Chn ng

B mn Truyn thng v Mng my tnh

Bi ging c s dng ngun ti liu cung cp bi trng i hc Keio, Nht Bn

Chn ng l g?
Cc nguyn l chn ng
C ch chuyn tip gi tin
Quy tc Longest matching

C bn v chn ng (1)

Khi mt my trm gi mt gi tin IP ti mt my

khc

Nu a ch ch nm trn cng mt ng truyn vt l:

Chuyn trc tip
Nu a ch ch nm trn mt mng khc: Chuyn gin
tip qua b nh tuyn (chn ng)
Router

Router

C bn v chn ng (2)

ch nTm
ng i

ch n? Tm
ng i

Chn ng l g?

C ch my trm hay b nh tuyn

chuyn tip gi tin t ngun n ch
Cc thnh phn ca chn ng

Bng chn ng
Thng tin chn ng
Gii thut, giao thc chn ng

B nh tuyn?

Thit b chuyn tip cc gi tin gia cc

mng

L mt my tnh, vi cc phn cng chuyn dng

Kt ni nhiu mng vi nhau
Chuyn tip gi tin da trn bng chn ng

C nhiu giao din

Ph hp vi nhiu dng lu lng v phm
vi ca mng
6

Mt s v d

YAMAHA
RTX-1500
BUFFALO
BHR-4RV

PLANEX
GW-AP54SAG

Cisco 2600

Router ngoi vi
Cisco CRS-1

Router mng trc

Hitachi
GR2000-1B

Juniper M10

http://www.cisco.com.vn
Foundry Networks
NetIron 800

Cisco 3700

Router c trung

http://www.juniper.net/
7
http://www.buffalotech.com

Bng chn ng

Ch ra danh sch cc ng i c th,

c lu trong b nh ca router
Cc thnh phn chnh ca bng chn
ng

a ch ch/mt n mng
Router k tip

Bng chn ng v c ch
chuyn tip (1)
Network
10.0.0.0/24

172.16.0.0/24

Router A

Router C

Router B
10.0.0.0/24

10.0.0.0/24

Next-hop

172.16.0.0/24
192.168.0.0/24

172.16.0.0/24

Lu quy tc: No routes, no reachability!

Quy tc Longest matching(1)

Gi s mt a ch mng ch li c nhiu hn
mt mc trong bng chn ng
a ch ch : 11.1.2.5
Router k tip no s c s dng?
Network
11.0.0.0/8
11.1.0.0/16

Next hop
A
B

11.1.2.0/24

C
10

Quy tc Longest matching(2)

a ch ch:
11.1.2.5 = 00001011.00000001.00000010.00000101
ng i 1:
11.1.2.0/24 = 00001011.00000001.00000010.00000000
ng i 2:
11.1.0.0/16 = 00001011.00000001.00000000.00000000
ng i 3:
11.0.0.0/8 = 00001011.00000000.00000000.00000000
Longest matching l g?
Ti sao phi cn quy tc ny?
11

Bng chn ng v c ch
chuyn tip (2)
Router A

Router C

Router B
10.0.0.0/24

10.0.0.0/24

Network

Internet

172.16.0.0/24

192.168.0.0/24

Next-hop

10.0.0.0/24

172.16.0.0/24

192.168.0.0/24

Direct

172.16.0.0/24

Q. M t bng chn
ng trn C
Nu C ni vo
Internet?
12

ng i mc nh

Nu ng i khng tm thy trong bng chn

ng

ng i mc nh tr n mt router kt tip
Trong nhiu trng hp, y l ng i duy nht

0.0.0.0/0

L mt trng hp c bit, ch tt c cc ng i
Router A

Internet
Router k tip lun l A
13

Kt hp ng i (Routing
aggregation)

C bao nhiu mng con trn mng Internet?

S c rt nhiu mc trong bng chn ng?
Cc mng con k tip vi cng a ch ch c th c tng
hp li lm gim s mc trong bng chn ng.
200.23.1.0/24

200.23.0.0/23

200.23.0.0/22

200.23.2.0/24

200.23.3.0/24
200.23.2.0/23
14

200.23.4.0/24

Kt hp ng i (2)

V d v Viettel

Khng gian a ch IP: kh ln

203.113.128.0-203.113.191.255

kt ni n mt mng con ca Vietel (khch

hng): Ch cn ch ra ng i n mng Viettel

ng i mc nh chnh l mt dng ca vic

kt hp ng

0.0.0.0/0

15

V d v bng chn ng
my trm
C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>netstat -rn
Route Table
===========================================================================
Interface List
0x1 ........................... MS TCP Loopback interface
0x2 ...08 00 1f b2 a1 a3 ...... Realtek RTL8139 Family PCI Fast Ethernet NIC ===========================================================================
Active Routes:
Network
0.0.0.0
127.0.0.0
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.34
192.168.1.255
224.0.0.0
255.255.255.255

Netmask
0.0.0.0
255.0.0.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
240.0.0.0
255.255.255.255

