Synthesis of Bulk Metamaterials

Advisor: Prof. Ruey-Beei Wu Student : Hung-Yi Chien 2010 / 04 / 01

Outline
Introduction Scaling Plasma at Microwave Frequency Synthesis of Negative Magnetic Permeability SRR-Based Left-Handed Metamaterials

Introduction
Deisng of bulk metamaterials with negative parameters
A combination of unit cells of small electrical size at frequency of interest Periodicity A system of metallic wire and/or plates is used to obtain negative dielectric permittivity.

A system of split ring resonators (SRRs) is used to obtain negative magnetic permeability.

Scaling Plasmas at Microwave frequency

Simulation of plasmas at microwave frequencies
Became an active field of research during 1960s Simulation of radio-communications with spaceships during transit through the ionosphere Modeling of plasma: Systems of metallic wires [1]

Plasmas
Exhibit negative dielectric permittivity below plasma frequency Artificial media with negative dielectric permittivity[2]

[1] W. Rotman Plasma simulation by artificial dielectrics and parallel-plate media. IRE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 10, pp. 8295, 1962 [2] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs Extremely low frequency plasmons in metallic mesostructures. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 76, pp. 47734776, 1996

Metallic Waveguide and Plates as 1-D and 2-D Plasmas

Consider a hollow rectangular waveguide (TE mode)
Cutoff frequency Wave impedance Propagation constant

Continuous media relations

A rectangular waveguide 1-D plasma with effective dielectric constant Parallel metallic plates

2-D plasma with effective dielectric constant

Wire Media
If the period of the wire mesh is smaller than the freespace wavelength, it should be approximately equivalent to the bunch of waveguides. Consider a TEM transmission line loaded by metallic post Plasma frequency
Approximation
The cutoff frequency of waveguide bunch

More accurate determination

Spatial Dispersion in Wire Media

Consider a set of periodic parallel infinite wires
For TEM waves propagating perpendicular to the wires and polarized with magnetic field also perpendicular to the wires
Dependence on kz

Spatial dispersion is expected to appear when the unit cell size is not small with regard to the wavelength.

Synthesis of Negative Magnetic Permeability

Diamagnetism

Current would be induced in the closed circuits under the effect of an external time-varying magnetic field. The secondary magnetic flux created by the induced current would be opposite to that created by the external fields.

Closed metallic ring

Self-inductance of a perfect conducting ring

Synthesis of Negative Magnetic Permeability

It does not seen possible to obtain an effective negative permeability from the closed metallic ring. ( , )

Capacitive loaded metallic loop

Magnetic polarizability of a closed loop can be enhanced by loaded the loop with a capacitor.

Show a negative permeability just above the resonant frequency

Analysis of Edge-Coupled SRR

EC-SRR
Initially proposed by Pendry [3] Resonant frequency

[3] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 47, pp. 20752084, 1999 10

Analysis of Edge-Coupled SRR

EC-SRR
Cross-polarizabilities Unwanted effect : bianisotropy

[19] R. Marques, F. Mesa, J. Martel, and F. Medina Comparative analysis of edge and broadside coupled split ring resonators for metamaterial design. Theory and experiment. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 51, pp. 25722581, 2003. 11

Analysis of Edge-Coupled SRR

The frequency of resonance of an EC-SRR can be measured by placing the EC-SRR inside a rectangular waveguide and measuring the transmission coefficient.
Electric and magnetic excitation

magnetic excitation

electric excitation

no excitation

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Other SRR Designs

Broadside-coupled SRR (BC-SRR)

Avoid the EC-SRR bianisotropy

Inversion symmetry

Additional advantage of much smaller electrical length

The capacitance for the BC-SRR approximately corresponds to a parallel plate capacitor. Thin substrate of high permeability can be used.

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Other SRR Designs

Broadside-coupled SRR (BC-SRR)

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Other SRR Designs

Nonbianisotropy SRR (NB-SRR)

Avoid EC-SRR bianisotropy

Inversion symmetry

Keep a uniplanar design Resonant frequency

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Other SRR Designs

Double-split SRR (2-SRR)

Avoid EC-SRR bianisotropy

Inversion symmetry

The total capacitance of the circuit is four times smaller than for the conventional EC-SRR. Resonant frequency: twice the frequency of resonance of an EC-SRR Larger electrical size at resonance

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Other SRR Designs

Spirals

Resonant frequency: half the frequency of resonance of an EC-SRR Smaller electrical size at resonance

Present some degree of bianisotropy

[25] R. Marques, J. D. Baena, J. Martel, F. Medina, F. Falcone, M. Sorolla, and F. Martin Novel small resonant electromagnetic particles for metamaterial and filter design. Proc. ICEAA03, pp. 439442, Torino, Italy, 2003

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Constitutive Relationship for Bulk SRR Metamaterials

Effective constitutive parameters
The only necessary condition is that the size of the unit cell must be smaller than the wavelength.

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Constitutive Relationship for Bulk SRR Metamaterials

Zero-order appoximation
Ignore couplings between adjacent elements A rough approximation

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Constitutive Relationship for Bulk SRR Metamaterials

Lorentz appoximation

couplings between adjacent elements are considered in a rather simple way (Lorentz local field theory) Better approximation

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Array of EC-SRR

Array of BC-SRR

Higher-Order Resonances in SRRs

Current distribution : symmetry or antisymmetry

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Resonance of NB-SRR

Resonance of EC-SRR

SRR-Based Left-Handed Metamaterials

1-D SRR-based left-handed metamaterials
Negative permittivity of the wire system Negative permeability of the SRR system

[4] D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, pp. 41844187, 2000. 22

SRR-Based Left-Handed Metamaterials

1-D SRR-based left-handed metamaterials
A single row of SRRs is placed inside a cutoff square waveguide
Negative permittivity: the cutoff waveguide Negative permeability: EC-SRR

[46] R. Marques, J. Martel, F. Mesa, and F. Medina Left-handed-media simulation and transmission of EM waves in subwavelength split-ring-resonator-loaded metallic waveguides. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 89, paper 183901, 2002

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SRR-Based Left-Handed Metamaterials

1-D SRR-based left-handed metamaterials
Two hollow waveguides (one above and the other below cutoff) are loaded by equispaced BC-SRRs
Passband : narrow waveguide Stopband : wider waveguide

[51] J. D. Baena, R. Marques, J. Martel, and F. Medina Experimental results on metamaterial simulation using SRRloaded waveguides. Proc. IEEE-AP/S Int. Symp. on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 106109, 2003 24

SRR-Based Left-Handed Metamaterials

2-D SRR-based left-handed metamaterials
An orthogonal arrangement of dielectric circuit boards with EC-SRRs and metallic strips printed on each side
Negative permittivity : metallic strips Negative permeability : EC-SRRs

[50] R. Marques, J. Martel, F. Mesa, and F. Medina A new 2-D isotropic left-handed metamaterial design: theory and experiment. Microwave Opt. Tech. Lett., vol. 35, pp. 405408, 2002. [52] R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz Microwave transmission through a twodimensional, isotropic, left-handed metamaterial. Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 78, pp. 489491, 2001

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SRR-Based Left-Handed Metamaterials

Superposition
Systems providing negative permittivity and negative permeability should be placed in the way that the interaction between its elements through its quasistatic fields is minimized.

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