Electromagnetic Induction

Physics La Caada High School Dr.E

 Electromagnetic Induction
Motors/Generators Faradays Law Transformers Power Transmission Solenoids MRI
http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

The Magnetic Field

The electric field proves a useful concept to explain the effects of charge at a distance (explains how one charge knows another charge is there). Stationary charges produce only an electric field Moving charges (in flux) produce both an electric field and a magnetic field

 Electromagnetic Induction

Motors/Generators
http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

Faradays Law Transformers Power Transmission Solenoids MRI

Motors
Motors work due to two major principles
1. Opposite poles attract while like poles repel 2. Current running through a coiled wire creates a magnet

Theory

Mechanics

 Electromagnetic Induction Motors/Generators

http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

Faradays Law
Transformers Power Transmission Solenoids MRI

Faradays Law of Induction

The voltage induced in a coil is proportional to the number of coils times the magnetic flux (rate at which the magnetic field changes)

Wrap Rule to find Magnetic Field

1. Wrap your fingers in the direction of the current 2. The magnetic field points in the direction of the thumb (to the left) 3. Since the field lines leave the left end of solenoid, the left end is the North pole

 An ammeter is connected in a circuit of a conducting loop When a bar magnet is moved closer to, or farther from, the loop, an electromotive force (emf) is induced the loop The ammeter indicates currents in different directions depending on the relative motion of magnet and loop When the magnet stops moving, the current returns to zero as indicated by the ammeter

 Electromagnetic Induction Motors/Generators Faradays Law

http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

Transformers
Power Transmission Solenoids MRI

Primary Voltage # of 1o turns

Secondary Voltage # of 2o turns

(Power IN)

(Power OUT)

(Voltage x Current)primary

(Voltage x Current)secondary

 Electromagnetic Induction Motors/Generators Faradays Law Transformers Solenoids MRI

http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

Power Transmission

Power Transmission
Plant
6000 V and 20Amps

Local and Homes

120 V and 100 Amps

Low Voltage Wires

2200 V and 54 Amps

High Voltage Wires in Town

120,000 V and 1 Amp

Ultra High Voltage

400,000 V and 0.3 Amps

 Electromagnetic Induction Motors/Generators Faradays Law Transformers Power Transmission

http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

Solenoids
MRI

Solenoids
The magnetic field of a solenoid is essentially identical to that of a bar magnet.

The big difference is that we can turn the solenoid on and off ! It attracts/repels other permanent magnets; it attracts ferromagnets, etc.

Solenoid Applications
Digital [on/off]:
Doorbells

Magnet off plunger held in place by spring Magnet on plunger expelled strikes bell

Power door locks Magnetic cranes Electronic Switch relay

Advantage: A small current can be used to switch a much larger one Starter in washer/dryer, car ignition,

Close switch current magnetic field pulls in plunger closes larger circuit

Solenoid Applications
Analog (deflection I ):
Variable A/C valves Speakers

Solenoids are everywhere!

In fact, a typical car has over 20 solenoids!

 Electromagnetic Induction Motors/Generators Faradays Law Transformers Power Transmission Solenoids

http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

MRI

Thanks to

If we bathe the protons in radio waves at a particular frequency, the protons can flip back and forth.
If we detect this flipping hydrogen!

MRI / NMR

The presence of other molecules can partially shield the applied magnetic field, thus changing the resonant frequency (chemical shift).

Looking at what the resonant frequency is what molecules are nearby.

If a strong magnetic field gradient is produced across the sample, can look at individual slices, with ~millimeter spatial resolution. B

Small B low freq.

Bigger B high freq. Signal at the right frequency only from this slice!

Bibliography
1. Magnetism: Examples of Magnetic Field Calculations, Innovations in Undergraduate Physics Education at Illinois @ online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys112/spring04/ Lectures/Lect15.ppt, 4/17/04