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WCDMA Load Control
ISSUE 1.0
Internal Use
1

In WCDMA system, the load of air interface

should be kept under the threshold because
too high load can result in Qos getting worse.
And the high load level can cause some
problems, such as low coverage and capacity
ability, the Qos deteriorated etc. It also
increase the risk of system instability

The load control can maintain the system load

level in a stable range to ensure the Qos.
Internal Use
2
Object
Upon completion this course, you will be able to:

Know the load control principles

Know the load control realization methods in

WCDMA system

Know The load control parameters in

WCDMA system

Internal Use
3
Chapter 1 Load Overview
Chapter 2 laod reforming
Chapter 3 Overload control
Chapter 4 Other Load control Algorithm
Internal Use
4
Load Measurement

Uplink Load Level:

By the background noise rise

Downlink Load level

By the carrier transmission power

UL N
P
RTWP
rise noise
q
= =
1
1
HSDPA cch
j
j own total
P P p P P + + = =

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5
Load State

load state can be classified to three categories normal, elementary

congestion and overload congestion

In the stage of elementary congestion and overload congestion, different

methods can be employed to make the system back to the normal state

Besides state trigged load management, the load adjustment trigged by

other conditions can also manage the load state

Elementary congestion:

system is still stable, but the resource is limited. System needs to be reformed
for the potential users

Overload congestion:

system is not stable, and call drops may happened.

Fast overload control should be employed to decrease the system load

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Load state
Overload state: System is not stable now.
The OLCA can be used, which includes
1 fast TF control
2 release part of users.
L
o
a
d
%


TH
TH
olc
100%
A section
B section
C section

Normal state: Permit entry
Times
Congestion state: System is still stable
but the resource is very limited. The
LDRA can be used, which includes
1 inter-frequency handover
2 decreasing user date rate by DCCC
3 AMRC
4 inter-RAT handover for CS domain
services and PS domain services.
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Chapter 1 Load Overview
Chapter 2 laod reforming
Chapter 3 Overload control
Chapter 4 Other Load control Algorithm
Internal Use
8
Load Reforming

Reasons:

when the system load arrived to a certain extend, the left resource is
very limited, but the system is still stable.

In this condition, new coming calls could be rejected by system directly.

Characteristic

No influence to the system stability, but admission rejection often

happened

Purpose

Through load reforming, load level can be decreased to the state

which non admission rejection happened
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Downlink Load reforming flow
Open the downlink
LDRA switch
Initial the LDM congestion
state indicator report

LDM indicator
Is the cell in
elementary congestion?

AMRC

Yes
No
Waiting for the
LDM indicator



No
Inter-frequency
handover
Succeed?
No
Inter-RAT handover
for CS domain services
Decrease BE
services data rate?

No

Scheduling by the steps
No
Inter-RAT handover
for PS domainn services
No
Yes Yes
Yes
Yes Yes
Succeed?
Succeed? Succeed? Succeed?
Can not find
any proper
solution
method

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10

Each users service priority is defined by a service weight as

following formula:

The lower P is, the lower possibility of being selected will be

For the users who has more RABs (each RAB has a P value), the minimum
one is the final P value.
User selection
times selected the times selected the
Rate Rate tion Classifica tion Classifica tion Classifica Priority
Service
W K
W K W K W K P

+ + =
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Inter-frequency handover based on load

Decrease the local cell load by handing users over to the lighter
load inter-frequency cell

There is blind handover target cell with the congestion cell

The load difference between the target cell and the congestion cell is
greater than a threshold

A user my be handed over to other cell, and the handover is called blind
handover. The chosen method is based on the equivalent user number.
The maximum one, which is less than a upper threshold for the inter-
frequency handover equivalent number, should be selected to do the
handover.

