Classification of Life - Biology

Classification
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Species of Organisms
There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being
found and identified
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For Example
These organisms have been classified by their color.
Green
Red
B A C D
Possible Solutions
Plants
C
G
M
Animals
A
????
What is Classification?
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms
organisms & uniformly names Accurately starfish &misnomers that aren't Prevents such as jellyfish
really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names
Seahorse??
Benefits of Classifying
Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
2000 years ago,
Early Taxonomists
Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers
John Ray, a
Early Taxonomists
botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant
18th century taxonomist Classified
Carolus Linnaeus
1707 1778
organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today

Called the Father of Taxonomy Developed the modern
Carolus Linnaeus
system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species)
Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when
writing
Standardized Naming
Turdus migratorius
American Robin
Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?

The International Code for
Rules for Naming Organisms

Binomial Nomenclature contains
the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names
16
Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a
Classification Groups
category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
17
Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
BROADEST TAXON Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species Most
Specific
18
Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup!

A Closer Look at the Taxa

As one goes from the Kingdom to the Species (DOWNWARD)An increase in the similarity between organisms occur There are fewer numbers of different kinds of organisms
22
Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are
Domains
unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membranebound organelles
Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1 cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea;
st
ARCHAEA
Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles

24
ARCHAEAN
25
Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.
BACTERIA
Live in the intestines of animals
27
Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts ) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular
animals)
28
Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are
Protista
autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic
29
Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive
Fungi
heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin
Plantae
Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight
to make glucose Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose
31
Multicellular Ingestive
Animalia
heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals
32
33
Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an

exception (only contains modern humans) Classification is based on evolutionary relationships
Taxons
34
35
Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Homologous structures (same
structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins
36
Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.

37
Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
38
Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales
39
Primate Cladogram
Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics

and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism
Dichotomous Keying
41
Example of Dichotomous Key

1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Tentacles present Go to 2 Tentacles absent Go to 3 Eight Tentacles Octopus More than 8 tentacles 3 Tentacles hang down go to 4 Tentacles uprightSea Anemone Balloon-shaped bodyJellyfish Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
42
HATUR NUHUN
43

Classification of Life - Biology

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Classification of Life - Biology

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Classification

Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

2000 years ago,

18th century taxonomist Classified

organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today

Called the Father of Taxonomy Developed the modern

Which TWO are more closely related?

The International Code for

Rules for Naming Organisms

Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup!

A Closer Look at the Taxa

Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles

Live in the intestines of animals

Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms

Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are

autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic

Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive

Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight

to make glucose Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose

Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an

Basis for Modern Taxonomy

Homologous structures (same

Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.

Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos

Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics

Example of Dichotomous Key

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