Fundamentals of Computing

Unit 2 Notes

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UNIT II
COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Computer Software Types of Software Software Development Steps Internet Evolution Basic Internet Terminology Getting connected to Internet Applications

What is a Computer Software

Computer software It is a set of logical instructions, written in a computer programming language that tells the computer how to accomplish the specific task A computer system is made up of two parts:

Hardware and Software Hardware is the Physical Equipment Software is a set of logical instructions, written in a computer programming language that tells the computer how to accomplish a specific task
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Computer Software Relationships

User Interface Application Programs

User Interface

Operating System

User Basic Input and Output Services (BIOS) Interface needed for a computer to boot up

Computer Hardware
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Software Definition
Software
The set of instruction grouped into programs that

make the computer to function in the desired way It is a collection of programs to perform a particular task

Programs
It is the set of instruction written in any high level

language that can be understood by computer

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Software cont
Software can be broken into two groups:
Sequential instruction that the computer can perform to solve any task

1) System Software Includes Operating Systems, System Support Software and System Development Software, Language Processors 2) Application Software Includes Customized Application Software and General Application Software
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MAJOR CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

STANDARD APPLICATION PROGRAMS

UNIQUE APPLICATION PROGRAMS

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SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

Standard management program consists of programs that meant for operating the hardware system and managing their

resources effectively. Examples of standard management programs are: Operating System Utility Programs Device Drivers
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SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS cont

Operating System
A program which acts as an interface between the user and

the computer and provides an environment in which a user can execute programs Viewed as a Resource Allocator or Resource Manager . It manages I/O devices, CPU, Secondary storage devices, network equipment and information

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Operating System cont

Controls and manages the computing resources

Examples Windows, Unix, MSDOS,

Important services that an operating system

provides:

File system Commands to manipulate the file system Input and output on a variety of devices Window management

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Operating System cont

Functions of operating system
Memory Management 2) Process Management 3) File Management 4) Device Management
1)

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Operating System cont

Memory Management
Plays an important role as utilization of memory is crucial to

the performance of the system. Respond to changes in memory demand by individual user jobs. It handles allocation and deallocation of memory.

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Operating System cont

Process Management
Functions:
To keep track of the status of each process (Managing). To suspend and choose some processes based on some criteria

(Scheduling) . To coordinate inter process communication (Sharing). Processor Hardware component that is capable of executing instructions Process An instance of a program in execution Is an active entity whereas a program is a passive entity Needs certain resources for execution in which a processor is one of them
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Operating System cont

File Management It is a method of storing and managing the files, which contain data. This makes it easy to locate and access the data. Different Operating Systems incorporate different File Systems. Example.
FAT (File Allocation Table) (FAT 12,16,32) NTFS (New Technology File System) (2TB) Unix File System

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Operating System cont

Device Management
It is the part of the operating system that manages to allocate a

device (I/O) to a requirement or a users job

Functions
To provide the simplest interface possible to the rest of the

system To optimize I/O for maximum concurrency

Security Management
The job is to Protect the computer system resource and

Information against destruction and Unauthorized access It protect the data from Piracy
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SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS cont

UTILITY PROGRAMS It refers to small programs ,which provide additional capabilities to the computer system in addition to the small ones provide by the OS. Search Print Disk Defragmenter Encryption Virus Scanner Back up Data Recovery System Profiler
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SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS cont

Device Driver
This are the special programs to extend the capabilities of operating system This program allows the operating system and other programs to activate and use the hardware device It contains all device dependent code

Application Program

I/O control system

Device driver

Device controller
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Hardware device
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

It is known as programming software allow the users to develop programs in different programming languages The process of developing and executing a program involves the following steps: 1.Debbugging the program. (DEBUGGER) 2.Linking various variables and objects with the library files. (LINKER) 3. Translating the code from one language to another. (LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS) 4. Running the machine code to perform the desired task. (EDITORS)
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS cont

Language translators
A program which converts a users program written in some

language to another language. The language in which the users program is written is called the source language The language to which the source language is converted is called the target language
Source Program (High level language) Translator

Target Program (Object /Exe code )

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Translation System
Set of programs used to develop software