Gateway
192.168.1.1
127.0.0.1
192.168.1.34
127.0.0.1
192.168.1.34
192.168.1.34
192.168.1.34

Interface
192.168.1.34
127.0.0.1
192.168.1.34
127.0.0.1
192.168.1.34
192.168.1.34
192.168.1.34

Metric
20
1
20
20
20
20
1

Default Gateway:
192.168.1.1
16
===========================================================================

V d v bng chn ng
Router (trch)
#show ip route
Prefix
Next Hop
203.238.37.0/24 via 203.178.136.14
203.238.37.96/27 via 203.178.136.26
203.238.37.128/27 via 203.178.136.26
203.170.97.0/24 via 203.178.136.14
192.68.132.0/24 via 203.178.136.29
203.254.52.0/24 via 203.178.136.14
202.171.96.0/24 via 203.178.136.14
17

Chn ng tnh v chn

ng ng
Chn ng tnh
Chn ng ng
u im nhc im

18

Vn cp nht bng chn ng

S thay i cu trc mng: thm mng mi, mt nt mng

b mt in
S cn thit phi cp nht bng chn ng

Cho tt c cc nt mng (v l thuyt)

Thc t, ch mt s nt mng phi cp nht

Network

Nexthop

Network

Nexthop

Network

Nexthop

192.168.0.0/24

10.0.0.0/24

10.0.0.0/24

172.16.0.0/24

172.16.0.0/24

192.168.0.0/24

172.16.1.0/24

172.16.1.0/24

Router A

Router B

Router C

New Network

19

10.0.0.0/24

192.168.0.0/24

172.16.0.0/24

172.16.1.0/24

Lm th no cp nht?

Chn ng tnh

Cc mc trong bng chn ng c sa i

th cng bi ngi qun tr

Chn ng ng

T ng cp nht bng chn ng

Bng cc giao thc chn ng

20

Chn ng tnh

Khi c s c:

Internet

Khng th ni vo
Internet k c khi c tn
ti ng i d phng
Ngi qun tr mng cn
thay i

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.2

Next-hop 10.0.0.3

Bng chn ng ca 10.0.0.1 (1 phn)

10.0.0.1

Prefix

Next-hop

0.0.0.0/0

10.0.0.3

Next-hop 10.0.0.1

Kt ni b li

21

Chn ng ng

Khi c s c:

Internet

ng i thay th c cp
nht mt cch t ng

Bng chn ng ca 10.0.0.1 (1 phn)

Prefix

Next-hop

0.0.0.0/0

10.0.0.2

0.0.0.0/0

10.0.0.3

Kt ni d phng

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.2

Next-hop 10.0.0.3

Kt ni b li
10.0.0.1

Next-hop 10.0.0.1
22

c im ca chn ng tnh

n nh
An ton
Khng b nh hng bi cc yu t tc ng

Nhc

Cng nhc
Khng th s dng t ng kt ni d phng
Kh qun l
23

Chn ng ng

D qun l
T ng s dng kt ni d phng

Nhc

Tnh an ton
Cc giao thc chn ng phc tp v kh hiu
Kh qun l
24

Cc gii thut v giao

thc chn ng
Gii thut Dijkstra v Bellman-Ford
Giao thc dng link-state v dng
distance-vector

25

Biu din mng bi th

th vi cc nt (b nh tuyn) v cc cnh (lin

kt)
Chi ph cho vic s dng mi lin kt c(x,y)

Bng thng, tr, chi ph, mc tc nghn

Gi thut chn ng: Xc nh ng i ngn nht

gia hai nt bt k
5

v
2

3
1

26

Cy ng i ngn nht - SPT

5
2

v
2

w
3

SPT Shortest Path Tree

Cc cnh xut pht t nt gc v ti cc l
ng i duy nht t nt gc ti nt v, l ng i ngn nht
gia nt gc v nt v
Mi nt s c mt SPT ca ring nt
27

Tp trung hay phn tn

Tp trung

Thu thp thng tin vo mt nt mng

S dng cc gii thut tm ng i trn th
Phn b bng chn ng t nt trung tm ti
cc nt

Phn tn

Mi nt t xy dng bng chn ng ring

Giao thc chn ng: Link-state hoc distancevector
c s dng ph bin trong thc t
28

Tp trung hay phn tn

Thng tin chn ng l cn thit xy dng

bng chn ng
Tp trung hay phn tn?