If non users are found, the load control action is failed and do the next
LDR action
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Decrease the date rate of BE service

Decrease the data rate of BE service through the service bandwidth

reconfiguration

Rank users by the P value, then choose the maximum one,

Kclassification>1Krate>Downlink LDR which is target decreasing rate of
BE service

Execution decrease the users data rate to the target level

Plus one to the Kselected times

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QoS renegotiation for non-controlled timing services

Definitions

The timing services have the guaranteed bit rate

In order to decreasing the load level, the bit rate of non-controlled

timing services can be decreased by the QoS renegotiation

Choose the PS domain timing services which the P values are greater

The selected service should take the guaranteed rate to be the

maximum negotiation rate

RNC transmit the RAB Modification Request message to CN for

renegotiation QoS

If RNC does not find any service to do the QoS negotiation, select the
next LDR action
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Inter-RAT handover in CS domain based on load level

Decreasing the system load by handing CS services over to other

systems

Select the users by P values. Only single service user can be selected,
and the combined services users are not considered

Handover the selected user over to 2G

Otherwise, select the next LDR action

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Other LDR methods

Inter-RAT handover in PS domain based on load level

It is the same to the inter-RAT handover in CS domain

based on load level

Uplink LDR algorithm

It is the same to the downlink LDR algorithm

Internal Use
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Chapter 1 Load Overview
Chapter 2 laod reforming
Chapter 3 Overload control
Chapter 4 Other Load control Algorithm
Internal Use
17
Overload control

Why are load control needed?

Admission control is a kind of insurance for keeping the system stable.

But the unpredictable factors like the mobility, data rate can increase
the system load

How do we know the load increased?

for the uplink, because of the background noise rise, power control can
not catch up with the requirement. So the QoS may not be ensured

for the downlink, the carrier transmission power is close to the

maximum transmission power. Call drop may happened because of that.

What is the purpose of load control?

To ensure the system stability and the QoS of the services, the load
control algorithm should make the system back to the normal state as
soon as possible.
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Action decision module
is the cell in
overload congestion?

K
dl_olc
< N
dl_olc ?
Downlink TF control

Yes
release some users

No
Yes
No
K
dl_olc
= 0 K
dl_olc
= K
dl_olc + 1
Yes
waiting for
LDM indicator


Succeed

No
switch off the periodically
action timer

olc_action

LDM indicator
Open the downlink
OLCA switch

Initial the LDM congestion
state indicator report

Record the downlink
overload congestion state
Already initiatedthe OLC
timer?

Yes

Record the downlink
overload congestion state
The uplink isalso in overload
congestion state?
No
Yes

Action
Execution module


No
Initiate the OLC timer
olc_action1
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Overload control

Trigger conditions

uplink: load factor (RTWP)

downlink: transmission carrier power (TCP)

Trigger method

event reporting

periodic reporting
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Overload control
T1
T1
Measured entity
Time
Measurement
Threshold 1
Measurement
Threshold 2
T1 Measurement Hysteresis Time

T1
Report A Report B
Periodic
Reports
Report A Periodic
Report
Measurement Reports
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Downlink overload control

Downlink TF overload control method

Introduction of TF control

Decreasing the data rate through changing the TF by adjusting the numbers of TB

event reporting

When the carrier transmission power is greater than the overload control initiation
threshold TH1and lasts longer than Ti, the NodeB will report the transmission power
periodically.

After the LCC algorithm gets the report, it will inform the MAC-D to do the fast TF
control.

With the decreasing system load level, the transmission carrier power is also
decreasing.

After the TCP is less than TH2 and lasts longer than T1, NodeB will stop reporting.