Types of translators: Compiler Linker Examples Microsoft Visual C++, Borland C++, g++

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Integrated Development Environments

Combine all of the capabilities that a programmer would

want while developing software (VC++) Editor Compiler Linker Loader Debugger Viewer

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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS cont

LINKERS It arranges the object code of all the modules that have been generated by the language translator into a single program.
Linker also includes the links of various objects, which are defined at run time libraries.
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS cont

DEBUGGERS It is a software that is used to detect the errors and bugs present in the programs. It uses a technique called ISS(Instruction Set Simulators). ISS is capable of stopping the execution of a program at the point where an erroneous statement is encountered.
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS cont

EDITORS It is a special program that allows the user to work with the text in the computer system. It used for documentation purposes and also to enable to edit the information present in the existing file or document. on the basis of content the editors are divided into following categories; Text Editor Digital audio editor Graphics editor Binary file editor HTML editor Source Code editor

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Application Software
Application software makes computer popular and easy to

use Common application software: Microsoft Word, WordPerfect PowerPoint Netscape, Internet Explorer PhotoShop, Photo-Paint Quick Time Dream weaver

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Application Software
It is the job a user wants the computer to perform.

Examples
Ms-Office Railway reservation system Banking management Hospital management Insurance Airline reservation system Weather forecasting

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STANDARD APPLICATION PROGRAMS

Standard application program consists of programs that perform certain common information processing tasks for the users. Examples of the standard application programs are:
Word processing Electronic spreadsheet Database Manager Presentation graphics Web Browser

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Standard application programs cont

Word Processing

Word Processing software is used to create and print

documents. A key advantage of word processing software is that users easily can make changes in documents.
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Standard application programs cont

Electronic Spreadsheets

Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to add,

subtract, and perform user-defined calculations on rows and columns of numbers. These numbers can be changed and the spreadsheet quickly recalculates the new results.

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Standard application programs cont

Database Manager

Allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in an

organized and efficient manner, with flexible inquiry and reporting capabilities.

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Standard application programs cont

Desktop Publishing System

Desktop Publishing System allows the user to create documents

called slides to be used in making the presentations. Using special projection devices, the slides display as they appear on the computer screen. The page layout software uses the What U See Is What U Get (WYSIWYG) technique for displaying the preview of the page being designed.

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Standard application programs cont

Web Browser It is a software that is used to access the internet and WWW. It provides many advanced features that help achieve easy access to the internet and WWW. Examples of Web browser: Internet Explorer (IE) Firefox Netscape Navigator
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UNIQUE APPLICATION PROGRAM

Organizations develops their own Programs to accomplish certain task that are unique to their areas of operations. Examples of unique applications: managing the inventory of a store Preparing the pay bills of employee processing the examinations of the students Reserving seats in trains or airlines Analyzing the mathematical models.
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UNIQUE APPLICATION PROGRAM cont

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

It helps in keeping a record of the huge number of items stored in warehouses and storerooms. Nowadays, the identification of number of an item is specified on the barcodes printed on each item. BARCODE is a group of small and black vertical lines of variable widths. It is understandable by only BARCODE READER. This technology saves lot of time to enter the item details.

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UNIQUE APPLICATION PROGRAM cont

PAYROLL SYSTEM

It is an application software that enables us to perform various activities related to the payroll accounting and the payroll administration process. It is used by the HR department of an organization for the computation of the salary of employees. A payroll system can also used to print or email the salary slips of employees.
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Software Development
Major activities
Editing (writing the program)
Compiling (creates .obj file) Linking with compiled files (creates .exe file)

Object files Library modules Loading and executing Testing the program

Source Program

Compile Library routines Edit Link Other object files Think Load

Execute
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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE

Programs are difficult to write. It cant be done without planning.

It is the steps commonly (or) usually followed by Computer programmer.

