

fit

58

Domain Name System

Mt my tnh c th c nhiu tn trn mng Mi tn l duy nht Vic nh x a ch IP - Domain Name c thc hin bi

Nane server ci t ti cc my server Name resolver ci t ti cc my trm

CSE

DNS c c t trong RFC 1034, 1035

59

Simple Network Monitoring Protocol SNMP

H thng qun tr mng cn gi l m hnh Manager/Agent bao gm Tin trnh qun tr cung cp giao din gia ngi qun tr mng vi cc thit b c qun tr H b qun tr bao gm tin trnh Agent thc hin cc thao tc qun tr v cc i tng c qun tr nh my ch, hub, knh truyn CSE
60

- C s thng tin qun tr (Management Information Base MIB) c lu tr c h thng qun tr v h thng b qun tr cha cc thng tin cn thit cho vic qun tr

CSE

61

M hnh Manager/Agent ca h thng qun tr mng

Management System
Commands

Managed System

Manager Process

Agent Process Managed Object

Responses Management Database

Management Database

Notifications

CSE

62

Simple Network Monitoring Protocol - SNMP

Giao thc qun tr mng cung cp phng thc lin lc gia manager, cc i tng c qun tr v cc agent Giao thc qun tr mng ci t trong b giao thc TCP/IP s dng giao thc khng kt ni UDP c t SNMP c th tm thy trong RFC 1155..1158

CSE
63

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - SMTP

L giao thc s dng cho vic trao i th in t gia cc ngi dng trn mng Ch ra cch thc mt h thng phn pht mail chuyn cc thng ip qua mt kt ni t mt my ny n mt my khc. c im ni bt l vic x l khng trc tuyn - off line, th in t c lu ti hm th ca ngi s dng mt trung tm my tnh no CSE 64

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Tin trnh server cn c quyn ROOT ghi vo hm th ca mi ngi, y l mt l hng trong vn bo v an ton thng tin trn mng c t cho SMTP c trong RFC 821

CSE

65

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

chun truyn cc siu vn bn trn Web. HTTP hot ng gn ging FTP nhng khng duy tr kt ni truyn lnh, knh truyn d liu c thit lp v gii phng ngay sau khi ti liu c truyn nhn

CSE
66

World Wide Web - WWW

World Wide Web c xy dng v hot ng theo m hnh Client/Server. Cc Client dng mt phn mm gi l Web Browser. Web Browser tip nhn thng tin yu cu t ngi dng sau gi cc yu cu ti my Server x l. Web Server cng l mt phn mm chy trn cc my phc v, nhn Request thc hin CSE theo yu cu ri tr thng tin (Response)67 cho

Trao i thng tin Web Browser - Server

Gopher Server
Gopher

Web Browser

HTTP

Web Server

Gateway

Other Server

FTP

FTP Server

CSE

68

Nhng vn c bn ca mng
Kim sot li Kim sot lung d liu nh a ch nh gi tin cy An ton thng tin trn mng Qun tr mng

CSE
69

An ton thng tin trn mng

Nhng vn v an ton thng tin Cc lp ro chn bo v thng tin Bc tng la - gii php an ton thng tin trn Internet

CSE

70

An ton thng tin

Nhu cu bo v thng tin

Bo mt Bo v ton vn m bo tnh sn sng

Cc phng php tn cng

Nghe trm Tn cng vo nhng l hng ca h thng Tn cng vo yu t con ngi

CSE

71

Cc lp ro chn bo v thng tin

Quyn Thng tin

UID

Bo v

Bc

truy vt cp Passwor d ho l

tng

Mng ngoi

la

CSE

72

Bc tng la
Mt gii php an ton thng tin c s dng rng ri nht hin nay trn Internet L mt tm chn gia mng ni b v mng bn ngoi Bao gm c phn cng v phn mm C nhiu loi bc tng la khc nhau C th xem chi tit trong ti liu Firewall ca CSE CSE

73

Cc thng tin cn thit

Ngi bin son: Nguyn Hu Tun E-commerce and IT Department. Ministry of Trade

CSE

74

Ti liu tham kho

Andrew S.T., Computer Network, Prentice Hall, 1988. Douglas E.C., Internetworking With TCP/IP, v.1, Prentice Hall, 1991. Douglas E.C., Internetworking With TCP/IP, v.2, Prentice Hall, 1994. Request for Comments - RFCs

CSE

75