CM BIN O LU LNG VA MC CHT LU

1. Khi nim chung

2. Cam bin o lu lng v vn tc
3. Cam bin o mc cht lu





KHI NIM CHUNG
i cng v c lu cht v lu lng:
C ba trng thi kt tp chnh l rn, lng v kh.
Trong trng thi kh, cc phn t chuyn ng hn n t do,
v th cht kh chim ton b th tch bnh cha, khng ph
thuc kch thc khong khng gian bnh cha trong nhit
khng i.
Trong trng thi rn, vt cht c mt th tch nht nh v mt
hnh dng nht nh. Cc cht trng thi rn chia thnh hai
loi: cc tinh th v cc cht v nh hnh. Cc phn t cht
rn, tinh th hay v nh hnh, ch dao ng quanh mt v tr
nht nh.





KHI NIM CHUNG

Trong trng thi lng vt cht c hnh dng ph thuc hnh dng
bnh cha v c th tch khng i. Cc phn t cht lng phn b
theo mt cu trc nht nh no , chng lun lun dao ng
quanh v tr cn bng mt thi gian ri li chuyn sang v tr cn
bng mi bng cch i ch, chnh v vy cht lng c th tch
nht nh nhng khng c hnh dng nht nh






KHI NIM CHUNG
Cht lu (hay lu cht) l tn gi chung cht lng v kh.
C lu cht l b phn ca c hc nghin cu chuyn ng
ca cc mi trng lng v kh v tng tc ca chng vi
cc vt rn c bin gii chung (nh bnh cha).
Trong c hc cht lu, cu trc phn t thc ca cc cht
lng v kh c thay th bng khi nim l tng ha v
mt mi trng vt cht c hai tnh cht c bn: tnh lin
tc v tnh linh ng (tnh chy).
Lu lng l lng cht lng hay cht kh chy qua tit
din ngang ca dng chy trong mt n v thi gian.





KHI NIM CHUNG
Lu lng c th o bng [kg/s] hoc bng [m
3
/s ]
Nu tnh theo th tch th lu lng Q :
Q = v.S
Trong : v l vn tc cht lng ti tit din ang xt
S l din tch tit din ca dng chy

Nu cht lng chy theo ng v khng chu nn th lu
lng Q l khng i mi tit din.




KHI NIM CHUNG
My o lu lng cht lu thng qua ng dn c gi
l lu-lng-k hay cng-t lu lng, ch th lu lng
trung bnh chy trong mt khong thi gian.
Trng thi mi trng o, thng phi c quy i v
iu kin tiu chun:
nhit o T = 20
0
C;
p sut kh quyn P=101325 [Pa]= 760 [mm thy ngn];
m tng i RH%=0[%]).



2.1. LU LNG VA N V O
a) Lu lng : lng cht lu chy qua tit din
ngang ca ng dn trong mt n v thi gian.
Lu lng th tch (Q) tnh bng m
3
/s, m
3
/gi ...
Lu lng khi lng (G) tnh bng kg/s, kg/gi
...
2.1. LU LNG VA N V O
Lu lng trung bnh:


Lu lng tc thi:

dt
dV
Q=
hoc
dt
dm
G=
(m
3
/s)
t
V
Q
tb
A
A
=
t
m
G
tb
A
A
=
(m
3
/s) (kg/s) hoc
2.1. LU LNG VA N V O
b) Phng phap o:
m trc tip th tch cht lu trong mt khong
thi gian xc nh At.
o vn tc cht lu khi lu lng l hm ca vn
tc.
o gim p khi lu lng l hm ph thuc
gim p.
Tn hiu o bin i trc tip thnh tn hiu in
hoc nh b chuyn i in thch hp.

2.2 CB O LU LNG THEO TH TCH
1.2.1. Nguyn ly o: m trc tip lng th tch
cht lu i qua bung cha c th tch xc nh
ca cm bin.


dt
dn
n = - Tc quay ca truc lu k)
(
n q
dt
dN
q
dt
dV
Q
v v
= = = Lu lng tc thi:
( )
1 2
1 2 v
tb
t t
N N q
t
V
Q

=
A
A
= Lu lng trung bnh:
(q
v
th tich cht lu i qua cam bin trong mt vong
quay ca truc cam bin)
2.2.1 NGUYN LY O
Phng php m s vng quay v o tc
quay:
+ Dung nam chm quay + cun dy xung in.
+ Dung tc k quang.
+ Dung mch o tn s hoc in p.

2.2 CB O LU LNG THEO TH TCH
1.2.1. Lu lng k banh rng:
a) Cu tao v nguyn ly lm vic:
1&2. Bnh rng
3. V
4. Cht lu
5. Ca vo
6. Ca ra
V
1
2
1
3
4
5
6
2.2.1 LU LNG K BNH RNG
v tr (a) cht lu lm quay bnh rng (2) y th tch
cht lng (V
1
) sang ca ra ng thi lm bnh rng (1)
quay theo (v tr b).
v tr (c) cht lu lm bnh rng (1) quay qu trnh lp
li.
Th tch cht lu y sang ca ra:





V
2

2
2
V
1

2
1
1
1
0 2 1 v
V 2 V V q = + =
2.2.1 LU LNG K BNH RNG


Thng o th tch cht lu AV trong khong thi
gian t
1
n t
2
:


( q
c
- h s lu lng k ; N
c1
, N
c2
- s trn ch th ca
lu lng k ti thi im t
1
v t
2
)
( )
1 c 2 c c
N N q V = A
m s vng quay hoc o tc Q tc trung
bnh hoc Q tc thi.
2.2.1 LU LNG K BNH RNG
b) c im:
Gii hn o t 0,01 - 250 m
3
/gi,
Cp chnh xc 0,5; 1,
Tn tht p sut nh,
Yu cu cht lng o phi c lc tt,
Gy n khi lm vic.


2.2.2 LU LNG K KIU CNH
a) Cu tao v nguyn ly lm vic:
1
2
3
2
4
2
2
5
1. V
2. Cnh
3. Tang quay
4. Con ln
5. Cam
2.2.2 LU LNG K KIU CNH
Th tch cht lu i qua lu lng k trong mt
vng quay (q
v
) bng th tch vnh kh gia v v
tang quay.
m s vng quay hoc o tc nh c cu
lin kt vi trc lu lng k Q tc trung bnh
hoc Q tc thi.
2.2.2 LU LNG K KIU CNH
b) c im:
o lu lng cht kh.
o lu lng n 100 - 300 m
3
/gi
Cp chnh xc 0,25; 0,5.

2.3 CB O LU LNG THEO TC
1.3.1. Nguyn ly o:
Da trn quan h:
v tc dong chay;
S tit din ngang ca ng dn.
Bit S o v Q.



S . v Q=
2.3.2 LU LNG K TUABIN HNG TRC
2.3.2 LU LNG K TUABIN HNG TRC
a) Cu tao v nguyn ly lm vic:
1
2
3
4
1. B chnh dng
chy
2. Tuabin
3. B truyn bnh
rng-trc vt
4. Thit b m
2.3.2 LU LNG K TUABIN HNG TRC



o th tch cht lu i qua lu lng k trong khong
thi gian t
1
t
2
:
Tc quay ca trc tuabin:
v . k n =
Lu lng:
n
k
S
S . v Q = =
( )
1 2
N N
k
S
V =
(Vi - tng s vng quay ca lu
lng k trong khong thi gian t
1
t
2
)
}
=
2
1
t
t
1 2
dt . n N N
2.3.2 LU LNG K TUABIN HNG TRC
b) c im:
ng knh tuabin t 50 300 mm,
Phm vi o t 50 300 m
3
/gi,
Cp chnh xc 1; 1,5; 2.

2.3.3 LU LNG K TUABIN TIP TUYN
a) Cu tao & nguyn ly lm vic:
1
2
3
1. Tuabin 2. Mng lc 3. ng dn
2.3.3 LU LNG K TUABIN TIP TUYN
b) c im:
ng knh tuabin t 15 - 40 mm;
Phm vi o t 3 - 20 m
3
/gi;
Cp chnh xc thp 2; 3.

2.4 CB O LU LNG THEO GIM P
1.4.1. Nguyn ly o:
Da vo s ph thuc ca gim p vo tc ca
dng chy khi i qua tit din b thu hep.
Kho st trng hp dng chy ly tng qua mng
chn (cht lu khng b nn).


F
1

F
0

F
2

W
1

W
2

p
2
p
1

A
B
C
2.4.1 NGUYN LY O
Phn b vn tc ca mt dng
chy l tng qua thit b thu
hep: (v) tng dn t v
1
(A-A)

t v
max
(B-B) gim dn
n v
3
(C-C).
Phn b p sut: (p) tng dn
t p
1
(A-A)

p
1
(trc mng
chn), gim xung p
2
(sau
mng chn) cc tiu p
2
(B-
B) tng dn tr li p
3

(C-C).
F
1

F
0

F
2

W
1

W
2

p
2
p
1

p
1

p
2

p
2

Ap
p
1

v
1

v
2

p
3

op
v
3

A
B C
2.4.1 NGUYN LY O
Vn tc dng chy ti B-B:






( )
'
2
'
1
2 2
2
p p
2
m
1
v

=
p
1
, p
2
- .s. tnh ti A-A & B-B.
- t trng cht lu.
- h s tn tht thu lc.
M=F
0
/F
1
- t s thu hep ca TB,
= F
2
/F
0
- h s thu hep DC

2 1
'
2
'
1
p p p p =
Thay

( )
2 1
2 2
2
p p
2
m
v

=
2.4.1 NGUYN LY O
Lu lng:
( )
2 1
2
p p 2
4
d
G
t
o =
( )
2 1
2
p p
2
4
d
Q

t
o =
hoc
4
2
c
t
= Vi
Khi cht lu chu nn a vo h s hiu chnh c
(c <1):
( )
2 1
p p c G oc =
hoc
( )
2 1
p p
1
c Q

oc =
- h s lu lng
2 2
m

= o
Vi
2.4.2 THIT B THU HP
a) Mng ngn:
b ) Mng ngn
l hnh cn
c) Mng ngn
hnh phu

a) Mng ngn
chun
2.4.2 THIT B THU HP
c im:
Mng ngn chun (a) cu to n gin; d ch to, lp
t; tn tht ca dng chy ln o lu lng cc dng
chy c tr s Re > Re ti hn.
Mng ngn c l thu hep c bit (b, c) kh ch to; tn
tht ca dng chy nh; h s o xc nh theo mi thit
b o lu lng cc dng chy c tr s Re < Re ti
hn.
2.4.2 THIT B THU HP
b) ng thu hp (ng venturi):
Cu tao:





c im: bin dng gn ging vi bin dng dng
chy khi b thu hep; dng chy bin i t t tn tht
b; kh ch to v lp t.
2.4.3 MACH O
a) Cac b phn ca mach o:
Cac b phn c ban:
+ Thit b thu hep;
+ Thit b o p.
Cac b phn khac:
+ B bin i in;
+ B tch phn lu lng;
+ B tnh khi lng cht lu;
+ B tnh ton x ly s liu;
+ B bin i t trng cht lu
2.4.3 MACH O
b) Yu cu lp t:
L ca thit b thu hep phi ng tm vi ng
dn.
ng o p phi t ngay trc v sau thit b thu
hep.
Trc v sau thit b thu hep, ng dn phi c
mt on thng khng thay i tit din, khng
c van hoc cc vt cn lm thay i dng chy
vi chiu di cn thit.


2.4.3 MACH O
c) Mt s mch o:
G
o
gh
a) ng Pito
b) Ap k vnh khuyn
c) Mng n hi
2.4.3 MACH O
H thng o lu lng kiu
A
B
a
1

b
1

a
2

b
2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
14
15
16
10
11
12
13
1, 2 & 3) Cun dy v li st 4) B phn so snh 5) ng c xoay chiu
6) Cam 7) Kim ch 8) ng c ng b 9&10) Chi in 11) Vnh bn khuyn
12 &13) Vnh khuyn dn in 14) Cun dy 15) Ly hp 16) Hp s
o
9
10
V tr chi than
trn vnh bn
khuyn
|
2.5 CB O L .L THEO GIM P KHNG I
a) Cu to v nguyn ly lm vic:
a) S cu to
b) S c b bin i in
1. ng hnh cn
2. Phao
3. Thc o
4. B bin i in
3
P
2

P
1

G
1
2
4
2.5 CB O L. L THEO GIM P KHNG I
Khi phao ang v tr cn bng, gi s Q tng p
1
tng
phao b y ln tit din khe h (F) tng p
1

gim cho n khi t cn bng mi:
2 1
P G P + =
S . p G S . p
2 1
+ =

const
S
G
p p
2 1
= =

Lu lng:
F . k p .
2
F . Q = A

o = ) const p .
2
. k ( = A

o =
Q=f(F) Q ph thuc v tr phao.
2.5 CB O L.L THEO GIM P KHNG I
b) c im v ng dng:
Cu to n gin;
D lp t.
ng dng: o lu lng nh.
2.6 CB O LU LNG IN T
2.6 CB O LU LNG IN T
a) Cu to & nguyn ly lm vic:
N S
1
2
3
6
5
1 & 2. in cc
3. ng kim loi
4. Lp cch in
5. Nam chm
6. Milivn k
4
2.6 CB O LU LNG IN T
Da vo hiu ng cm ng in t:
Khi cht lu c tnh dn in chy qua ng xut hin
sut in ng cm ng:
Q . k Q
D
B 4
D . v . B E =
t
= =
(B- cng t trng; v- tc trung bnh ca dng
chy; D- ng knh ng; k =4B/tD = const - h s t
l)
2.6 CB O LU LNG IN T
b) c im, ng dng:
Khng cn phi o t trng cht lng,
Cc phn t ht, bt kh v tc ng ca mi trng
(nh nhit , p sut, ...) khng lm thay i dn
in ca cht lu s khng nh hng n kt qu o.
ng knh ng t 10 1.000 mm;
Phm vi o 1 2.500 m
3
/gi vi v = 0,610 m/s, cht
lu c dn in >10
-5
- 10
-6
simen/m;
Cp chnh xc 1; 2,5.

3. CM BIN O MC CHT LU
3.1. Khai nim v phng phap o
3.2. CB o mc theo phng phap thy tnh
3.3. CB o mc theo phng phap in
3.4. CB o mc theo phng phap bc xa
3.5. CB o mc theo phng phap t giao
3.6. CB o mc theo phng phap radar
3.1 KHI NIM VA PHNG PHP O
a) Khi nim:
o mc: xc nh mc hoc lng cht lu trong
bnh cha (dng o lin tc)
+Xc nh ngng: pht hin mc ngng c t
hay khng (dng o theo ngng).

3.1 KHI NIM VA PHNG PHP O
b) Phng phap o:
Phng php thu tnh dung bin i in.
Phng php in da trn tnh cht in ca cht
lu.
Phng php bc x da trn s tng tc gia bc
x v cht lu.

3.2 CBM THEO PP THY TNH
a) Cu to v nguyn ly lm vic:
a) Dng phao cu
1. Phao 2. Dy mm
3. Rng rc 4.i trng
5. CB v tr
c) Dng CB ap sut
vi sai
1. Cm bin
2. ng ni
b) Dng phao tr
1. Phao
2. Thanh truyn
3. CB o lc
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
5
4
3.2 CBM THEO PP THY TNH
Trng hp (a): phao nng h theo mc cht lng o
mc o v tr bng CB o v tr.
Trng hp (b): mc cht lng thay i lc nng
phao thay i o mc o lc bng CB o lc:

Trng hp (c): mc cht lng thay i p sut p thay
i:
o mc o lc chn lc p sut bng CB p sut vi
sai.


gSh P F =
gh p p
0
+ = gh p p p
0
= = A
3.2 CBM THEO PP THY TNH
S nguyn ly cac phng an b tr CB:


3.3 CBM THEO PHNG PHP IN
3.3.1. Cam bin dn
3.3.2. Cam bin t in

3.3.1 CM BIN DN
a) Cu to & nguyn ly lm vic:
h
h
h
min

a) CB o mc
hai in cc
c) Cm bin
pht hin mc

b) CB o mc
mt in cc
h
max

in
cc 2
in
cc
1
~ 10V ~ 10V
in
cc 2
in
Cc 1
in
cc
1
in
cc
2
3.3.1 CM BIN DN
Trng hp (a) v (b): Bin dng in trong
mch t l chiu di phn in cc nhung trong
kim loi: I
0
= k.h.
Trng hp (c): Bin dng in trong mch
tng t ngt khi cht lu chm in cc cc
mc ngng.
3.3.1 CM BIN DN
b) c im:
Cu to n gin, d lp t;
D bin i thnh tn hiu in;
Ch o vi cht lu c dn in > 50Scm
-1
.

3.3.2 CM BIN T IN
a) CB o mc cht lu khng dn in:
h
a) CB o mc 2 in cc
in
cc 2
in
cc 1
h
b) CB o mc 1 in cc
Thanh
binh
in
cc

c
1
c
0
c
1
c
0
Do c
1
=c
0
mc cht lu (h) thay i C
t
thay
i. o C
t
h.
3.3.2 CM BIN T IN
b) Cam bin o mc cht lu khng dn in:

h
Lp
cach
in
in
cc 1
in
cc 2
Mc cht lu (h) thay iS
t
thay iC
t
thay i .
o C
t
h.

3.4 CBM THEO PP BC XA
a) Cu tao v nguyn ly lm vic:
1
2
3
a) Pht hin ngng
h
1
2
3
b) o mc lin tc
1. Ngun pht tia 2. B thu 3. Cht lu
(
60
Co hoc
137
Cs)
3.4 CBM THEO PP BC XA
Trng hp (a): Khi cht lu t ngng hp th
tng nhanh chum tia gim mnh thay i t ngt
tn hiu ra gim t ngng.
Trng hp (b): Khi mc cht lu tng hp th tng
dn chum tia gim dn tn hiu ra gim theo. Mc
suy gim ca chum tia bc x t l vi mc cht lu
trong bnh cha.


3.4 CBM THEO PP BC XA
b) c im:
o mc khng cn tip xuc vi mi trng o;
o mc iu kin mi trng c nhit , p
sut cao hoc mi trng c tnh n mn mnh.


3.5 CBM THEO PP T GIO
T gio l hin tng mt vt t trong trng t s
chu tc dng ng sut ko hay nn. i vi cc cht
st t, cc lc tc dng ny ln c th lm vt b
bin dng.
Cc my pht t gio o mc da trn nguyn ly l s
dng mt t trng ngoi to nn mt sng in-t
phn x trong ng dn sng lm bng vt liu t gio.


3.5 CBM THEO PP T GIO


Cm bin o mc kiu t gio
u d c to thnh t ba
phn t ng tm:
- Phn t ngoi cung l
mt ng bo v.
- Bn trong ng ng dn
sng, l phn t c to
dng lm bng vt liu t
gio.
- Mt nam chm bn trong
phao.




3.5 CBM THEO PP T GIO
Mt xung in nh c to ra trong b phn in t ca
my pht v pht ra ng dn sng, to ra mt trng
in-t dc theo chiu di ng ng. Khi t trng ny
tng tc vi t trng vnh cu ca nam chm gy nn
mt xung sng.
Xung sng ny c phn tch nh xung hi v. Khong
thi gian gia thi im pht xung thm d ban u v
thi im pht hin xung hi v c dung xc nh
mc o vi kh nng thc hin v chnh xc cao.


3.6 CBM THEO PP RADAR


3.6 CBM THEO PP RADAR


Tt c cc kiu o mc radar s dng nguyn l c s
l phng ra cc lung vi sng t cm bin t u
b cha hoc cc dng bnh cha khc.
Mt phn nng lng phn x ngc tr li cm bin
t b mt ca cht c o.
Khong thi gian chy ca tn hiu c dng lm
thc o mc.