A series of steps that organizes the development of software products. The duration can be day to years. It leads to the development of the

program. SDLC has six basic steps. It leads the programmer to design an error-free program.
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SDLC Steps
Analysis Design
coding Testing and Debugging

Documentation
Maintain Program

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ANALYSIS

Step 1: Identify the Requirement , specification and defining each program input, output and processing components. Step 2: Develop the list of problem variable and their relationship. Determine the required format in which the result should be displayed.
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DESIGN
Step 1: Plan the solution to the problem. Develop an logical sequence that solves the problem (ALGORITHM) or (FLOWCHART). Step 2 : Write the algorithm in top-down design process. Its also called as divide and conquer. First list out the sub-problems, that need to be solved, then solve the original problem. Identify the major function of the program. It is sometimes called as main routine. KEY FEATURES : Extensibility,Security,Compatibility,Fault tolerance,Maintainability,Modularity.

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CODING

It is the technical word for writing the program. In this step we will be converting (or) translate the algorithm

into programming language. There are variety of programming language. Programming language is a set of words, symbol and codes that enables a programmer to communicate the solution to the computer. Each PL has its own syntax.
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TESTING AND DEBUGGING

The goal of Program Testing is to ensure program runs correct and error free.

The next step to coding is test and debug the program. Testing : It is the process of finding the error in a program Debugging : It is the process of correcting errors found during testing process. Various testing methodologies are;
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DOCUMENTATION
A detailed description of What the program does and How to use the program
It is intended to allow another person (or) the programmer

at later date to understand the program.

It is the statement in programs that are not executed. It point-out the purpose of various parts of the program It contain

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MAINTENANCE

Involves : Modifying the program. Remove the previously inferred error. Enhance the program with different factors (up to date).

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ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

The field of work dealing with computers and technology It refers to creation, gathering, processing, storing and delivering of information. Information : it is the act of informing or condition being informed. It is also called processed data. Technology: It is the application of science.

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Role of IT cont
Information gathering
System Design and Planning Development Testing Implementation Maintenance Cost control

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The Internet
In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects Agency

of the Department of Defense (ARPA) funded research to network its researching facilities and universities Arpanet was created to allow users at the different locations to quickly and exchange information (utilizing packets) Arpanet later evolved into the Internet (using protocols called TCP/IP)

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Internet History
1957

The USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite. Backbones: None - Hosts: None 1968 ARPA awarded the ARPANET contract to BBN Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: 4 1972 The first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN. Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: 23 1973 Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: 23+
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History cont
1974

First Use of term Internet by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in paper on Transmission Control Protocol. Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: 23+ 1976 Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe develops Ethernet Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET, plus satellite and radio connections Hosts: 111+ 1979 USENET (the decentralized news group network) It was used for email and listservs.

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History cont
1983

Internet Activities Board (IAB) was created in 1983 1992 Internet Society is chartered. World-Wide Web released by CERN.
1994

Hundreds of thousands of new hosts were added to the INTERNET during this time period. Pizza Hut offers pizza ordering on its Web page. 1995 $50 annual fee is imposed on domains, excluding .edu and .gov domains which are still funded by the National Science Foundation
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World Wide Web

Created in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee Allows users to locate and view multimedia-based

documents create by others in the world on various subjects files, images, animations, video, audio, etc.

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Web Browser
It is a software that is used to access the internet and WWW. It provides many advanced features that help achieve easy access to the internet and WWW. Examples of Web browser: Internet Explorer (IE) Fire fox Netscape Navigator
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Internet services
E-mail Chatting (voice & video) Video conferencing Bank transaction Online booking Online test Online classes Online search Online News
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Services cont
Online shopping Online Marketing Travel information Country information Weather report Online magazines Online music Online films Online dictionary
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Internet Keywords

Web browser (internet explorer etc.,) URL Domain name( .com, .gov, .in, .us etc) TCP/IP DSL, Broadband DNS IP address VOIP
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BASIC INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES

NETWORK LAN MAN WAN Bandwidth Browser Website Domain Name

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BASIC INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES cont

HTML
MODEM HTTP FTP IP Address E-mail Virus

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BASIC INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES cont

Search Engine
URL Spam Firewall E-Commerce WWW DNS

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GETTING CONNECTED TO INTERNET APPLICATIONS

Browsing the Internet Using a search Engine Uses of Internet The Internet in Business The Internet in Education The Internet in Communication The Internet in Entertainment The Internet in Governance
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THANK YOU

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