Tp trung:

Mi router c thng tin y v trng thi ca mng

Gii thut dng link state

Phn tn:

Cc nt ch bit c trng thi ca lin kt vt l ti nt k

bn
Lin tc lp li vic tnh ton v trao i thng tin vi nt k
bn
Gii thut dng distance vector
Bn ca bn cng l bn

29

Gii thut dng link-state

Gii thut Dijkstras

Mi nt u c s v chi ph mi link
Qung b Link-state
Mi nt c cng thng tin
Tm ng i chi ph nh nht t mt nt (ngun)
ti tt c cc nt khc
dng xy dng bng chn ng

30

K hiu

G = (V,E) : th vi tp nh V v tp cnh E
c(x,y): chi ph ca lin kt x ti y; = nu khng
phi 2 nt k nhau
d(v): chi ph hin thi ca ng i t nt ngun ti
nt ch. v
p(v): nt ngay trc nt v trn ng i t ngun ti
ch
T: Tp cc nt m ng i ngn nht c xc
nh

31

Cc th tc

Init():
Vi mi nt v, d[v] = , p[v] = NIL
d[s] = 0

Improve(u,v), trong d (u,v) u, v l mt cnh

no ca G
if d[v] > d[u] + c(u,v) then
d[v] = d[u] + c(u,v)
p[v] = u
32

Dijsktras Algorithm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Init() ;
T = ;
Repeat
u: u T | d(u) l b nht ;
T = T {u};
for all v neighbor(u) v v T
update(u,v) ;
Until T = V

33

Dijkstras algorithm: V d
Step
0
1
2
3
4
5

T
u
ux
uxy
uxyv
uxyvw
uxyvwz

d(v),p(v) d(w),p(w)
2,u
5,u
2,u
4,x
2,u
3,y
3,y

d(x),p(x)
1,u

v
2

w
3

Bng chn ng ca u:
5

destination
z

1
y

d(z),p(z)

4,y
4,y
4,y

5
3

d(y),p(y)

2,x

z
x

SPT ca u:

link

v
x

(u,v)
(u,x)

(u,x)

(u,x)

34
(u,x)

Gii thut dng distance-vector (1)

Phng trnh Bellman-Ford (quy hoach ng)
nh ngha
dx(y) := chi ph ca ng i ngn nht
t x ti y
Ta c
dx(y) = min
{c(x,v) + dv(y) }
v
cho tt c cc v l hng xm ca x
35

Minh ha Bellman-Ford Eq.

D thy, dv(z) = 5, dx(z) = 3, dw(z) = 3
B-F eq. cho ta bit:

2
1

y
1

du(z) = min { c(u,v) + dv(z),

c(u,x) + dx(z),
c(u,w) + dw(z) }
= min {2 + 5,
1 + 3,
5 + 3} = 4

Nt no lm gi tr trn nh nht La chn l

nt k tip trong bng chn ng
36

Gii thut dng distance-vector (2)

tng c bn:

DV: Vector khong cch, tm coi l

ng i ngn nht ca t mt nt ti
nhng nt khc

Mi nt nh k gi DV ca n ti cc
nt bn cnh

Khi nt x nhn c 1 DV, n s cp

nht DV ca n qua pt Bellman-ford

Vi mt s iu kin, c lng Dx(y)

s hi t dn n gi tr nh nht dx(y)

Mi nt:
Ch (Thay i trong DV ca
nt bn cnh)

Tnh li c lng DV
Nu DV thay i, Bo cho
nt bn cnh

37

Dx(y) = min{c(x,y) + Dy(y), c(x,z) + Dz(y)}

= min{2+0 , 7+1} = 2
nt x

nt y

nt z

x 0 2 7
y
z

chi ph ti
x y z

chi ph ti
x y z

x 0 2 3
y 2 0 1
z 7 1 0

Dx(z) = min{c(x,y) +
Dy(z), c(x,z) + Dz(z)}
= min{2+1 , 7+0} = 3

chi ph ti
x y z
x
y 2 0 1
z

y
2

x
7

chi ph ti
x y z
x
y
z 7 1 0

thigian

38

Dx(z) = min{c(x,y) +
Dy(z), c(x,z) + Dz(z)}
= min{2+1 , 7+0} = 3

x 0 2 7
y 2 0 1
z 7 1 0

x 0 2 7
y 2 0 1
z 3 1 0

x 0 2 3
y 2 0 1
z 3 1 0

chi ph ti
x y z

chi ph ti
x y z

chi ph ti
x y z
x
y
z 7 1 0

chi ph ti
x y z

x
y 2 0 1
z

x 0 2 3
y 2 0 1
z 7 1 0

chi ph ti
x y z

x 0 2 3
y 2 0 1
z 3 1 0

y
2

x
7

chi ph ti
x y z

nt z

chi ph ti
x y z

nt y

x 0 2 7
y
z

Dx(y) = min{c(x,y) + Dy(y), c(x,z) + Dz(y)}

= min{2+0 , 7+1} = 2
nt x
chi ph ti
chi ph ti
x y z
x y z

x 0 2 3
y 2 0 1
z 3 1 0
thigian

39

So snh cc gii thut LS v DV

Thng ip trao i

LS: n nt, E cnh, O(nE)

thng ip
DV: Ch trao i gia cc
hng xm
Thi gian hi t thay
i

Tc hi t

LS: Thut ton: O(n2) cn

O(nE) thng ip
DV: Thay i

S chc chn: Gii s mt

router hot ng sai
LS:

nt gi cc chi ph sai
Mi nt tnh ring bng
chn ng -> c v chc
chn hn

DV:

DV c th b gi sai
Mi nt tnh ton da trn
cc nt khc

Li b lan truyn trong

mng
40