-Gelatin bt ngun ting anh c tn l gelatos - Gelatin c ngun gc t collagen c trong m ,dy chng , ca ng vt c v .

c sn xut bng cch un si da ng vt (da heo), xng (tr xng b nha), hoc chit xut t thc vt (to , tri cy), l thc phm 100% t nhin n - Gelatin khng mu ,mi ,v ,trong sut,nhng thc t c mu hi ng vng. - Gelatin c tnh cht gel linh hot to kt dnh nn ng dng nhiu trong thc phm ,dc phm , m phm ,phim,

-T hn 2000 nm trc ,con ngi bit s dng m lin kt v sn phm ca n trong ch bin thc phm to ra cc sn phm dng gel, cc cht dnh. Ngui Ai Cp c i sn xut ra c nhng hn hp ging gelatin. - Nm 1850, cng nghip sn xut gelatin xut hin ti M. Ngun nguyn liu chnh lc ny l da v xng. -Nm 1871, mt pht hin quan trng ca bc s ngi Anh Richard Leach Maddox a n bc t ph trong ngnh hnh nh, v bc s ci tin dry plate vi mt lp gelatin- bc bromua v cn nhy hn khi so vi wetplate. Sau , nghin cu ca Charles Bennet tip tc hon thin phng php p dng dry plate. c im ln nht l lm gim rt nhiu thi gian trong cng nghip nhip nh.

-Nm 1974, cng nghip sn xut gelatin pht trin n mc thnh lp c Hip hi gelatin ca Chu u GME (Gelatin Manufacturers of Europe) i din cho quyn li ca cc nh sn xut gelatin. -Nm 2001, mt nghin cu c tnh cht ton cu do GME thc hin t nm 1999 vi s bo tr ca y ban Chu u mt ln na khng nh v cc yu cu ca nguyn liu v qu trnh sn xut gelatin m bo an ton ti a cho ngi tiu dng.

Mui khong 0.5 -2%

PROTEIN 80- 90%

Thnh phn protein trong gelatin c gn y cc loi acid amin, ngoi tr tryptophan v cystein ch i khi tm thy dng vt.

Nc 8-13%

- Cu trc phn t c a gelatin gm 18 acid amin khc nhau lin kt theo mt trt t xc nh, tun hon, to nn chui polypeptide c khong 1000 acid amin, hnh thnh nn cu trc bc 1. Chui polypeptide c chiu di khc nhau, ph thuc ngun nguyn liu, chui c mt u l nhm amin, mt u l nhm cac boxyl. -Cu trc thng gp ca gelatin l Gly X Y - Cu trc c bn ca chui gelatin l : - Ala Gly Pro Arg Gly Glu Hyp Gly Pro

C 3 chui polypeptide xon li theo hnh xo n c to nn cu trc bc 2. Cu trc bc 3 c to thnh do chui xon t xon quanh n.

Theo nguyn liu sn xut

Thc vt ng vt Gelatin A Gelatin B

Phn loi khc

Gelatin c gi tr Bloom t 50-300, cht lng ph thuc vo phng php sn xut v ngun nguyn liu. -Collagen c ngun gc t da v xng ca ng vt ngun nguyn liu ban u sn xut gelatin.

-Gelatin c ngun gc t thc vt rt khc vi gelatin c ngun gc ng vt, chng khng c cu trc protein, thng thng l cc polysaccharide c th to gel, to nht nh galetin nn c bn thp hn. -Mt loi galetin thc vt thng dng l aga, c sn xut t to Malaysia

Qu trnh ny thch hp dng cho nhng collagen c t lin kt ngang cng ha tr thng c tm thy trong da heo, da c hay ossein sch cc loi collagen cn tr, cha trng thnh. Da ca heo con thng khong 9 thng tui c t lin kt ngang nn ngm trong dung dch acid 18-24 gi s to hiu qu cho qu trnh chuyn i. Acid sulfuric v acid chlohydric thng c dng, c th kt hp vi acid photphoric lm chm qu trnh to mu. Ring i vi da c nc ngt th c th s dng nhiu loi acid hu c nh: acid acetic, acid citric hoc acid lactic lm trng n da mt cch c hi u qu. u im ca qu trnh x l acid l thi gian x l nhanh.