Then the fast TF control will stop

User Selection

Select the users which the P values are greater to do the fast TF control
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Downlink overload control

Release users

User selection

Release the users which the P values are greater

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Uplink overload control

Uplink overload control is the same to the downlink overload control

Fast TF control

Release users

Release users which the SIR are abnormal

Release users According to the priorities

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Overload control
The cooperation overload control for both of uplink and downlink
Uplink action
decision module
K
ul_olc
< N
ul_olc ?
Uplink TF control
Yes
Release some users
No
K
ul_olc
= K
ul_olc + 1
Yes
Succeed
No

Overload
Congestion in uplink?
Downlink action
decision module
K
dl_olc < N dl_olc ?
Downlink TF control
Yes
Release some users
No
K
dl_olc
= K
dl_olc + 1
Yes
Succeed
No

No
OLC action execution
module

Decide to rele
ase users inboth uplink and downlink

Only release the
users who are selected
by uplink OLC
Decide to release
users in uplink or downlink

Release users of the
link, keep users of
another link
No decision for
the user of downlink and uplink
Execute the OLC
action of both links

T
olc_action overtime
OLC timer
Overload congestion
in downlink?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
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25
Overload control

The relationship between overload control algorithm and other algorithms

with the DCCC algorithm:

When the system is in the overload state, transport channels reconfiguration

can not be adopted

with the CAC algorithm:

when the system is in the overload state, system refuse new users directly

With the downlink inner-loop control:

when the system is in the overload state, NodeBs will neglect the increasing
power indication from UE and always decrease the transmission power
Internal Use
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Chapter 1 Load Overview
Chapter 2 laod reforming
Chapter 3 Overload control
Chapter 4 Other Load control Algorithm
Internal Use
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Section 1 Load Balance
Section 2 Potential Users Control
Section 3 The limited transmission
resource of Iub Interface


Chapter 4 Other Load control Algorithm
Internal Use
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Load Balance
Load balance overview

The factors such as new calls, handovers, the changeable data rate, the
outside interference can cause load unbalance among cells in real network

The QoS of some cells may be not good enough because of the very high
load level. Meanwhile, other cells resource may be not used fully due to the
light load.

To avoid this phenomenon, some method should be used for the selection
and utilization of resource, such as load balance.

Load balance algorithms:

Load balance algorithm among inter-frequency cells

Load balance algorithm among intra-frequency cells

The priority of first algorithm is higher than the second one.

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Load decreased,
coverageenlarged
Original
cell radius
Load balance among Intra-frequency cells
Load increased,
coverage shrank
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Covered by different frequency cells
Load balance among Inter-frequency cells



f1
Load Level
Low



f2
High




f1 & f2
Middle
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The advantages of load balance

Intra-frequency LDB

Users in high load level cells will be handed

over to light load ones

Inter-frequency LDB

Users in high load level cells will be handed

over to co-site inter-frequency light load cells
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Intra-frequency LDB
Decrease the P
CPICH
one step
y
P
tx
>
P
shrink
&
P CPICH > P
CPICH, min
n
n
Wait for next period
Increase the P
CPICH
one step
y
P tx
<
P expand
&
P
CPICH <
P
CPICH, max
Measure transmitted
carrier power P
tx
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LDB among Intra-frequency cells

Principal

While Load increased, decrease coverage ability

to decrease the load level;

While the Load decreased, enlarge the coverage

ability to share the load of adjacent cells

Realization Method

Adjust the cell coverage ability by adjusting the

transmission power of CPICH
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34
LDB among Intra-frequency cells

Trigger conditions

When the percentage of downlink transmission power is greater than

the threshold for the coverage shrank, decrease the CPICH transmission
power periodically

When the percentage of downlink transmission power is less than the

threshold for the coverage enlarged, increase the CPICH transmission
power periodically
CPICH power step should be considered very carefully
The percentage of downlink
transmission power
Threshold for the
coverage shrank
Threshold for the
coverage enlarged
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LDB among inter-frequency cells
n
Ptx,max > P
adjust
&
Ptx,max - Ptx,min >
P difference
Wait for next period
i < N?
Get P
tx,max
and P
tx,min
from
P
tx
(m)
Measure transmitted
carrier power
P
tx
(m),m=1,2,...M
i + 1
n
Select one suitable user
in the highest loaded
cell, and attempt to be
handover to the lowest
loaded cell.

