TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 1

Distance Protection

Power Swing

Gustav Steynberg
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 2
Power swing:
Voltage diagram
I
L
Z
S1
I
L
Z
L
I
L
Z
S2
E
2
= E'
2
E
1
U
A
U
B
U'
B
U'
A
I '
L
I
L
0'
0
E'
1
E1 E2
ZS1
ZS2
ZL
U
A

U
B

Two Machine Problem
If the angle becomes too large, the system stability can be lost
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 3
Power swing locus and relay characteristic
in the impedance diagram
E
1
= E
2
E
1
> E
2
E
1
< E
2
X
R
Z
S2
B
Z
L
A
Z
S1
Z
Load
0
0'
load point
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 4
Power swing
Apparent impedance at relay location
2 1
E E >
2 1
E E <
2 1
E E =
equal o
Power swing
locus
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 5
Dynamic system stability, equal area criterion
Z
S1
U
1
E
1
U
2
E
2
Z
S2
Z
L
Z
L
D
P
TP
= sin0
E
1
E
2
X
T

1
D
2
D
3
D
A
C
1
3
2
1
2
3
0
4
5
6
0
0
0
1
0
2
0 90 180
0
P
T
P
B
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 6
5
6
1
3
4
X
R
Z
load
Z
S1
Z
S1
ZL
2
2
0
0
0
Power swing locus in the impedance plane
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 7
Power swing detection: Classic Method
(Not used in 7SA52 and 7SA6)
Classic power swing detection
is restricted to slow swings

The setting of AZ may not be too large
to avoid load encroachment (typ. 5 O)

During fast swings the time available
(At) for detection of impedance vector
in the power swing zone is too short.
AZ
At = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 8
Advanced Power swing blocking techniques
(7SA513, 7SA522, 7SA6)
Novel space vector based principle
Self-setting
Small AZ (1 Ohm at In=5 A)
Blocking up to high slip frequencies (7 Hz)
Recognition of all fault types during swing
Remains effective during single pole ARC
open time (3-phase set-up)

dZ/dt measurement
Calculation of swing centre
and plausibility check
(+90
O
< <-90
O)

Stable swing
Unstable swing
AZ
X
R
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 9
Power Swing detection: New method
d R
d X
( k - n )
( k - n )
d R
( k )
d X
( k )
Power swing
X
R
Fault entry
Fault
impedance
Load
impedance
Transition from load to fault is fast
Power swing transition is slow
Continuos monitoring of the impedance trajectory

Monitoring of trajectory continuity

Monitoring of trajectory velocity

Evaluation of trajectory ellipse
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 10
Example:
i/kA
t/ms
500
u/kV
t/ms
500
200
-3
6
3
R
A Z
A
a Z
l
b Z
B
B
~
~ ~ ~
~
Evaluation of the power swing process
Power swing
locus(E
A
>E
B
)
-90
O

180
O

0
O

90
O

X
m

Slip
frequency
E
B

E
A

Relay
Relay
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 11
Novel power swing detection provides secure
operation with swing frequencies of up to 7 Hz
t/s
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
iL1/A
-4
-2
0
t/s
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
iL2/A
-2
0
t/s
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
iL3/A
-2
0
2
t/s
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
uL1/V
-50
0
t/s
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
uL2/V
-50
0
50
t/s
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
uL3/V
-50
0
50
t/s
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
DisTRIP3p Z1Bmf
Relay TRIP
Relay PICKUP
Dis. reverse
Dis. forward
Dis.T.SEND
>DisTel Rec.Ch1
Power Swing
Example:
400 kV
400 km
f
PS
~ 2 Hz
3-pole fault
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 12
Fault detection during power swing
I1
I2
V1
Trip
The Power swing passes through
the trip characteristic several times.

Single phase fault is detected and
cleared.
TLQ2 - February 2003 Power Swing 13
Three phase fault during Power Swing
Three phase fault during power swing
is detected and cleared

Fault inception while swing is inside
trip characteristic
I1
V1
V2
V3
Trip