Qu trnh x l bng base thng dng cho da b, ossein. Nguyn liu c ngm trong dung dch base vi tun nhit mi trng. Vi l tc nhn ph bin nht, kh yu nn khng lm tn tht nguyn liu v trnh khng lm qu trnh thy phn xy ra qu mnh lit. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im l phn ng xy ra chm, ko di n 8 tun hay hn mi kt thc.

L gelatin b mt kh nng to gel khi b thu phn thnh cc polypeptit mch ngn bng cch s dng enzyme thc hin qu trnh thu phn, sau tit trng, c c v cu cng l sy phun : cht to cu trc cho cc sn phm sa, cht to nh trong cng ngh ch bin cc sn phm t tht, l ngun protein trong tha phm n king

L gelatin c ester ho bi cc acid bo, gip ci thin kh nng to nh, m rng chc nng sinh hc ca acid bo v mt s acid bo khng th trc tip b sung vo sn phm do mi v km, d b oxy ho, khng tan trong nc,nn qu trnh ester ho gelatin gip b sung acid bo vo thc phm.

 NHT - nht ca mt cht lu l thng s i din cho ma st trong ca dng chy. gelatin c nht cao s c gi tr kinh t cao hn. - nht ca dung dch ph thuc vo: + c tnh nguyn liu gelatin: +Nng dung dch: nht ca dung dch m c ph thuc ch yu vo tng tc thy ng hc gia cc phn t gelatin. +Dung mi: nh hng ca dung mi v cc phn t cc tr nn km quan trng khi nng dung dch tng. +pH ca dung dch: nht nh nht ti im ng in pI.Ngoi khong pI dung c nng cng cao nht cng tng +Nhit : trn 40C nht s gim theo t l m vi tng ca nhit .

-Gelatin l cht rn dng ming, vy, bt hoc ht, khng mi, khng v, trong sut, c mu t vng nht n mu trng. nhit v m bnh thng, gelatin cha t 9-12% m v c t trng ring t 1.3-1.4 . -Cc ht gelatin rn khi ngm trong nc s ht nc v trng n. Gelatin c th hp thu mt lng nc gp 5 10 ln khi lng ca n. Khi gia nhit, gelatin hydrat ha s nhanh chng chuyn thnh dng dung dch. -Gelatin tan trong c c polyol nh glycerin, propylen glycol, sorbitol, mannitol, khng tan trong cn, acetone, CCl4, benzen, ether v cc dung mi hu c khc.Cc mui phosphate, citrate, sulfate n ng thp c ng lm gelatin trong dung dch nng cao kt ta.

- trong c xc nh bng nephelometer hoc spectrophotometer khi o dung dch gelatin 6.67% bc sng 620nm. - mu c th c xc nh bng spectrophotometer khi o dung dch gelatin 6.67% bc sng 450nm.

m c th ln n 16%, thng thng l 10 13% v m 13%, nhit thy tinh ha ca gelatin l 640C, gip gim kch thc cc ht v lm qu trnh ch bin d dng hn. m 6 8%, gelatin c tnh ht m cao v kh xc nh chnh xc tnh cht vt l

-Lng tro c tnh bng cch nhit phn 5500C. Thng thng, lng tro ln n 2,5% c th chp nhn c trong cng nghip thc phm. Tuy nhin, bn cht ca tro mi quan trng. V d nh 2 % CaSO4 trong gelatin to trong rt tt khi pha long gelatin theo cng thc lm keo, tro to ta. Hn na, ammonia thng c s dng lm cht thay i pH trong cc cng on ch bin gelatin v cc mui nh NH4Cl khng c xc nh bng phng php nhit phn. Gelatin l dinh dng rt tt cho hu ht cc vi khun nn qu trnh sn xut phi cn thn trnh b nhim. Cc vi khun cn c kim tra l: Coliforms, E. Coli, Salmonella, Clostridial spores, Staphylococci, v Pseudomonades.

-SO2 c s dng lm cht dit khun v ty trng trong sn xut gelatin. Hm lng d SO2 cho php trong gelatin thay i ty theo quc gia v cc phng php xc nh cho kt qu rt khc nhau. Gelatin c kh nng thc y cc phn ng xy ha kh v vic kim sot cht nhim ny khng d dng. H2O2 thng c dng kim sot lng SO2 ca gelatin v i khi, lng cho php ca SO2 cng c th xc nh c. iu th v l c H2O2 v SO2 tn ti ng thi trong gelatin. Vic xc nh kim loi nng trong gelatin c th gp kh khn v kh nng kh phn hy hon ton ca gelatin v cc thnh phn chnh trong tro c tnh tan thp nh CaSO4 lm thay i kh nng hp thu lng vt ca kim loi nng.

KH NNG TO GEL -Gelatin co kha nng tao gel. _ Qua trinh chuyn i gia dung dich va gel mang tinh cht thun nghich. C ch c ban ca s tao gel: la s thay i ngu nhin ca dang xon c . Acid amin ca cac chui polypeptide khac nhau tao mt hinh th xon c khi lam ngui va cac vng xon nay c n inh nh cac cu hydro, tao gel ba chiu.

S tao gel ca gelatin c xem nh s tai tao mt phn collage n va phn c tai tao nay hoat ng nh mt oan chc nng ca gel.

-Qua trinh thy phn co th c xc tin bi nhiu tac nhn: acid, base, nhit , enzyme, vi khun va chiu xa, tao n n s giam tng bc trong tinh cht tao gel ca gelatin
Pham vi thy phn uc xac inh bng cach o bn gel. Kha nng tao gel ca gelatin trong cac loai dung mi khac nhau la khac nhau.

GELATIN TRONG NC -Gelatin trng n khi c cho vao nc, hp th mt th tich nc bng 5-10 ln th tich ca no. Khi c gia nhit n nhit cao hn im tan chay, gelatin trng n ha tan va tao thanh gel khi c lam ngui. Qua trinh chuyn i gia dang dung dich va dang gel co tinh thun nghich. Ngoai ra, gel ca gelatin bt u tan chay 27-34C va co khuynh hung tan trong ming. Cac tinh cht nay c s dng trong nhiu qua trinh ch bin thc phm.

-Qu trnh to gel gm 2 giai on: +Giai on 1: Hp th v trng n trong nc to dung dch, xy ra tt nhit m (45-60C). +Giai on 2: To cc lin kt ngang ni cc phn t gelatin vi nhau, thng di n ra nhit thp (8-12C). -Kh nng hp th nc ca gelatin ph thuc vo c im nguyn liu v cc yu t cng ngh khi to gel nh pH, nhit , nng cc cht khc trong dung dch.

PH TRONG DUNG DCH GELATIN Gi tr pH cng gn im ng in th kh nng khuch tn nc ca gelatine cng cao. pH t 4-6 th qu trnh to gel din ra c sun s, nu pH bn ngoi gii hn ,qu trnh to gel gn nh b c ch hon ton - Ti pH = 6 (im ng in khong 5,2) th kh nng khuch tn l cao nht i vi gelatine loi A. NHIT DUNG DCH -Nhit cng cao th kh nng khuch tn ca nc cng mnh. - bn gel ca dung dch gelatin ph thuc vo kh nng hp th nc ca gelatin v kh nng hnh thnh lin kt ngang gia cc phn t gelatin.

NNG TRONG DUNG DCH -Trong dung dch gelatin, nng gelatin cng cao th gel to thnh cng chc nn bn gel s hon thin nhanh hn v cng ln. Nng gel cng cao, bn gel s hon thin nhanh hn so vi gel long 20C.

Trong dd sacharosse
Lm tng kha nng tn tr nng lng ca dd

Trong dd pectin

Trong dd agar

DD c cha pectin v Agar ng vai tr l gelatin nng cht h tr, cht nn thp thay i tnh cho qu trnh ha tan cht khng ng k. gelatin. Tuy nhin khi nng gelatin qu cao, cao hn 2.5% th vai tr ny s b o ngc li. Gel to thnh mm, t Gel to thnh cng va dai hn, t mt tnh bn hn so vi gel t nht. gelatin, mm hn so vi gel to t agar.

Gel to thnh chc,bn,t gim tnh nht

L loi gelatin khi sy khng qua pha to gel, c cu trc v nh hnh, khng to tinh th. Loi gelatin ny ht m mnh v kh to gel khi nng thp. Cu trc v nh hnh ca gelatin loi ny cho php n trng n rt nhanh v rt mnh. Mng phn t 3 chiu ca n lin kt lng lo, s sp xp cc phn t hon ton ngu nhin, lc lin kt yu nn nc c th d dng xm nhp vo cu trc phn t vi lng ln nht c th v to thnh cu trc tng t gel. iu ny s gip to ra loi gelatin c kh nng ho tan trong nc lnh. Tuy nhin, gel to thnh khng chc bng gel to thnh thng thng nn c th xy ra tnh trng vn cc v khng ng nht, cn s dng kt hp vi mt s cht khc.

Dng nc m trch li nhm ra sch cht ha hc dng trong qu trnh tin x l v tip tc lm t hn cc lin kt trong nguyn liu, hnh thnh cc phn t gelatin. Thng thng nhit trch li khong 55-90C, c th trch li nhiu ln tng hiu sut trch li nhng khng c qu nhiu ln v s lm gim cht lng ca gelatin (thng l 2-4 ln, thi gian ln trch li sau di hn ln trch li trc).

Dch trch ly c lc qua giy lc tch huyn ph (lipid, si collagen cha thu phn) sau qua ct trao i ion hay lc tinh tch mui v c v chnh pH v 5 -5.8 . +Dng kt hp Al2O3v MgO, nhit 1450-1600C (chi ph cao). +Dng phng php trao i ion. Mui magie v mui nhm c thm vo qu trnh tinh sch, kt hp vi ion kim loi tron dung dch ng nht.

- Thit b thng dng l thit b c c mng ri, n n thc hin trong iu kin chn khng vi nhit va trnh hi n tng thoi ha hoc thay i tnh cht vt l. Nng sau khi c c t khong 2545% ph thuc bn cht nguy n liu v qu trnh trch li.

Trc khi sy, dung dch gelatin c c c s c em i tit trng nhanh 140C ri lm lnh nhanh to dng gel. Gel gelatin c a qua thit b sy lin tc s dng khng kh nng 32-60C (nhit khng kh c gi n nh) ri to hnh theo yu cu. Ngoi ra, c th dng phng php sy phun nhm trnh thay i tnh cht ca gelatin.

-Thch dng trng ming: thnh phn bao gm ng saccharose, glucose, syrup ng nghch o, gelatin, dch tri cy, cht m, mu v mi. Ton b hn hp c ha tan trong nc nng sau em lm ngui to nn sn phm thch mm dai v trong. +Keo thch: c thnh phn nguyn liu tng t thch nhng c trong khun. Hm lng gelatin trong keo khong 6-9%. +Marshmallow: keo marshmallow c th khun hay ko to hnh. Hm lng gelatin dng trong marshmallow khong 2 5%, l loi gelatin c bn gel cao +Keo mm tri cy: gelatin dng to bt, iu khin qu trnh kt tinh ca saccharose, tng tnh mm,

Gelatine gip ci thin cu trc yaourt ln men m khng lm nh hng n v c trng ca sn phm. -Gelatine c s dng ch yu trnh hin tng tch lng ca whey trong sut qu trnh s l v bo qun. Thch hp s dng b sung vo yaourt tri cy.

Gelatin c vai tr: To cu trc mm mi cho sn phm. Ngn cn qu trnh tch lng khi lm ng lnh kem. S dng kt hp vi cc cht n nh khc nhm to tan chm nh iu chnh nht ca hn hp. Lm bn h nh tng. Trnh to tinh th khi bo qun.

Trong cng nghip dc phm, gelatin c dng lm v thuc nhng cng v mm bo v dc phm khng tip xc vi nh sng v xy. Gelatin cn l cht b sung vo khu phn v tng cng sc khe, syro..., cht nn cho thuc m v h nh kem nh rng.

Gelatin cn uc dng trong cc lnh vc nh sn xut thuc nhum, sn, mc in, mng polymer - Trong cng ngh sn xut giy v mc in, gelatin dng trong nh bn km v nh dng kh giy. i khi cn dng trong sn xut mt vi loi giy c bit nh giy tn dng ca ngn hng, giy dn - Trong cng nghp m in, gelatin gip to ra mt lp mng ph ng nht v mng. - Trong cng ngh sinh hc, gelatin c th dng lm mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt, l ngun cung cp nitrogen cho vi sinh vt pht trin