y
y
Initialize the hard
handover attempt counter
i=0
y
Successful?
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LDB among inter-frequency cells

Trigger conditions

The load of a cell is beyond the threshold of high load level

The level difference between the highest load cell and the lightest load one is
beyond the threshold for the difference
the threshold of high load
level
the threshold for the difference
between the highest load cell and
the lightest load one
The percentage
of downlink
transmission power

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( )
W
R
N E
W
R
N E
i
reference
reference o b
i i
i o b

=
) / (
) / (
NTF
v
User selection

Selection criteria:

1Users are not in soft handover

2Users are not in the different SRNC and CRNC

3Based on the users NTF

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Section 1 Load Balance
Section 2 Potential Users Control
Section 3 The limited transmission
resource of Iub Interface


Chapter 4 Other Load control Algorithm
Internal Use
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Potential users control

In WCDMA network, when UEs are in IDLE, CELL_FACH

CELL_PCH and URA_PCH, their mobility management is realized
by the cell reselection.

Through cell reselection, the purpose of PUC algorithm, which the

potential users can not stay in high load level cell, can be realized
PUC introduction
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Potential users control

cell reselection is the mainly method for the PUC

the cell load is decided to be high when it is greater than the upper
threshold of load level plus a hysteresis

the cell load is decided to be light when it is less than the down threshold
of load level sub a hysteresis

According to the load grade, RNC can adjust the references QOffset1Sn,
QOffset2Sn and Sintersearch, which is the measurement initial threshold
for inter-frequency cell reselection, to control the UE camping cell in the
process of cell reselection
Realization method
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41
Potential users control

NodeBs report the total transmission power periodically

Trigged PUC periodically

Decide the cell load grade according to the total carrier transmission power

Configure the references Sintersearch, Qoffset1(s,n) and Qoffset2(s,n)

according to cell load grade

Refresh the corresponding system information unit of SIB3 and SIB11

Realization method
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Potential users control

Utilize the characters of inter-frequency cell reselection

Sintersearch:

Augmenting this value can initial the inter-frequency cell reselection earlier

Decreasing this value can initial the inter-frequency cell reselection later

Qoffset1(s,n)the R criteria based on RSC

Augmenting this value, the possibility which UE selects adjacent cell will be lower

Decreasing this value, the possibility which UE selects adjacent cell will be higher

Qoffset2(s,n)the R criteria based on Ec/I0

Augmenting this value, the possibility which UE selects adjacent cell will be lower

Decreasing this value, the possibility which UE selects adjacent cell will be higher

Adjustment method
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Potential users control

Remark

PUC algorithm is only used for load balance among inter-frequency cells
because of the following reasons:

Usually, the edge of cell is soft handover area

When UEs initiate a connection with a better cell after cell reselection, it
still has to setup a connection with adjacent cells in soft handover area.

In this case, the PUC algorithm is useless

This algorithm does not consider the cell load which belongs to other RNC
because the load information can not be exchanged through Iur interface
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Section 1 Load Balance
Section 2 Potential Users Control
Section 3 The limited transmission
resource of Iub Interface


Chapter 4 Other Load control Algorithm
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The limited transmission resource of Iub Interface

In some scenarios, the Iub transmission

resource is limited very serious

In order to letting more users obtained the

services, decreasing some users data rate is
feasible method

When the Iub resource is limited very serious,

the data rate of BE services can be decreased
to ensure the Qos of high priority services
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The limited transmission resource of Iub Interface

Methods

A timer will be initiated whenever receiving a congestion warning from

Iub interface

RNC will choose a NodeB randomly, then rank the BE services by P

value descendingly

Choose the users ranked in the first part of queue, then decrease the
data arte to the guaranteed rate

The selective decreasing rate for BE services has to be done again

when the timer expired. Then system will initial the timer again

Clear the timer if the warning went off

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved