555 KM

UNIT:3 OTHER LINEAR ICS
555 Timers Monostable and Astable modes, 556 Function Generator ICs and their Applications. Three Terminal IC Regulators, IC 566 Voltage Controlled Oscillators, IC 565 PLL and its Applications.
KINTALI MANOHAR
M.Tech (P.S.C&A), PGDES,(Ph.D),M.I.S.T.E ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF E.E.E, G.I.T, GITAM UNIVERISITY, RUSHIKONDA, VISAKHAPATNAM - 530 045 Mobile: +91-9949605201
555 TIMER
This integrated circuit can be used to generate stable time delays like
monostable multivibrator, or it may be used as on oscillator like an

astable multivibrator. It can Provide time delay ranging from micro sec to hours where as
a counter timer can have a maximum timing range of days.

It is an 8 pin dual-in-line package IC, operates with a supply voltage range of between +5V and +18V.
Load driving capacity is 200 mA.

It is compatible with TTL and CMOS Logic circuits.
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555 Timer connected as a monostable multivibrator
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Pin 1
Name GND
Purpose
Ground, low level (0 V) All voltages are measured with respect to this terminal
OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 VCC.
TRIG
OUT
This output is driven to +VCC or GND.
RESET
A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input to GND.
CTRL
"Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).
THR
The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.
DIS
Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals.
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+VCC
+ Vcc. The supply voltage of +5V and +18 V is applied to this pin with respect to ground. LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S 8
Pin 1: Grounded Terminal

All the voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.
Pin 2: Trigger Terminal

This pin is an inverting input to a comparator that is responsible for transition of flip-flop from set to reset The output of the timer depends on the amplitude of the external trigger pulse applied to this
pin.
The output is low if the voltage at this pin is greater than 2/3 Vcc. When a negative going pulse of amplitude larger than 1/3 Vcc is applied to this pin, the Comparator 2 output goes low, Which in turn switches the output of the timer high. The output terminal is high as long as the trigger terminal is held at low voltage
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Pin 3: Output Terminal

Output of the timer is available at this pin. There are two ways in which a load can be connected to the output terminal either between pin 3 and ground pin (pin 1) or between pin 3 and supply pin + Vcc (pin 8). The load connected between pin 3 and ground supply pin is called the normally on load and that connected
between pin 3 and ground pin is called the normally off load.
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Pin 4: Reset Terminal

To disable or reset the timer a negative pulse is applied to this pin due to which it is referred to as reset terminal.
When this pin is not to be used for reset purpose, it should be connected to + VCC to
avoid any possibility of false triggering.
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Pin 5: Control Voltage Terminal

The function of this terminal is to control the threshold and trigger levels. Thus either
the external voltage or a pot connected to this pin determines the pulse width of the output waveform. The external voltage applied to this pin can also be used to modulate the output waveform. When this pin is not used, it should be connected to ground through a 0.01 micro Farad to avoid any noise problem.
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Pin 6: Threshold Terminal

This is the non-inverting input terminal of comparator 1, which
compares the voltage applied to the terminal with a reference voltage of 2/3 VCC. The output of comparator goes high which in turn switches the output of comparator low The amplitude of voltage applied to this terminal is responsible for the set state of flip-flop.
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Pin 7 : Discharge Terminal

This pin is connected internally to the collector of transistor and
mostly a capacitor is connected between this terminal and ground. It is called discharge terminal because when transistor saturates, capacitor discharges through the transistor. When the transistor is cut-off, the capacitor charges at a rate determined by the external resistor and capacitor.
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Pin 8: Supply Terminal

A supply voltage of + 5 V to + 18 V is applied
to this terminal with respect to ground (pin 1).
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555 Timer connected as a monostable multivibrator input and output wave forms
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555 Timer IC Packages
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555 Timer Ic 14 Pin Configuration
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Applications in Mono stable Mode

1. Missing Pulse Detector 2. Linear Ramp Generator 3. Frequency Divider 4. Pulse Width Modulation
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ASTABLE MULTI VIBRATOR OPERATION USING 555
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APPLICATIONS IN ASTABLE MODE

1. FSK Generator 2. Pulse-Position Modulator
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555 Timer as a Schmitt Trigger
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556 FUNCTION GENERATOR
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A 556 IC is a dual 555 IC in one 14pin chip. With that said it composed of two timers capable of running in Astable, Bistable and Monostable modes. The 556 can be used as a function generator once the appropriate external components are connected.
One note about using the 556/555 as a function generator is that you cannot achieve a perfect 50/50% duty cycle where the time on is equal to the time off, this is due the characteristics of the internal components having a different charge/discharge rates
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556 Function generator block diagram
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556 Function generator block diagram
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556 Function Generator Features

1. Turn-off time less than 2ms (556-1) 2. Maximum operating frequency >500kHz (556-1)
3. Timing from microseconds to hours

4. Replaces two 555 timers 5. Operates in both astable and monostable modes 6. High output current 7. Adjustable duty cycle 8. TTL compatible 9. Temperature stability of 0.005%/C
10. SE556-1 compliant to MIL-STD or JAN
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556 FUNCTION GENERATOR APPLICATIONS

Precision timing
Sequential timing
Pulse shaping Pulse generator Missing pulse detector Tone burst generator Pulse width modulation Time delay generator
Frequency division
Touch-Tone[encoder Industrial controls Pulse position modulation Appliance timing
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Traffic light control
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TYPICAL APPLICATIONS as a sequential timer
One feature of the dual timer is that by utilizing both halves it is possible to obtain sequential timing By connecting the output of the first half to the input of the second half via a 0.001mF coupling capacitor sequential timing may be obtained. Delay t1 is determined by the first half and t2 by the second half delay. The first half of the timer is started by momentarily connecting Pin 6 to ground. When it is timed out (determined by 1.1R1C1) the second half begins. Its duration is determined by 1.1R2C2.
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A 556 IC is a dual 555 IC in one 14pin chip. With that said it composed of two timers capable of running in Astable, Bistable and Monostable modes. The 556 can be used as a function generator once the appropriate external components are connected.
One note about using the 556/555 as a function generator is that you cannot achieve a perfect 50/50% duty cycle where the time on is equal to the time off, this is due the characteristics of the internal components having a different charge/discharge rates
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IC 566 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS
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A VCO is commonly used in converting low frequency signals such as EEGs, EKG into an audio freq range. These can be transmitted over telephone lines or a two way radio communication systems for diagnostic purposes or can be recorded on a magnetic tape for further reference.
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG from the german Elektrokardiogramm) is a

transthoracic (across the throax or chest) interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time, as detected by electrodes attached to the outer surface of the skin and recorded by a device external to the body
Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the

scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within within the neuron of the brain.
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. Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within within the neuron of the brain.
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A Voltage across capacitor C1 is applied at the inverting input terminal of Schmitt trigger A2 via buffer amplifier A1. The o/p volt swing of schmitt trigger sis designed to Vcc and 0.5 Vcc. If Ra=Rb in the positive feed back loop , the voltage at non inverting input terminal of A2 swings from 0.5 Vcc to 0.25 Vcc
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THREE TERMINAL IC REGULATORS THREE TERMINAL IC REGULATORS
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THREE TERMINAL IC REGULATORS

"Fixed" three-terminal linear regulators are commonly available to generate fixed voltages of plus 3 V, and plus or minus 5 V, 6V, 9 V, 12 V, or 15 V, when the load is less than 1.5 amp. The "78xx" series (7805, 7806,7809,7810,7811,7812, etc.) to regulate positive voltages while the "79xx" series (7905, 7912, etc.) regulate negative voltages.
Often, the last two digits of the device number are the output voltage; e.g., a 7805 is a +5 V regulator, while a 7915 is a -15 V regulator.
There are variants on the 78xx series ICs,
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THREE TERMINAL IC REGULATORS +ve Voltage Regulators with 7 voltage options
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THREE TERMINAL IC REGULATORS +ve Voltage Regulators with 7 voltage options
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THREE TERMINAL IC REGULATORS -ve Voltage Regulators with 9 voltage options
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THREE TERMINAL IC REGULATORS AdjustableVoltage Regulators
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THREE TERMINAL IC REGULATORS AdjustableVoltage Regulators
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THREE TERMINAL IC REGULATORS Switching Voltage Regulators
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THREE TERMINAL IC REGULATORS Switching Voltage Regulators Block diagram
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What is a PLL?
Digital frequency control system
Generate high speed oscillations Acquire and track signals
Radio Frequency Demodulation RF communications
Control system representation
Modeling a PLL
PLL Control System
Parts of a PLL
Phase Detector Filter Voltage Controlled Oscillator Programmable Counter
Parts of a PLL
Phase Detector
Acts as comparator Produces a voltage proportional to the phase difference between input and output signal Voltage becomes a control signal
Parts of a PLL
Filter
Determines dynamic characteristics of PLL
Specify Capture Range (bandwidth) Specify Tracking Range
Receives signal from Phase Detector and filters accordingly
Parts of a PLL
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
Set tuning range Set noise margin Creates low noise clock oscillation
Parts of a PLL
Divider
Divides the VCO output by the degree of the open loop gain Feedback loop allows phase comparison
PHASE LOCKED LOOP AND ITS APPLICATIONS
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Phase locked loop (PLL) definitions

Lock in Range: Once the PLL
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Analog Phase Detector
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Analog Phase Detector
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Digital Phase Detector
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Digital Phase Detector
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VCO
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VCO
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Filters
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IC 565
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IC 565
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IC 565
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PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL)
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PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL)
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Phase detector
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Low Pass filters, Passive Filters, Active Filters
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PHASE LOCKED LOOP AND ITS APPLICATIONS
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PHASE LOCKED LOOP APPLICATIONS
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Phase locked loop applications Freq multiplier
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Phase locked loop applications Freq Translator
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Phase locked loop applications AM Demodulator
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Phase locked loop applications FSK Demodulator
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Phase locked loop applications FSK Demodulator
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UNIT:3 OTHER LINEAR ICS

monostable multivibrator, or it may be used as on oscillator like an

a counter timer can have a maximum timing range of days.

Load driving capacity is 200 mA.

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

555 Timer connected as a monostable multivibrator

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

This output is driven to +VCC or GND.

A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input to GND.

Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals.

Pin 1: Grounded Terminal

Pin 2: Trigger Terminal

Pin 3: Output Terminal

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

Pin 4: Reset Terminal

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

Pin 5: Control Voltage Terminal

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

Pin 6: Threshold Terminal

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

Pin 7 : Discharge Terminal

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

Pin 8: Supply Terminal

to this terminal with respect to ground (pin 1).

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

555 Timer IC Packages

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

555 Timer Ic 14 Pin Configuration

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

Applications in Mono stable Mode

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LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

ASTABLE MULTI VIBRATOR OPERATION USING 555

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LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S

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LIC&A UNIT:3 Other Linear IC'S