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DU M
THNH PHN, TNH CHT V PHN LOI DU M
1. Ngun gc du m
1.1. Nhng gi thit v qu trnh hnh thnh cc hp cht hydrocacbon trong du kh: Gi thit v ngun gc v c (ngun gc khong)
Cc cacbua kim loi trong lng Tri t (Al4C3, CaC2) Mtan, etan, Cc hydrocacbon trong du kh
+H2O
T,P cao
Khong st
Nhng im khng ph hp: Trong du c cha cc porphyn, ngun gc t ng thc vt Hm lng cacbua kim loi trong v Tri t l khng ng k Nhit trong cc lp trm tch khng cao (T<200oC), phn ng tng hp kh xy ra
1.1. Nhng gi thit v qu trnh hnh thnh cc hp cht hydrocacbon trong du kh:
Gi thit v ngun gc hu c
Vi sinh vt
Qu trnh phn hy
Cht d phn hy
Cht kh phn hy
Cc hydrocacbon trong Du kh
Du th
Du th l h d th,lng,nhn v c mu bin i t vng n en ty theo thnh phn v tui ca du. Tuy nhin, c mt s trng hp c bit du th dng c. Do c hm lng parafin rn cao, nn du ng c nhit mi trng. Du th l mt hn hp phc tp cc hydrocacbon v c thm cc hp cht lu hunh, nit, oxy,kim loi. Trong du th cn cha nc v cc ht rn. Thnh phn ho hc v tnh cht vt l ca du thay i rt nhiu theo tng m v ngay c tng ging ca cng mt m.
Va du
Khoan du
Chng ct
Khai thc
Sn phm
Nhim v ca nh my lc du:
- Tip nhn v tn tr du th - Ch bin du th to ra cc cht nn - Sn xut v kim tra cht lng sn phm. y l qu trnh pha trn cc cht nn nhm p ng sn lng theo yu cu v t c cc tnh cht qui nh cho mi loi sn phm.C th kt hp thm ph gia nhm tng cng tnh nng cho cc sn phm, mi loi sn phm c 1 cng thc pha ch ring theo tng hng v tng nh my lc du
n-alkan alkan
iso-alkan
Xycloalkan
Ch yu t hp cht cha oxy l dn xut ca cc terpene (monoterpene C10H16, diterpene C20H32, vi cc nhm chc ru, xeton v axt)
2. Thnh phn ca du m
2.1. Thnh phn chung Du th l mt hn hp phc tp cha nhiu cu t. Nhng thnh phn chnh: cacbon: 8388% kl; hydro: 1014%kl; lu hunh: 0,056,0%kl; nit: :0,1- 2%kl; oxy: <1,5%kl. Ngoi ra, trong du cn c mt s hp cht khc vi hm lng nh V, Ni, Fe, Ca, Na, Cu, K,Cl,P, Si, As v mt s nguyn t khc.
2.3.Thnh phn ha hc
-Nhm hydrocacbon parafinic(alkan) (2550%kl.): -Nhm hydrocacbon naphthenic(xycloalkan) (2575%kl.): -Nhm hydrocacbon th m (10-20%kl.) -Hydrocacbon loi hn hp naphten-thm -Nhng hp cht phi hydrocacbon +Nhng hp cht cha lu hunh (0,05-6%kl.), +Nhng hp cht cha nit (0.1-2.%kl.) +Nhng hp cht cha oxy (<1.5%kl.) +Hp cht c kim +Hp cht v c +Nha v asphanten 2-20%kl.)
loi theo ngun gc: Kh khng ng hnh v kh ng hnh Phn loi theo thnh phn: theo C2+ Phn loi theo hm lng tp cht:
Phn loi du m
1. Phn loi du theo t trng (03 nhm): + du nh : <0.828 + du trung bnh: =0.8280.884 + du nng : >0.884 2. Phn loi du theo thnh phn ha hc (06 nhm) + parafinic + parafin-naphthenic + naphthenic + parafin-naphthen-aromatic + naphthen-aromatic + aromatic
c im du th Vit nam
Du Vit nam thuc loi nh va phi, t trng nm trong khong 0,820-0,850. Tng hiu sut sn phm trng chim 50-60% khi lng du th. Du th Vit nam l loi du sch, cha t cc cht c t (hp cht cha lu hunh, nit, c kim..) Du th Vit nam cha nhiu hydrocacbon parafinic, c bit cha nhiu hydrocacbon n-parafinic C10-C40 c tnh du th Vit nam cho thy: t lu hunh, t nha, t nit, vanadi v niken, nhiu parafin, t trng trung bnh, thch hp sn xut cc loi nhin liu cho ng c.
Cc sn phm du kh
1/.Ngun gc v phn loi cc sn phm du kh Ngun gc: l cc sn phm ca qu trnh lc du Phn loi: Sn phm nng lng (nhin liu) Sn phm khng nng lng * Sn phm nng lng: l nhng sn phm s dng vi mc ch ly nng lng ca sn phm.C 2 loi: nhin liu ng c, cht t Nhin liu ng c: nhin liu LPG, xng, nhin liu phn lc, du diezel. Cht t: kh ho lng, du t (FO) * Sn phm khng nng lng :Xng dung mi, Du m nhn, sp, bitum. Mc ch : khng s dng nng lng m s dng vo mc ch khc.( du m nhn, s dng vo mc ch bi trn, Bitum ri ng)
2/ Cht lng cc sn phm du kh Tt c cc sn phm du kh u phi qua khu kim tra v nh gi cht lng. S kim tra ny c thc hin theo cc ch tiu cht lng. l cc phng php, qui trnh o c tiu chun ho bi cc t chc trn th gii cng nh trong nc. TCVN: tiu chun Vit Nam ASTM: The American Socicty for testing and Materials
Cc sn phm ca du m gm
- Kh du m - Nhin liu cho ng c xng ( xng t xe my) - Nhin liu cho my bay cnh qut - Nhin liu cho my bay phn lc - Du ha dn dng - Nhin liu cho ng c diezen - Nhin liu t l - Du nhn + Du nhn cho ng c + Du nhn bi trn cng nghip - M nhn - BITUM - Nha ng - Cc loi ha phm ca du m : + Xng dung mi + Dung mi du m + Cc sn phm ha du khc
Xng ng c l mt trong nhng sn phm quan trng ca cng nghip ch bin du m v ngy nay thc s tr thnh sn phm quen thuc vi con ngi. Xng ng c khng phi n thun l sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct t phn on no ca du m hay mt qu trnh chng ct c bit khc. N l sn phm hn hp c la chn cn thn t mt s thnh phn sau khi chng ct, kt hp vi mt s ph gia nhm m bo yu cu hot ng ca ng c trong nhng iu kin vn hnh thc t v c trong cc iu kin tn cha, d tr khc nhau
ha hi ( bay hi) Ch tiu ny nh hng quan trng n tnh nng ca xng trong bt k ng c no, ch yu l tnh nng khi ng, lm m my, nt hi, tnh kinh t ca hnh trnh di hay ngn, kh nng ng bng Xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D8
Tr s octan
Tr s octan l mt n v o quy c dng c trng cho kh nng chng kch n ca nhin liu trong ng c. N c o bng % th tch ca iso octan (2,2,4 Trimetyl Pentan C8H18 ) trong hn hp ca n vi nHeptan(C7H16), tng ng vi kh nng chng kch n ca nhin liu th nghim iu kin chun (n-Heptan quy c c tr s bng 0, iso octan quy c c tr s bng 100)
Xc nh tr s octan
- Theo phng php nghin cu RON: c m t trong ASTM-D2699
Thit b o tr s octan
n mn tm ng (ASTM D130) Kh H2S l nhng hp cht c hi i vi xng ng c, do chng gy n mn v to ra nhng mi kh chu cho nhin liu. Trong qu trnh lc du, cc hp cht khng mong mun ny khng th b loi b mt cch d dng c Hm lng Lu hunh tng (TCVN-6701-2007, ASTM-D 2622-05) Lu hunh l mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng ng lu trong du m cng nh cc sn phm ca n. Nu hm lng S vt qu mc cho php s gy hin tng n mn thit b, c bit H2S thi ra nhim mi trng.
Hm lng Ch : (TCVN 7143-2006, ASTM-D.3237-02) Ch c trong xng di dng kim loi hoc c trong ph gia nh tetraehyl ch, tetramethyl ch. L nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng v khng kh, nhng l ch tiu quan trng i vi cht lng ca xng t xe my Hm lng benzen : (TCVN 6703-2006, ASTM-D.3606-04a) Benzen l tc nhn km hm qu trnh kch n trong ng c, tng tr s octan cho xng. V vy trong xng khng ch benzen c dng nh ph gia chng kch n Trong xng khng ch, hm lng benzen bt buc phi c quy nh mt gii hn c th, v benzen l cht c cho sc khe con ngi, nh hng n thc vt, mi trng.
Acid acid c trng cho mc cha cc cht mang tnh acid trong v ch yu l acid hu c Trong xng thng cc hp cht acid c mt trong cc loi ph gia hoc sn phm bin cht to thnh trong qu trnh tn cha. Mc quy nh hin nay l khong t 1 4 mg KOH/100mL Hm lng nha (asphanten) Nhng cht c cu trc phn t ngoi C,H cn c S,N,O v c KLPT ln (t 500-600 tr ln). Chng c trong cc phn on du m c nhit si cao hoc cn du m Trong qu trnh bo qun xng, nha d b xy ha lm gim tnh cht n nh ca sn phm, gy nn cn lng trong h thng cm ng v lm kt van np
p sut hi bo ha c trng cho kh nng bay hi ca xng, p sut hi bo ha l p sut o c trong iu kin ca bnh chu p tiu chun nhit 37,8oC( hay 100oF), n v nh KPa, Psi, mmHg p sut bo ha khong t 7 n 12 Psi Khi lng ring L c tnh vt l gip ta phn bit c xng hay cc loi nhin liu khc v nh gi s b cht lng xng (nng hay nh ) Khi lng ring ca xng t l 0,68-0,75g/cm3
n nh oxy ha
L ch tiu k thut quan trng c trng cho kh nng chng li cc bin i ha hc ca xng.
Du ha dn dng
Mu sc
Mu sc ch cho ta thy sch ca sn phm, dng phng php o mu Saybolt
Hm lng lu hunh
Ngoi tc hi gy n mn, du ha s dng trc tip thp sng, lu hunh khi chy bc hi nh hng n sc khe con ngi. Lng S trong du ha phi thp hn 0.3 % c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 1266
nht ng hc
Cho bit kh nng chy v bi trn ca du ha, c xc nh nhit 40oC theo ASTM D 445
Thnh phn ct
nh gi kh nng ha hi ca cc loi hydrocacbon trong du ha, xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 86
im bt chy
im bt chy l ch tiu k thut cho bit v him ha chy v l c s v mc nhit bo qun, tn cha, s dng du ha. c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 93
Gii thiu chung Nhin liu diezen (DO-diesel oil ) l mt loi nhin liu lng, nng hn xng v du ha, s dng ch yu cho ng c diezen (ng b, ng st.. .) v mt phn s dng cho cc tuabin kh ( trong cng nghip, pht in, xy dng) Nhin liu diezen l sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct trc tip du m trong khong nhit t 290-360oC
Tr s cetan
Tr s cetan l mt n v o quy c cho tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu diezen v o bng % th tch hm lng n-cetan C16H34 trong hn hp ca n vi metyl naptalen iu kin chun. (Theo quy c, metyl naptalen c tr s bng 0, n-cetan c tr s l 100) Tiu chun ASTM D 4737 Nhin liu diezen c tr s cetan khng nh hn 46
Nhit bt chy cc kn L nhit thp nht ( iu kin p sut khng kh) mu nhin liu th nghim hu nh bt chy khi ngn la xut hin v t lan truyn nhanh chng trn b mt ca mu C lin quan i vi qu trnh vn chuyn v tn cha nhin liu. Nhit chp chy qu thp rt d gy chy n Tiu chun TCVN 6608:2000, ASTM D 3828/ASTM D
Hm lng lu hunh Lu hunh thng tn ti nhiu dng khc nhau : mercaptan, sulfide, disulfide, heterocyclic (thiophenes) S gy n mn, r cc chi tit ng c, c bit lm bin cht ca du nhn ng c Theo mc gii hn hm lng lu hunh, nhin liu diezen gm hai loi : - Khng ln hn 500mg/kg - Khng ln hn 2500 mg/kg Nhin liu diezen c hm lng S ln hn 500mg/kg khng dng cho phng tin giao thng c gii ng b
nht ng hc nht l kh nng cn tr chuyn ng ni ti ca cht lng, o bng cch ghi li thi gian cn thit mt lng cht lng nht nh chy qua mt mao qun c kch thc nht nh v nhit nht nh Xc nh 40oC theo TCVN 3171:2003, ASTM D 445
T trng
L i lng c trng cho nng nh, c chc ca nhin liu c o bng khi lng trn mt n v th tch . T trng du diezen khong 0.8-0.85 Xc nh theo TCVN 6594:2000, ASTM D 1298, ASTM D 4052
Hm lng cn cacbon Cn cacbon l lng cn sau khi cho bay hi v nhit phn nhin liu Cn cacbon gy nn s chnh lch nhit lm tng ng xut ni ca bung t, dn ti bin dng v c th ph hy bung t. L nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng kh x c mu en v lm gim h s ta nhit Xc nh theo TCVN 6324:1997, ASTM D 189
Trong nhin liu diezen cn c cc ch tiu khc nh : - Hm lng tro ( TCVN 2690:1995, ASTM D 482) - Tr s acid (ASTM D 974) - Hm lng nha (ASTM D 381) - Hm lng nc v tp cht c hc (ASTM E 203, ASTM D 1796)T - Thnh phn chng ct hay gi l bay hi ( TCVN 2698:2002, ASTM D 86)
Du nhn
Yu cu cht lng
nht
Du nhn ch yu dng bi trn, gim ma st v mi mn gia hai b mt tip xc. V vy nht l ch tiu quan trng nht nh hng n cht lng du nhn. nht qu cao lm gim tc ca trc v lm tng lng nhin liu tiu hao, nht qu thp s lm cho ng c nhanh mi mn v tng lng tiu hao du nhn. nht ng hc ca du thng o 40oC v 100oC theo tiu chun ASTM D 445
Ch s nht c trng cho c tnh nht nhit ca du nhn, ch s nht cng cao th nh hng ca nhit ln nht cng nh Xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 2270
Ngoi ra, cng ging nh cc loi nhin liu khc, nh gi cht lng du nhn cn phi da vo cc ch tiu : -im bt chy + Cc kn (ASTM D 93) + Cc h (ASTM D 92) -im ng c (ASTM D 97) -Tr s acid (ASTM D 664) v kim (ASTM D 2896) - Hm lng tro (ASTM D 482) -T trng (ASTM D 1298) phng php t trng k -Hm lng cn cacbon (ASTM D 524) - bn oxy ha (ASTM D 943) - n mn tm ng (ASTM D 130)
M nhn
im nh git
im nh git ca m l nhit ti xut hin git m ri xung t l ca cc th trong iu kin kim tra c m t theo tiu chun ASTM Xc nh theo ASTM D 566 v ASTM D 2265
Kh du m
Gii thiu chung Trong thin nhin thng tn ti cc loi kh hydrocacbon gm: kh t nhin, kh ngng t, kh du m trong qu trnh khai thc du m v cc loi kh sinh ra trong qu trnh ch bin du m Thnh phn chnh ca kh du m ch yu l cc hydrocacbon thuc h paraphinic c trng lng phn t b nh methane, ethane, propane, buthane, penthane Kh du m qua qu trnh x l, ch bin v ha lng s cho ta sn phm kh ha lng LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gases )
Yu cu cht lng ca kh du m
a s hu ht cc trng hp, kh du m u c tn cha vn chuyn dng lng LPG, s dng dng kh PG - bay hi (ASTM D 1837) - n mn tm ng (ASTM D 1838) - T trng (ASTM D 1657) - Hm lng lu hunh (ASTM D 2784) - Hm lng cn (ASTM D 2158)
Cc loi ha phm ca du m
Gii thiu chung Ha phm du m l tn gi chung cho cc ha cht c sn xut ch yu t du m hay cn gi l sn phm ha du. Nhng sn phm ha du truyn thng v c bn nht l : -Xng dung mi -Dung mi du m nh Benzen, toluen, xylen -Cc ha phm khc nh isoproylacol (IPA), dioctylptalat (DOI)
Xng dung mi Xng dung mi l hn hp ca cc paraphin, xycloparaphin v cc hydrocacbon thm c gii hn si t 150-220oC Xng dung mi l cht lng trong sut, n nh ha hc, khng gy n mn v c mi m du. c dng trong qu trnh chit du v m thc vt, sn xut keo trong cng nghip cao su, sn, vecni Bao gm : - Xng dung mi dng cho cng nghip cao su - Xng dung mi dng cho cng nghip sn - Xng dung mi dng trong mc ch k thut ( ngnh cng nghip da nhn to, ty sch vi, ra kim loi v cc chi tit chng n mn )
Dung mi du m L hn hp ch yu ca cc hydrocacbon thm c thnh phn ct trong khong 110-200oC. c sn xut ch yu t qu trnh nhit phn cc phn ct ca du m nh du ha. c dng trong cng nghip trng men, sn du v nhum -Benzen -Toluen -Xylen
Cc sn phm ha du khc
- Iso propyl alcohol (IPA) c cng thc ha hc l (CH3)2CHOH l mt cht lng c mi d chu, c th trn ln vi nc, dung mi hu c. c s dng cho ngnh cng nghip sn, dung mi tch chit trong ha m phm v dc phm - Dioctylptalat (DOP) c cng thc ha hc l C6H4(CO2C2H5)2 dng lm cht do ha cho PVC v cc polyme khc - Paraphin du m dng rn, cc cht hydrocacbon thuc dy m ch yu c cu to mch thng, iu ch t nguyn liu sn xut du nhn. Dng trong thc phm, hng liu - Xerazin - Isopropilbenzen - Pirobenzen