SEMINAR ON ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

PRESENTED BY:
RAJDHAR MAURYA BRANCH: E.C.(3rd Yr.) ROLL NO. 0941131041

GUIDED BY:
Er. MANAS AGRAWAL Er. S.S. TIWARI

Chap 0

Why ADC ?

Digital Signal Processing is more popular

Easy

to implement, modify, Low cost

Data from real world are typically Analog Needs conversion system
from

raw measurements to digital data Consists of

Amplifier,

Filters Sample and Hold Circuit, Multiplexer ADC

Chap 0 2

S/H (Sample and Hold)

Analog

S/H increase Performance

circuits that quickly samples the input signal on command and then holds it relatively constant while the ADC performs conversion Aperture time (ta)

Time delay occurs in S/H circuits between the time the hold command is received and the instant the actual transition to the hold mode takes place Typically, few nsec

Example

20 nsec aperture time

1 2
n

ta

62.17 KHz

Reasonably good for 100sec converter

Chap 0

Converting bipolar to unipolar

Using unipolar converter when input signal is bipolar

Scaling

down the input Adding an offset

Bipolar Converter
If

polarity information in output is desired Bipolar input range

Typically, 0 ~ 5V

Bipolar Output 2s Complement Offset Binary Sign Magnitude

Chap 0 4

A/D Conversion Techniques

Counter or Tracking ADC Successive Approximation ADC

Most

Commonly Used

Dual Slop Integrating ADC Voltage to Frequency ADC Parallel or Flash ADC
Fast

Conversion

Chap 0

Counter Type ADC

Block diagram

Operation Reset and Start Counter DAC convert Digital output of Counter to Analog signal Compare Analog input and Output of DAC

Vi < VDAC
Continue counting

Vi = VDAC
Stop counting

Waveform

Digital Output = Output of Counter Disadvantage Conversion time is varied

2n Clock Period for Full Scale input

6

Chap 0

Tracking Type ADC

Tracking or Servo Type

Using Up/Down Counter to track input signal continuously

For slow varying input

Can be used as S/H circuit By stopping desired instant Digital Output Long Hold Time Disabling UP (Down) control, Converter generate Minimum (Maximum) value reached by input signal over a given period

Chap 0

Successive Approximation ADC

Most Commonly used in medium to high speed Converters Based on approximating the input signal with binary code and then successively revising this approximation until best approximation is achieved SAR(Successive Approximation Register) holds the current binary value

Block Diagram

Chap 0

Successive Approximation ADC

Conversion Time
n clock for n-bit ADC Fixed conversion time

Serial Output is easily generated

Bit decision are made in serial order

Circuit waveform

Logic Flow

Chap 0

Dual Slope Integrating ADC

Operation T1 Integrate 0 vi dt t2 Reset and integrate 0 Vr dt Thus T1vi ( AVG ) t2Vr t v Vr 2 i ( AVG ) Applications T1 DPM(Digital Panel Meter), DMM(Digital Multimeter),

Excellent Noise Rejection High frequency noise cancelled out by integration Proper T1 eliminates line noise Easy to obtain good resolution Low Speed If T1 = 60Hz, converter throughput rate < 30 samples/s

Chap 0

10

Voltage to Frequency ADC

VFC (Voltage to Frequency Converter) Convert analog input voltage to train of pulses Counter Generates Digital output by counting pulses over a fixed interval of time Low Speed Good Noise Immunity High resolution

For slow varying signal With long conversion time

Applicable to remote data sensing in noisy environments

Digital transmission over a long distance

Chap 0

11

Parallel or Flash ADC

Very High speed conversion Up to 100MHz for 8 bit resolution Video, Radar, Digital Oscilloscope Single Step Conversion 2n 1 comparator Precision Resistive Network Encoder Resolution is limited Large number of comparator in IC

Chap 0

12

Single Channel System

Transducer

Generate signal of low amplitude, mixed with undesirable noise

Amplifier, Filters
Amplify Remove noise

S/H (Sample and Hold) Reduce uncertainty error in the converted output when input changes are fast compared to the conversion time In Multi-channel system

To hold a sample from one channel while multiplexer proceed to sample next one Simultaneous sampling of two signal

Chap 0

13

Multi-channel System

Analog multiplexer and a ADC

Local ADCs and digital multiplexer

Low cost

Higher sampling rate

Chap 0

14

Chap 0

15